Rear during World War II. Soviet rear during WWII

Mobilization of efforts to ensure victory in the Great Patriotic War was carried out not only at the front, but also in the economy, social policy, and ideology. The main political slogan of the party is "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" was of great practical importance and coincided with the general moral disposition of the Soviet people.

The attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union caused a powerful patriotic upsurge of the entire population of the country. Many Soviet people signed up for the people's militia, donated their blood, participated in air defense, donated money and jewelry to the defense fund. The Red Army was greatly assisted by millions of women sent to dig trenches, build anti-tank ditches and other defensive structures. With the onset of cold weather in the winter of 1941/42, an extensive campaign was launched to collect warm clothes for the army: sheepskin coats, felt boots, mittens, etc.

1. Economy. From the first days of the war, extraordinary measures were taken to transfer the economy to a war footing; a military-economic plan for the production of all types of weapons and ammunition was developed (in contrast to previous years, monthly and quarterly); the rigid system of centralized management of industry, transport and agriculture has been strengthened; created special people's commissariats for the production of certain types of weapons, the Committee for Food and Clothing Supply of the Red Army. Evacuation Council.

Extensive work has begun on the evacuation of industrial enterprises and human resources to the eastern regions of the country. In 1941-1942. about 2,000 enterprises and 11 million people were moved to the Urals, Siberia, and Central Asia. This process took place especially intensively in the summer - autumn of 1941 and in the summer - autumn of 1942, that is, in the most difficult moments of the struggle on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, work was organized on the ground to start the evacuated factories as soon as possible. The mass production of modern types of weapons (aircraft, tanks, artillery, automatic small arms) began, the designs of which were developed back in the pre-war years. In 1942, the volume of gross industrial output exceeded the level of 1941 by 1.5 times.

Huge losses in the initial period of the war suffered agriculture. The main grain areas were occupied by the enemy. The sown area and the number of cattle decreased by 2 times. Gross agricultural output was 37% of the pre-war level. Therefore, the work, begun even before the war, to expand the sown areas in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, was accelerated.

By the end of 1942, the restructuring of the economy to serve the needs of the war was completed.

In 1941-1942. An important role was played by the military and economic assistance of the United States, an ally of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition. Deliveries under the so-called Lend-Lease [i] of military equipment, medicines and food were not of decisive importance (according to various sources, from 4 to 10% of industrial production produced in our country), but they provided some help to the Soviet people in the most difficult period of the war. Due to the underdevelopment of the domestic automobile industry, transport supplies (American-made trucks and cars) were especially valuable.

At the second stage (1943-1945), the USSR achieved a decisive superiority over Germany in economic development, especially in the production of military products. 7,500 large enterprises were put into operation, which ensured a steady growth in industrial production. Compared with the previous period, the volume of industrial production increased by 38%. In 1943, 30 thousand aircraft, 24 thousand tanks, 130 thousand artillery pieces of all kinds were produced. The improvement of military equipment continued - small arms (submachine gun), new fighters (La-5, Yak-9), heavy bombers (ANT-42, which received the front-line name TB-7). These strategic bombers had the ability to bomb Berlin and return to their bases without intermediate landings for refueling. In contrast to the pre-war and early war years, new models of military equipment immediately went into mass production.

In August 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution "On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation." On its basis, already during the war years, the restoration of the destroyed industry and agriculture began in them. At the same time, special attention was paid to the mining, metallurgical and energy industries in the Donbass and the Dnieper region.

In 1944-early 1945, the highest rise in military production was achieved and complete superiority over Germany, whose economic situation deteriorated sharply. The gross volume of production exceeded the pre-war level, and the military output increased 3 times. Of particular importance was the increase in agricultural production. A.F. Kiseleva. Russia and the world., M .: "Vlados", 1994, V.2

2. Social policy. It was also aimed at securing victory. Extraordinary measures were taken in this area, on the whole justified by the situation of the war. Many millions of Soviet people were mobilized to the front. Compulsory general military training covered 10 million people in the rear. In 1942, labor mobilization was introduced for the entire urban and rural population. Measures were tightened to strengthen labor discipline. The network of factory schools (FZU) was expanded, through which about 2 million people passed. The use of female and adolescent labor in production has increased significantly. Since the autumn of 1941, a centralized distribution of food (card system) was introduced, which made it possible to avoid mass starvation. Since 1942, workers and employees on the outskirts of the city began to allocate land for collective vegetable gardens. Townspeople received part of the agricultural products in the form of payment in kind for work (on weekends) in suburban collective farms. Peasants were given more opportunities to sell the products of their household plots at collective-farm markets. K.A. Yermak “Results of the Second World War. Conclusions of the vanquished." Ed. "Polygon-AST" series "Military History Library" 1992

3. Ideology. In the ideological field, the line on strengthening patriotism and interethnic unity of the peoples of the USSR continued. The glorification of the heroic past of the Russian and other peoples, begun in the prewar period, intensified significantly.

New elements were introduced into propaganda methods. Class, socialist values were replaced by the generalizing concepts of "Motherland" and "Fatherland". In propaganda, they no longer placed special emphasis on the principle of proletarian internationalism (in May 1943, the Comintern was dissolved). It was now based on a call for the unity of all countries in the common struggle against fascism, regardless of the nature of their socio-political systems.

During the war years, reconciliation and rapprochement between the Soviet government and the Russian Orthodox Church took place, which on June 22, 1941 blessed the people "to defend the sacred borders of the Motherland." In 1942, the largest hierarchs were involved in the work of the Commission for the Investigation of Fascist Crimes. In 1943, by permission of I. V. Stalin, the Local Council elected Metropolitan Sergius Patriarch of All Russia. O.A. Rzheshevsky; E.K. Zhigunov. The Great Patriotic War. Events. People. Documentation. Brief historical reference book. Polizdat. M.: 1990

4. Literature and art. The administrative and ideological control in the field of literature and art was relaxed. During the war years, many writers went to the front, becoming war correspondents. Outstanding anti-fascist works: poems by A. T. Tvardovsky, O. F. Bergholz and K. M. Simonov, journalistic essays and articles by I. G. Ehrenburg, A. N. Tolstoy and M. A. Sholokhov, symphonies by D. D. Shostakovich and S. S. Prokofiev, songs by A. V. Aleksandrov, B. A. Mokrousov, V. P. Solovyov-Sedogo, M. I. Blanter, I. O. Dunaevsky and others - raised the morale of Soviet citizens strengthened their confidence in victory, developed feelings of national pride and patriotism.

Cinema became especially popular during the war years. Domestic cameramen and directors recorded the most important events that took place at the front, filmed documentaries (“The defeat of German troops near Moscow”, “Leningrad in the fight”, “Battle for Sevastopol”, “Berlin”) and feature films (“Zoya”, “Guy from of our city”, “Invasion”, “She defends the Motherland”, “Two fighters”, etc.).

Well-known theater, film and stage artists created creative teams that went to the front, to hospitals, factory shops and collective farms. At the front, 440 thousand performances and concerts were given by 42 thousand creative workers.

An important role in the development of propaganda and mass work was played by the artists who designed the TASS Windows, creating posters and cartoons known throughout the country.

The main themes of all works of art (literature, music, cinema, etc.) were plots from the heroic past of Russia, as well as facts testifying to the courage, loyalty and devotion to the Motherland of the Soviet people who fought the enemy at the front and in the occupied territories. O.A. Rzheshevsky; E.K. Zhigunov. The Great Patriotic War. Events. People. Documentation. Brief historical reference book. Polizdat. M.: 1990

5. Science. Scientists made a great contribution to ensuring victory over the enemy, despite the difficulties of wartime and the evacuation of many scientific, cultural and educational institutions inland. Basically, they concentrated their work in the applied branches of science, but did not leave out of sight research of a fundamental, theoretical nature. They developed the technology for manufacturing new hard alloys and steels needed by the tank industry; conducted research in the field of radio waves, contributing to the creation of domestic radars. L. D. Landau developed the theory of quantum fluid motion, for which he subsequently received the Nobel Prize.

Scientists and engineers paid much attention to the improvement of machine tools and mechanisms, the introduction of technological methods that make it possible to increase labor productivity and reduce waste.

Work in the field of aerodynamics has helped to significantly increase the speed of aircraft and at the same time increase their stability and maneuverability. During the war, new high-speed fighters Yak-3, Yak-9, La-5 and La-7, attack aircraft Il-10, bomber Tu-2 were created. These aircraft surpassed the German Messerschmits, Junkers and Heinkels. In 1942, the first Soviet jet aircraft designed by VF Bolkhovitinov was tested.

Academician E.O. Paton developed and introduced a new method for welding tank hulls, which made it possible to significantly increase the strength of tanks. Tank designers ensured the rearmament of the Red Army with new types of combat vehicles.

In 1943, the troops received a new heavy tank IS, armed with an 85-millimeter cannon. Later it was replaced by the IS-2 and IS-3, armed with a 122 mm cannon and considered the most powerful tanks of the Second World War. The T-34 was replaced in 1944 by the T-34-85, which had reinforced armor protection, on which an 85-mm gun was installed instead of a 76-mm one.

The power of Soviet self-propelled artillery installations was constantly increasing. If in 1943 their main type was the SU-76 based on the T-70 light tank, then in 1944 the SU-100 based on the T-34, ISU-122 and ISU-152 based on the IS-2 tank appeared. (The numbers in the name of the self-propelled guns indicate the caliber of the gun, for example: ISU-122 is a self-propelled fighter with a 122 mm gun.)

The work of physicists A.F. Ioffe, S.I. Vavilov, L.I. Mandelstam and many others ensured the creation of new types of radar instruments, radio direction finders, magnetic mines, and more effective incendiary mixtures.

The merits of military medicine are enormous. The methods of anesthesia and dressings with ointments developed by A.V. Vishnevsky were widely used in the treatment of wounds and burns. Thanks to new methods of blood transfusion, mortality from blood loss has significantly decreased. An invaluable role was played by the development of Z.V. Ermolyeva drug based on penicillin. According to eyewitnesses, "the magic medicine, in front of astonished witnesses, canceled death sentences, brought the hopeless wounded and sick back to life." Sviridov M.N. Everything for the front. M.: 1989, V.9

Conclusion

I believe that the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War played an important role in keeping with the events at the front. Not only the outcome of a particular battle, but also the outcome of the war depended on the activities of citizens in enterprises, fields, and factories. The help provided by the home front workers was very valuable, which is why so much attention was paid to keeping Soviet industry and agriculture in working order.

The enormous work of the workers is worthy of respect and memory. It takes a colossal effort to rebuild the peaceful economy on a war footing. In such a short time, we see how most of the factories and enterprises throughout the country are being converted to the production of armored vehicles, shells and weapons. In agriculture, output is rapidly increasing by several times; workers work day and night in several shifts. Literary figures were also of great help.

Bibliography

1. “Results of the Second World War. Conclusions of the vanquished." Ed. "Polygon-AST" series "Military History Library"

2. Aleshchenko N.M. In the name of victory. M.: 1985

3. Everything for the front, ed. N.V. Sviridov. M.: 1989, V.9.

4. Great Patriotic War. Events. People. Documentation. Brief historical reference book. M.: 1990

5. Internet resource: http://wikipediya.ru "Free Encyclopedia", Article: "Home Front Workers"

6. Internet resource: http://istmira.com "History of the World"

Article: "Soviet rear during the war."

7. Internet resource: http://memorial.krsk.ru "Memorial Society, History of the Great Patriotic War"

Article: "Tank factories of the USSR during the war."

8. Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 / Ed. Kiryana M.I. M., 1989

9. Russia and the world., M .: "Vlados", 1994, V.2

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The war extremely aggravated the situation with labor resources. Due to the loss of densely populated western regions and mobilization into the Red Army, the number of workers was significantly reduced. If in the first half of 1941 31.8 million workers and employees were employed in the economy, then in the second half of the year - 22.8 million, and in 1942 - 18.4 million people.

War and heavy industry
Men of draft age who went into the army were replaced by teenagers, the elderly, and women. Only in the second half of 1941, almost 2 million housewives, schoolchildren and pensioners came to the factories. Academician-metallurgist Evgeny Oskarovich Paton recalled:

“I will never forget the women of those years. Hundreds of them came to the plant, performed the most difficult men's work, stood in line for hours and raised children, did not bend under the weight of grief when a funeral arrived for a husband, son or brother. They were real heroines of the labor front, worthy of admiration.

Trying to provide the defense industries with labor to the maximum, the state resorted to mass mobilization of workers in light industry, agriculture, and a number of other industries, as well as students in heavy industry enterprises. The workers of military factories and transport were considered to be mobilized. Unauthorized exit from enterprises was prohibited.

The movement “To work not only for oneself, but also for a comrade who has gone to the front” has acquired a mass character. Appeared dvuhsotniki performing two norms per shift. The milling operator of Uralvagonzavod, Dmitry Filippovich Bosy, became the founder of the thousand people movement. With the help of a device he invented, which made it possible to simultaneously process several parts on one machine, in February 1942 he fulfilled the norm by 1480%.

War and village
The war caused great damage to agriculture. In 1941-1942, about half of the sown area and livestock, almost a third of the energy capacity fell into the hands of the invaders. Tractors, cars, horses were confiscated for the needs of the front.

Almost all men of military age went into the army. In many villages and villages, there are no men younger than 50-55 years old at all. In 1943, 71% of agricultural workers were women. Old people and teenagers worked alongside them. Most of the machine operators were drafted into the army (after all, a tractor driver is an almost ready-made tank driver). The women mastered the tractor. Already in 1942, 150 thousand people took part in the competition of women's tractor brigades.

The war demanded the greatest self-sacrifice from the rural workers. The obligatory minimum of workdays was increased to three hundred per year. The products of collective farms and state farms were completely and practically free of charge surrendered to the state. Collective farmers survived at the expense of household plots, although they were burdened with taxes and various mandatory fees. The incredible exertion of the forces of the peasantry made it possible to provide the army with food, and the military industry with raw materials.

War and science
Achievements of science have played a huge role in strengthening the country's defense power. Based on the recommendations of scientists, production was significantly increased at many metallurgical plants in the Urals, as well as Siberia. Deposits of manganese ores were discovered in Kazakhstan, bauxite - in the Southern Urals, copper and tungsten - in Central Asia. This helped compensate for the loss of deposits in the western part of the country and ensure the smooth operation of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Extensive exploration work made it possible to discover new oil deposits in Bashkiria and Tataria.

The merits of military medicine are enormous. The methods of anesthesia and dressings with ointments developed by Alexander Vasilievich Vishnevsky were widely used in the treatment of wounds and burns. Thanks to new methods of blood transfusion, mortality from blood loss has significantly decreased. An invaluable role was played by the development of a drug based on penicillin by Zinaida Vissarionovna Yermolyeva. According to eyewitnesses, "the magic medicine, in front of astonished witnesses, canceled death sentences, brought the hopeless wounded and sick back to life."

home front
The war greatly worsened the living conditions of the Soviet people. Even according to official (probably highly embellished) data, meat consumption in working families in 1942 decreased by 2.5 times compared to pre-war times, and dairy products by 40%. In the countryside, meat consumption was reduced by a factor of three, and bread by a third. The food has become much less fat, sugar, vegetables. There were not enough cereals. But they began to eat twice as many potatoes.

Food shortages caused it to be heavily rationed. Cards for bread, sugar and confectionery were introduced everywhere; in more than a hundred large cities - also for meat, fish, fats, pasta and cereals.

Collective farmers did not receive cards at all and remained outside the system of rationed provision - without salt, without sugar, without bread - in fact, on one potato from their own garden.

As in the first half of the 1930s, several categories of rationed supply were established. The first category included workers in the defense industry, the second - workers in other industries, the third - employees, the fourth - dependents and children. Engineering and technical workers were equated with the workers of the respective enterprises. Doctors, teachers, writers, workers of culture and art were also equated with workers.

Since the autumn of 1943, 700 grams of bread per day were given out in the first category, 500 grams in the second. Employees received 400 grams, children and dependents - 300.

To redeem the cards, the queue at the door of the store had to be occupied from the night. In the morning, after standing for several hours, it was possible to get the coveted loaf and, if you were lucky, a piece of butter, margarine or combined fat. However, it often turned out that there were no products at all; even bread was sometimes not enough for everyone. Cards were issued for a month and were not restored if lost. The loss of cards, especially at the beginning of the month, meant starvation.

Prices for products issued by cards did not change throughout the war. However, outside the rationed supply system, rapid inflation occurred - especially since the state increased the issuance of paper money to cover military spending.

All warring countries, even the USA, in 1941-1945 resorted to the rationed supply of food and many basic necessities to the population. But only in the USSR, which formally proclaimed the equality of workers, the free sale of rationed products was not prohibited. This allowed people who had money or valuables to purchase products in the market, where prices were on average 13 times higher than pre-war prices.

In 1944, state commercial stores were opened, in which goods were sold in unlimited quantities, but cost 10-30 more than in the rationed supply system. Such cynicism was not tolerated by any Western country.

The war has made millions of people homeless. Refugees, evacuees were often forced to huddle in converted public buildings or occupy corners in the houses and apartments of local residents. Most of those who survived the evacuation recall with warmth the inhabitants of the Urals and Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia - people of different nationalities who made room in order to give shelter to unfamiliar families.

A particularly difficult fate fell on those whose houses were in the front line. Where the front stopped for a long time, from the huts most often only stoves sticking out among the ruins remained, and people had to huddle in cellars and dugouts. The villages left without men, even after the war, were far from immediately able to rebuild and heal their wounds.

The war became a cruel test for all our people. The Soviet people in the rear, as well as at the front, withstood this test with honor. The amazing resilience shown by the people in those difficult years allowed the country to withstand the war and win - despite the monstrous miscalculations made by the ruling regime.

Federal Agency for Education

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education St. Petersburg State National Mineral and Raw Materials University "Gorny"

Department of History and Political Science

abstract

in the discipline "National History"

On the topic: "Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War"

Completed by: 1st year student

Ivanov I.I.

Faculty of Mining

Groups XX-XX

St. Petersburg

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. The beginning of the war

CHAPTER II. Force mobilization

CHAPTER III. Soviet people. public consciousness

CHAPTER IV. Soviet rear

Economy

Social politics

Ideology

Literature and art

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

Relevance of the topic. With the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet government begins an emergency mobilization of all armed forces, an emergency restructuring of the economy, agriculture and industry begins to support the life support of military personnel and meet the needs of the army for the necessary weapons and military equipment. Men, youths and those who could hold weapons in their hands were sent to the front. The remaining women, old people and children were forced to work day and night in factories and fields, producing and releasing everything that the army needed.

The theme of the essay I have chosen is relevant. Firstly, the activity of the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War deserves special attention and respect, supplying our troops with food, weapons and military equipment, was one of the main reasons for the defeat of Nazi Germany. Secondly, that very activity is currently causing a lot of discussion, since a lot of data has been changed on purpose, hidden from the public, namely the living conditions of workers, mortality among them, methods for achieving “excess” in production, and much more.

Historiography of the problem. The foundation for the future victory of the USSR was laid even before the war. The difficult international situation, the threat of an armed attack from outside forced the Soviet leadership to strengthen the state's defense capability. The authorities purposefully, neglecting in many respects the vital interests of the people, prepared the Soviet Union to repel aggression.

Much attention was paid to the defense industry. New factories were built, existing enterprises for the production of weapons and military equipment were reconstructed. During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, a domestic aviation and tank industry was created, and the artillery industry was almost completely updated. Moreover, even then, military production was developing at a faster pace than other industries. Thus, if during the years of the second five-year plan the output of the entire industry increased 2.2 times, then the defense industry increased 3.9 times. In 1940, the cost of strengthening the country's defense capacity amounted to 32.6% of the state budget.

The German attack on the USSR required the country to transfer the economy to a military footing, i.e. development and maximum expansion of military production. The fundamental restructuring of the economy was initiated by the "Mobilization National Economic Plan for the Third Quarter of 1941", adopted at the end of June. Since the measures listed in it turned out to be insufficient for the economy to start working for the needs of the war, another document was urgently developed: “The military economic plan for the IV quarter of 1941 and for 1942 for the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia”, approved on August 16. Providing for the transfer of the economy to a military footing, taking into account the current situation at the front and in the country, he played an important role in increasing the production of weapons, ammunition, the production of fuel and lubricants and other products of paramount importance, in relocating enterprises from the front line to the east, and in creating state reserves.

The economy was being rebuilt in conditions when the enemy was rapidly advancing deep into the country, and the Soviet armed forces suffered huge human and material losses. Of the 22.6 thousand tanks available on June 22, 1941, 2.1 thousand remained by the end of the year, out of 20 thousand combat aircraft - 2.1 thousand, out of 112.8 thousand guns and mortars - only about 12 8 thousand, out of 7.74 million rifles and carbines - 2.24 million. Without making up for such losses, and in the shortest possible time, the armed struggle against the aggressor would have become simply impossible.

Recently, the activities of home front workers have become a hot topic of discussion on television and in the media. This contributes to the emergence of various myths.

The work uses publications of famous domestic historians and scientists.

The purpose of the study is to present the results of research on the activities of home front workers, compare different points of view and describe the state of the study of this topic.

The structure of the abstract consists of four chapters, the last one has five paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

Hitler Soviet War

Chapter I. The beginning of the war

In June 1941, much indicated that Germany launched preparations for war against the Soviet Union. German divisions were moving up to the border. The preparations for the war became known from intelligence reports. In particular, the Soviet intelligence officer Richard Sorge even reported the exact day of the invasion and the number of enemy divisions that would be involved in the operation.

In these difficult conditions, the Soviet leadership tried not to give the slightest reason to start a war. It even allowed "archaeologists" from Germany to look for "the graves of soldiers who died during the First World War." Under this pretext, German officers openly studied the area, outlined the paths of a future invasion.

June 1941, the famous TASS official statement was published. It refuted "rumors of the proximity of the war between the USSR and Germany." Such rumors are spread by "warmongers" who want to quarrel between the two countries, the statement said. In fact, Germany "just as rigorously as the Soviet Union observes the non-aggression pact." The German press passed over this statement in complete silence. German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary: “The TASS report is a manifestation of fear. Stalin is trembling before the coming events.

At dawn on June 22, Germany began the war against the Soviet Union. At 0330 hours, units of the Red Army were attacked by German troops along the entire length of the border. In the early predawn hour of June 22, 1941, night outfits and patrols of border guards who guarded the western state border.

An hour after the start of the invasion, the German ambassador to the Soviet Union, Count von Schulenburg, handed a memorandum to V. Molotov. It said that the Soviet government wanted to "stab Germany in the back", and therefore "the Fuhrer gave the order to the Wehrmacht to prevent this threat with all forces and means." "Is this a declaration of war?" asked Molotov. Schulenburg threw up his hands. “What did we do to deserve this?!” Molotov exclaimed bitterly. On the morning of June 22, Moscow radio broadcast the usual Sunday programs and peaceful music. Soviet citizens learned about the beginning of the war only at noon, when Vyacheslav Molotov spoke on the radio. He said: “Today, at 4 o'clock in the morning, without presenting any claims against the Soviet Union, without declaring war, German troops attacked our country.

Three powerful German army groups moved east. In the north, Field Marshal Leeb directed the blow of his troops across the Baltic to Leningrad. In the south, Field Marshal Rundstedt was aiming his troops at Kyiv. But the strongest grouping of enemy forces deployed its operations in the middle of this huge front, where, starting at the border city of Brest, a wide belt of asphalt highway goes eastward - through the capital of Belarus Minsk, through the ancient Russian city of Smolensk, through Vyazma and Mozhaisk to the heart of our Motherland - Moscow.

Chapter II. Force mobilization

The sudden invasion of Germany into the territory of the USSR demanded quick and precise action from the Soviet government. First of all, it was necessary to ensure the mobilization of forces to repulse the enemy. On the day of the Nazi attack, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree on the mobilization of those liable for military service in 1905-1918. birth. In a matter of hours, detachments and subunits were formed. Soon the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution approving the mobilization national economic plan for the fourth quarter of 1941, which provided for an increase in the production of military equipment and the creation of large tank-building enterprises in the Volga region and the Urals. Circumstances forced the Central Committee of the Communist Party at the beginning of the war to develop a detailed program for restructuring the activities and life of the Soviet country on a military footing, which was set out in the directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Union and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 29, 1941 to the party, Soviet organizations of the front-line regions.

The main directions of economic restructuring were outlined:

evacuation of industrial enterprises, material assets and people from the frontline to the East;

the transition of factories and factories in the civilian sector to the production of military equipment;

accelerated construction of new industrial facilities.

The Soviet government and the Central Committee of the Party urged the people to give up their moods and personal desires, go over to the sacred and merciless struggle against the enemy, fight to the last drop of blood, rebuild the national economy on a war footing, and increase the output of military products. “In areas occupied by the enemy,” the directive stated, “create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight against parts of the enemy army, to incite partisan war everywhere and everywhere, to blow up bridges, roads, damage telephone and telegraph communications, set fire to warehouses, etc. d. In the occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities. Among other things, conversations were held with the population on the ground. The nature and political goals of the outbreak of the Patriotic War were explained. The main provisions of the directive of June 29 were outlined in a radio speech on July 3, 1941 by I.V. Stalin. Addressing the people, he explained the current situation at the front, revealed a program for the defense of goals that had already been achieved, and expressed unshakable faith in the victory of the Soviet people against the German occupiers. “Our forces are incalculable,” he emphasized in his speech. - An arrogant enemy should soon be convinced of this. Together with the Red Army, many thousands of workers, collective farmers, and intellectuals are rising to war against the attacking enemy. The millions of our people will rise.”

A factory worker sorts tank shells to be sent to the front. Tula 1942

At the same time, the slogan was formulated: “Everything for the front, everything for victory!”, Which became the motto of the life of the Soviet people.

June 1941, the Headquarters of the High Command of the Armed Forces of the USSR was formed for the strategic leadership of military operations. Later it was renamed the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command (VGK), headed by the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars I.V. Stalin, who was also appointed People's Commissar of Defense, and then the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Full power was concentrated in the hands of Stalin. The VGK also included: A.I.Antipov, S.M.Bubenny, M.A.Bulganin, A.M.Vasilevsky, K.E.Voroshilov, G.K.Zhukov and others.

Chapter III. Soviet people. public consciousness

The war for the freedom and independence of the Motherland, for the salvation of world civilization and culture against modern barbarism, was a leap in the development of the individual, a turn in the mentality of Russians. This was manifested not only in heroism, but also in people's awareness of their strength, the disappearance to a large extent of fear of power, the growth of hopes for expanding the freedoms and rights of citizens, democratizing the system, renewing and improving life.

The extreme circumstances of the war restructured public consciousness, created personalities independent of authorities, capable of making independent decisions. The war began the process of rethinking values, called into question the inviolability of the Stalinist cult. And although official propaganda still associated all successes and victories with the name of the leader, and failures and defeats fell on enemies and traitors, there was no longer complete, unconditional trust in the previously unquestioned authority. Stamps collapsed, coming into collision with real life experience, which was seriously forced to think about by the war, which turned out to be so unlike the “powerful, crushing blow”, “little bloodshed”, “in foreign territory” promised by propaganda. The war made me look at many things differently. In a short time, truths were comprehended, to which mankind had been going for centuries. The new features that appeared in the mentality of the Soviet people: the transition from a position of expectation to a position of action, independence, the disappearance to a large extent of fear of power - had a colossal effect on our historical development.

An engineer teaches workers how to assemble engines for T-70 tanks. Sverdlovsk

The peoples of the former USSR owe the front-line generation not only independence, but also the first spiritual and political assault on totalitarianism. The years of the Great Patriotic War opened a new page in the history of relations between the Soviet state and the Russian Orthodox Church. In fact, for the first time since the formation of the socialist state, the authorities made an attempt to move from a policy aimed at destroying the Russian Orthodox Church as a social institution to a constructive dialogue with it.

For the Orthodox hierarchs, this was a chance for the revival of the ruined and humiliated Russian Church. They responded with pleasure and gratitude to the new course of the Stalinist leadership. As a result, the Russian Orthodox Church during the war years managed to significantly improve its financial situation, train clergy, and increase its authority and influence in the country and abroad.

The new church policy was positively received by the majority of the country's population. Overcrowded churches during Orthodox holidays, the possibility of performing religious rites at home, the ringing of bells calling the faithful to service, solemn religious processions with a large crowd of people have become a sign of the times. The craving for religion increased significantly during the war years. Faith gave strength for a life of labor in conditions of constant deprivation. It gave a chance for the revival of Orthodox spirituality, a return to the pre-revolutionary traditions of Orthodoxy.

The change in the situation in the religious sphere during the war years objectively "worked" to strengthen the existing regime, to increase Stalin's personal authority. The spiritual turn also manifested itself in a change in emphasis in patriotism. There was a shift from the great-power Comintern attitudes to a growing feeling of a “small motherland”, which is in mortal danger. The fatherland was more and more personified with the big house of the Soviet peoples.

The peoples of the Soviet Union were united not by the idea of bringing communist liberation from exploitation to the working people of other countries, which was propagated by propaganda before the war, but by the need to survive. During the war, many Russian national traditions and values that had been forgotten for more than two decades were revived. Politically subtle and ideologically expedient was the leadership's assessment of the nature of the war as the Great Patriotic War. The specificity of socialist and revolutionary motives in propaganda was muted, the emphasis was on patriotism.

Thus, the war made significant changes in the public consciousness, the mentality of the Soviet people. A special generation took shape, distinguished by moral and psychological qualities and the strength of their manifestation. All these changes did not pass without a trace for the state. The origins of our current changes are deeply rooted in military history.

Sverdlovsk. Production of T-70 and T-60 tanks. A column of finished equipment is sent to the front

Chapter IV. Soviet rear

By the end of 1942, the restructuring of the economy to serve the needs of the war was completed.

In 1944 - early 1945, the highest rise in military production was achieved and complete superiority over Germany, whose economic situation deteriorated sharply. Gross output exceeded the pre-war level, and the military - increased 3 times. Of particular importance was the increase in agricultural production.

Social politics. It was also aimed at securing victory. Extraordinary measures were taken in this area, on the whole justified by the situation of the war. Many millions of Soviet people were mobilized to the front. Compulsory general military training covered 10 million people in the rear. In 1942, labor mobilization was introduced for the entire urban and rural population. Measures were tightened to strengthen labor discipline. The network of factory schools (FZU) was expanded, through which about 2 million people passed. The use of female and adolescent labor in production has increased significantly. Since the autumn of 1941, a centralized distribution of food (card system) was introduced, which made it possible to avoid mass starvation. Since 1942, workers and employees on the outskirts of the city began to allocate land for collective vegetable gardens. Townspeople received part of the agricultural products in the form of payment in kind for work (on weekends) in suburban collective farms. Peasants were given more opportunities to sell the products of their household plots at collective-farm markets.

Ideology. In the ideological field, the line on strengthening patriotism and interethnic unity of the peoples of the USSR continued. The glorification of the heroic past of the Russian and other peoples, begun in the prewar period, intensified significantly.

Literature and art. The administrative and ideological control in the field of literature and art was relaxed. During the war years, many writers went to the front, becoming war correspondents. Outstanding anti-fascist works: poems by A. T. Tvardovsky, O. F. Bergholz and K. M. Simonov, journalistic essays and articles by I. G. Ehrenburg, A. N. Tolstoy and M. A. Sholokhov, symphonies by D. D. Shostakovich and S. S. Prokofiev, songs by A. V. Aleksandrov, B. A. Mokrousov, V. P. Solovyov-Sedogo, M. I. Blanter, I. O. Dunaevsky and others - raised the morale of Soviet citizens, strengthened their confidence in victory, developed feelings of national pride and patriotism.

An important role in the development of propaganda and mass work was played by the artists who designed the TASS Windows, creating posters and cartoons known throughout the country.

The science. Scientists made a great contribution to ensuring victory over the enemy, despite the difficulties of wartime and the evacuation of many scientific, cultural and educational institutions inland. Basically, they concentrated their work in the applied branches of science, but did not leave out of sight research of a fundamental, theoretical nature. They developed the technology for manufacturing new hard alloys and steels needed by the tank industry; conducted research in the field of radio waves, contributing to the creation of domestic radars. L. D. Landau developed the theory of quantum fluid motion, for which he subsequently received the Nobel Prize.

Conclusion

Bibliography

1.“Results of the Second World War. Conclusions of the vanquished." Ed. "Polygon-AST" series "Military History Library"

2.Aleshchenko N.M. In the name of victory. M.: 1985

.Everything for the front, ed. N.V. Sviridov. M.: 1989, V.9.

.The Great Patriotic War. Events. People. Documentation. Brief historical reference book. M.: 1990

5.Internet resource: #"justify"> Article: "Soviet rear during the war."

7.Internet resource:<#"justify">Article: "Tank factories of the USSR during the war."

8.Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 / Ed. Kiryana M.I. M., 1989

9. Russia and the world., M .: "Vlados", 1994, V.2

SOVIET REAR IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

Soviet society in the first period of the war. The German attack radically changed the lives of the Soviet people. In the first days of the war, not everyone realized the reality of the threat that had arisen: people believed in pre-war slogans and promises of the authorities to defeat any aggressor on his own land in a short time. However, as the territory occupied by the enemy expanded, moods and expectations changed. People acutely realized that the fate of not only the Soviet government, but also the country itself was being decided. The mass terror of the German troops, the merciless attitude towards the civilian population more clearly than any agitation told people that it can only be about stopping the aggressor or perishing.

Managed to feel these moods and power. Stalin, speaking on the radio on July 3, 1941, spoke about many things. But for decades, the words of his appeal remained in the memory of millions of Soviet people: "Brothers and sisters!" They not only emphasized the unity of power and people, but also helped every person to realize even more clearly the mortal danger hanging over the country. People have ceased to perceive themselves as only "cogs" of the state system, demonstrating miracles of heroism, stamina and endurance in the defense of their homeland.

The initial period of the war showed once again that our multinational people, in the hour of mortal danger, are capable of forgetting the many grievances and mistakes of the authorities, mobilizing their strength and showing their best qualities. These feelings and moods became the main prerequisite for the mass heroism of the Soviet people at the front and in the rear.

Socio-economic prerequisites for a radical change. The threat of the Germans seizing the developed industrial regions of the country dictated the need to take out the most valuable equipment. A grandiose evacuation to the east of plants and factories, the property of collective farms and MTS, and livestock began. It was necessary in a short time, under enemy air raids, to evacuate thousands of enterprises and millions of people. This practice has not yet known world history.

To organize this colossal work, the Evacuation Council was created. Already in the first five months of the war, more than 1,500 large industrial enterprises (approximately as many as were created during the first five-year plan) and over 10 million people were sent from the front-line to the eastern regions of the country.

An equally important task was to establish the work of these enterprises in a new place. Sometimes machines and equipment were mounted in the open air in order to urgently ensure the production of weapons and ammunition needed by the army.

The selfless efforts of the Soviet people soon bore fruit. If the output of gross industrial output by November 1941 had more than halved compared with the pre-war level, then already in December the decline in production stopped, and from March 1942 its rapid growth began.

By the middle of 1942, the transition of the economy to a war footing was completed, the output of military products surpassed the German level in terms of its volume. By this time, it was possible to stabilize (albeit at an extremely low level) the food supply not only to the army, but also to the urban population of the country (and this despite the fact that territories were under occupation that gave almost 40% of grain and 84% of sugar before the war). All this created the economic prerequisites for defeating the enemy.

Education and science during the war. The hard times of war did not bypass the education system. Tens of thousands of school buildings were destroyed, and the survivors often housed military hospitals. Due to the lack of paper, schoolchildren sometimes wrote in the margins of old newspapers. Textbooks replaced the teacher's oral story. Teaching was conducted even in the besieged Sevastopol, Odessa, Leningrad, in the partisan detachments of Ukraine and Belarus. In the occupied regions of the country, the education of children has completely ceased.

Soviet scientists made a great contribution to the victory. All the main areas of scientific research were focused on defeating the enemy. The main scientific centers of the country moved to the east - to Kazan, to the Urals, to Central Asia. Leading research institutes and institutions of the Academy of Sciences were evacuated here. Here they not only continued the work they had begun, but also helped in the training of local scientific personnel. More than two thousand employees of the USSR Academy of Sciences fought as part of the army.

Despite the difficulties of wartime, the state paid great attention to the development of science. New institutes and research centers were created: the West Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk, the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, the Academy of Artillery Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences. During the war, republican academies of sciences were opened in Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

Theoretical developments in the field of aerodynamics, carried out by S. A. Chaplygin, M. V. Keldysh, S. A. Khristianovich, led to the creation of new models of combat aircraft. A scientific team led by Academician A.F. Ioffe invented the first Soviet radars. In 1943, work began on the creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR.

Cultural figures - to the front. From the first days of the war, figures of national culture made a significant contribution to achieving victory. More than a thousand writers and poets went to the front, including M. A. Sholokhov, A. A. Fadeev, K. M. Simonov, A. T. Tvardovsky and many others. Every fourth of them did not return from the war. In the autumn of 1941, the famous children's writer A.P. Gaidar died. During the return from the besieged Sevastopol, one of the authors of the satirical novels "The Twelve Chairs" and "The Golden Calf" E. Petrov was killed.

Wartime literature enjoyed great success and recognition both at the front and in the rear. The courage of the blockade heroes of Leningrad was sung in the "Leningrad Poem" by O. F. Berggolts and in the "Pulkovo Meridian" by V. M. Inber. The feat of the defenders of Stalingrad was immortalized in "Days and Nights" by K. M. Simonov and "The Direction of the Main Strike" by V. S. Grossman. The steadfastness and courage of the defenders of the capital was glorified in the story of A. A. Vek "Volokolamsk Highway". The image of Vasily Terkin, created in the poem of the same name by A. T. Tvardovsky, has become truly popular.

Traveling artistic brigades were created to go to the front line. More than 40 thousand artists visited the front during the war years. Among them were outstanding actors M. I. Zharov, I. V. Ilyinsky, A. K. Tarasova, A. A. Yablochkina, M. I. Tsarev, N. K. Cherkasov and others.

Despite the evacuation of the leading film studios to Central Asia, the domestic cinema did not stop its activities. Filmmakers during the war years produced about 500 newsreels and 34 full-length films. Especially popular were those that were dedicated to the fight against the enemy ("Two Soldiers" by L. D. Lukov, "Secretary of the District Committee" by I. A. Pyryev, "A Guy from Our City" by A. B. Stolper, "Invasion" A M. Rooma and others).

Front-line performances of pop artists had a special audience success. The most popular were the singers K. I. Shulzhenko, L. A. Ruslanova, L. O. Utesov.

The lyrical song became the most popular musical genre during the war years. "Evening on the Road" by V.P. Solovyov-Sedogo, "Dark Night" by N.V. Bogoslovsky, "In the Frontline Forest" by M.I. Blanter was sung by the whole country. Symphonic music was also popular. In besieged Leningrad, D. D. Shostakovich wrote the Seventh (Leningrad) Symphony. Her first live broadcast from the besieged city was seen around the world as a display of civic courage.

Church during the war. By the beginning of the war, the church was in a difficult position. Only 7 bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church, headed by the locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, Metropolitan Sergius, remained free. On June 22, 1941, immediately after the announcement of the outbreak of war, he issued an appeal to believers to stand up for the Motherland. A similar appeal was made by the spiritual leaders of Soviet Muslims, Jews, and Buddhists.

The Church not only took an active civic stand, awakening and strengthening the patriotic feelings of believers, blessing them for feats of arms and labor achievements, but also provided significant assistance to the state, showed concern for strengthening the combat power of the Red Army. At the call of Metropolitan Sergius, funds were raised for a tank column named after St. Dmitry Donskoy. Priests in the occupied territories kept in touch with the underground, partisans, and provided assistance to the civilian population. Many of them were killed by the Nazis.

This position of the church led to some weakening of pressure on it from the state. In September 1943, the leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church met with Stalin, who met their wishes and allowed the election of a new patriarch (Sergius became him), the formation of the Holy Synod, the opening of several theological seminaries, and the release of some of the priests from prison.

However, the control of the authorities over the church was still very tight.

What you need to know about this topic:

Socio-economic and political development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Nicholas II.

Domestic policy of tsarism. Nicholas II. Strengthening repression. "Police socialism".

Russo-Japanese War. Reasons, course, results.

Revolution of 1905 - 1907 The nature, driving forces and features of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907. stages of the revolution. The reasons for the defeat and the significance of the revolution.

Elections to the State Duma. I State Duma. The agrarian question in the Duma. Dispersal of the Duma. II State Duma. Coup d'état June 3, 1907

Third June political system. Electoral law June 3, 1907 III State Duma. The alignment of political forces in the Duma. Duma activities. government terror. The decline of the labor movement in 1907-1910

Stolypin agrarian reform.

IV State Duma. Party composition and Duma factions. Duma activity.

The political crisis in Russia on the eve of the war. The labor movement in the summer of 1914 Crisis of the top.

The international position of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Beginning of the First World War. Origin and nature of war. Russia's entry into the war. Attitude towards the war of parties and classes.

The course of hostilities. Strategic forces and plans of the parties. Results of the war. The role of the Eastern Front in the First World War.

The Russian economy during the First World War.

Workers' and peasants' movement in 1915-1916. Revolutionary movement in the army and navy. Growing anti-war sentiment. Formation of the bourgeois opposition.

Russian culture of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

Aggravation of socio-political contradictions in the country in January-February 1917. The beginning, prerequisites and nature of the revolution. Uprising in Petrograd. Formation of the Petrograd Soviet. Provisional Committee of the State Duma. Order N I. Formation of the Provisional Government. Abdication of Nicholas II. Causes of dual power and its essence. February coup in Moscow, at the front, in the provinces.

From February to October. The policy of the Provisional Government regarding war and peace, on agrarian, national, labor issues. Relations between the Provisional Government and the Soviets. The arrival of V.I. Lenin in Petrograd.

Political parties (Kadets, Social Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks): political programs, influence among the masses.

Crises of the Provisional Government. An attempted military coup in the country. Growth of revolutionary sentiment among the masses. Bolshevization of the capital Soviets.

Preparation and conduct of an armed uprising in Petrograd.

II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Decisions about power, peace, land. Formation of public authorities and management. Composition of the first Soviet government.

The victory of the armed uprising in Moscow. Government agreement with the Left SRs. Elections to the Constituent Assembly, its convocation and dissolution.

The first socio-economic transformations in the field of industry, agriculture, finance, labor and women's issues. Church and State.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, its terms and significance.

Economic tasks of the Soviet government in the spring of 1918. Aggravation of the food issue. The introduction of food dictatorship. Working squads. Comedy.

The revolt of the left SRs and the collapse of the two-party system in Russia.

First Soviet Constitution.

Causes of intervention and civil war. The course of hostilities. Human and material losses of the period of the civil war and military intervention.

The internal policy of the Soviet leadership during the war. "War Communism". GOELRO plan.

The policy of the new government in relation to culture.

Foreign policy. Treaties with border countries. Participation of Russia in the Genoa, Hague, Moscow and Lausanne conferences. Diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the main capitalist countries.

Domestic policy. Socio-economic and political crisis of the early 20s. Famine of 1921-1922 Transition to a new economic policy. The essence of the NEP. NEP in the field of agriculture, trade, industry. financial reform. Economic recovery. Crises during the NEP and its curtailment.

Projects for the creation of the USSR. I Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The first government and the Constitution of the USSR.

Illness and death of V.I. Lenin. Intraparty struggle. The beginning of the formation of Stalin's regime of power.

Industrialization and collectivization. Development and implementation of the first five-year plans. Socialist competition - purpose, forms, leaders.

Formation and strengthening of the state system of economic management.

The course towards complete collectivization. Dispossession.

Results of industrialization and collectivization.

Political, national-state development in the 30s. Intraparty struggle. political repression. Formation of the nomenklatura as a layer of managers. Stalinist regime and the constitution of the USSR in 1936

Soviet culture in the 20-30s.

Foreign policy of the second half of the 20s - mid-30s.

Domestic policy. The growth of military production. Extraordinary measures in the field of labor legislation. Measures to solve the grain problem. Military establishment. Growth of the Red Army. military reform. Repressions against the command personnel of the Red Army and the Red Army.

Foreign policy. Non-aggression pact and treaty of friendship and borders between the USSR and Germany. The entry of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into the USSR. Soviet-Finnish war. The inclusion of the Baltic republics and other territories in the USSR.

Periodization of the Great Patriotic War. The initial stage of the war. Turning the country into a military camp. Military defeats 1941-1942 and their reasons. Major military events Capitulation of Nazi Germany. Participation of the USSR in the war with Japan.

Soviet rear during the war.

Deportation of peoples.

Partisan struggle.

Human and material losses during the war.

Creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. Declaration of the United Nations. The problem of the second front. Conferences of the "Big Three". Problems of post-war peace settlement and all-round cooperation. USSR and UN.

Beginning of the Cold War. The contribution of the USSR to the creation of the "socialist camp". CMEA formation.

Domestic policy of the USSR in the mid-1940s - early 1950s. Restoration of the national economy.

Socio-political life. Politics in the field of science and culture. Continued repression. "Leningrad business". Campaign against cosmopolitanism. "Doctors' Case".

Socio-economic development of Soviet society in the mid-50s - the first half of the 60s.

Socio-political development: XX Congress of the CPSU and the condemnation of Stalin's personality cult. Rehabilitation of victims of repressions and deportations. Intra-party struggle in the second half of the 1950s.

Foreign policy: the creation of the ATS. The entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. Exacerbation of Soviet-Chinese relations. The split of the "socialist camp". Soviet-American Relations and the Caribbean Crisis. USSR and third world countries. Reducing the strength of the armed forces of the USSR. Moscow Treaty on the Limitation of Nuclear Tests.

USSR in the mid-60s - the first half of the 80s.

Socio-economic development: economic reform 1965

Growing difficulties of economic development. Decline in the rate of socio-economic growth.

USSR Constitution 1977

Socio-political life of the USSR in the 1970s - early 1980s.

Foreign Policy: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Consolidation of post-war borders in Europe. Moscow treaty with Germany. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Soviet-American treaties of the 70s. Soviet-Chinese relations. The entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan. Exacerbation of international tension and the USSR. Strengthening of the Soviet-American confrontation in the early 80s.

USSR in 1985-1991

Domestic policy: an attempt to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country. An attempt to reform the political system of Soviet society. Congresses of People's Deputies. Election of the President of the USSR. Multi-party system. Exacerbation of the political crisis.

Exacerbation of the national question. Attempts to reform the national-state structure of the USSR. Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. "Novogarevsky process". The collapse of the USSR.

Foreign policy: Soviet-American relations and the problem of disarmament. Treaties with leading capitalist countries. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. Changing relations with the countries of the socialist community. Disintegration of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact.

Russian Federation in 1992-2000

Domestic policy: "Shock therapy" in the economy: price liberalization, stages of privatization of commercial and industrial enterprises. Fall in production. Increased social tension. Growth and slowdown in financial inflation. The aggravation of the struggle between the executive and legislative branches. The dissolution of the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies. October events of 1993. Abolition of local bodies of Soviet power. Elections to the Federal Assembly. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 Formation of the presidential republic. Aggravation and overcoming of national conflicts in the North Caucasus.

Parliamentary elections 1995 Presidential elections 1996 Power and opposition. An attempt to return to the course of liberal reforms (spring 1997) and its failure. The financial crisis of August 1998: causes, economic and political consequences. "Second Chechen War". Parliamentary elections in 1999 and early presidential elections in 2000 Foreign policy: Russia in the CIS. The participation of Russian troops in the "hot spots" of the near abroad: Moldova, Georgia, Tajikistan. Russia's relations with foreign countries. The withdrawal of Russian troops from Europe and neighboring countries. Russian-American agreements. Russia and NATO. Russia and the Council of Europe. Yugoslav crises (1999-2000) and Russia's position.

Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of the state and peoples of Russia. XX century.

TOPIC 12. THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

Lesson 2. Results and lessons of the Great Patriotic War

1. Soviet rear during the war

2. Cooperation within the framework of the anti-Hitler coalition

3. Results of the Second World War and Great Patriotic War

Soviet rear during the war

Military and economic potential of the state during the conduct of the war is one of the main sources of victory. Experience shows that victory will most often go to those whose economy is stronger.The events of World War II confirmed this conclusion. As of June 22, 1941, the Soviet Union possessed a colossal amount of modern weapons and military equipment: 25,784 tanks, 24,488 aircraft, 117,581 guns and mortars, 7.74 million rifles and carbines. No state could boast of such a military potential. The supply agencies of the Red Army and the Navy in relation to the real average annual consumption during the war years at the same time had stocks: for artillery ammunition from 63 to 294%, for rifle cartridges - about 280 and hand grenades - more than 122%, for gasoline and diesel fuel - almost half, for the main nomenclatures of clothing - from 90 to 150%; food and fodder - for 3-4 months 6 .

However a major miscalculation was made in the placement of mobilization stocks- up to 40% of weapons, military equipment and materiel intended to ensure the mobilization of troops and the conduct of hostilities were deployed on the territory of the western military districts. The mistakes made by the country's leadership cost the Soviet people dearly. By the end of the summer-autumn campaign of 1941, the Soviet troops, having suffered heavy losses in manpower and equipment, with heavy fighting retreated into the interior of the country up to 850 - 1200 km. On the territory that was occupied by November 1941, before the war, about 40% of the country's population lived, 33% of the gross output of the entire industry was produced (68% of iron, 58% of steel, 60% of aluminum), 38% of grain, 84% of sugar, 53 % of flax, 60% of pigs and 38% of cattle were grown. Up to 41% of the length of the railways of the USSR was in the occupied territory. By this time, the gross industrial output of the USSR had fallen to 47.6% compared to the pre-war level. The release of military products in November 1941 was the smallest for the entire time of the war.

By the end of the year, the Red Army was armed with 2100 tanks, 2100 aircraft, about 12.8 thousand guns and mortars, 2.24 million rifles and carbines. The situation was aggravated by the fact that it was extremely difficult to make up for losses due to the peculiarities of the territorial location of military factories: in the summer of 1941, over 80% of the total number of defense industry enterprises, including 94% of aircraft factories, all tank factories, ended up in the combat zone or in frontline areas. Plans to expand military production in the east of the country by the beginning of the war remained unrealized (only 18.5% produced military products).

In the current situation, the State Defense Committee, the Council of People's Commissars and the financial authorities of the state, after a thorough analysis of the current situation, energetically carried out a number of urgent measures that could only be carried out under the conditions of the economic model that had developed in the USSR. The same France admitted defeat, mainly under pressure from the leaders of the monopolies, without having exhausted its possibilities for resistance. As a result, more than 80% of the French aircraft manufacturing enterprises worked for the Reich.

The following measures have been taken:

- production capacities in industry were rebuilt for the needs of the war, and raw materials and materials were redistributed in favor of the military industry;

- reduced costs for social and cultural purposes;

– increased revenues to the budget from the population in the form of taxes, as well as voluntary contributions and loans (the total amount of revenues amounted to more than 26.4 percent of state budget revenues);

- commercial trade was introduced with increased prices for some goods, from which the state received 1.6 billion rubles during the war. additional income, and the prices of goods sold on cards remained unchanged.

The relocation of industrial enterprises and material values from the front line to the eastern regions is, in itself, a unique operation and no less heroic page in the history of our country than the struggle of soldiers on the fronts. During the evacuation, the equipment of plants and factories, agricultural machinery, monuments of culture and art, scientific institutions, many military bases and warehouses were taken out - everything that could be disassembled and loaded into wagons. The scale of transportation was enormous. The world practice has no analogues of such a large-scale work.

On June 24, 1941, the Evacuation Board was created. By the end of June, he managed to give an organized character to the evacuation of the civilian population and material assets. In July-November 1941, 1,523 industrial enterprises, including 1,360 large plants and factories, mostly military, were evacuated to the east, in whole or in part, and by the spring of 1942, 2,593 enterprises. In addition, 25 million people were evacuated. Transport worked with the greatest tension. During the five months of the war alone, 1.5 million wagons, or 30,000 trains, passed through the railways.

Losses of raw materials, materials, food were replenished mainly due to the rigid centralized use of state reserves.

The most critical months in the state of the war economy were November and December 1941. Due to military losses and the evacuation of thousands of enterprises, the gross industrial output from June to November decreased by 2.1 times. At the same time, Germany was increasing its military production. Thus, the production of automatic types of small arms increased 1.5-2.5 times, guns - more than 3 times, tanks - 1.7 times, aircraft - 1.3 times. If the Soviet Union relied only on its own capabilities, the German leadership actively used the resources of the captured, allied and neutral countries. Forced labor of foreign workers, prisoners of war and concentration camps became an important component of the German economy. Only Soviet citizens, not counting the prisoners, more than 5 million people were taken to Europe.

The United States in 1941 had just begun to transfer the economy to a war footing. It took place in favorable conditions: a significant distance from the main theaters of military operations, the presence of significant reserves of raw materials, large resources of industrial enterprises and labor (only 9.5 million unemployed people).

Great Britain mainly used the material resources and products of the countries that were part of the British Empire and the United States. Nearly half of its own military production went only to meet the needs of the Air Force.

Despite great difficulties, the relocation of production facilities to the east went smoothly and on schedule. Thus, the People's Commissariat of the aviation industry removed 118 factories, or 85% of its capacity, the People's Commissariat for Armaments - 31 enterprises out of 32. 9 main plants of the tank industry were dismantled, two-thirds of the production capacities for the production of gunpowder were evacuated. And all this happened at a time when the front constantly demanded more and more weapons and ammunition. Therefore, the dismantling of enterprises, especially military ones, was carried out in such a way as to continue production in the old place for as long as possible, while simultaneously transporting equipment and people to a new one.

In an unprecedentedly short time (an average of one and a half to two months), the evacuated enterprises went into operation and began to produce the products necessary for the front. Everything that could not be saved from the enemy was mostly destroyed or disabled. Relocation and restoration of industrial enterprises in the difficult conditions of war -the greatest achievement of the Soviet economy.

However, the movement of industry to the east is only one, albeit a very important, link in the restructuring of all spheres of the national economy to serve the war. From the very first days, thousands of civilian factories switched to producing products for the needs of the army. In different industries and at individual enterprises, the conditions for the transition to military production were not the same. Everything depended on the design features of military products. Thus, tractor automobile plants mastered the production of tanks with relative ease. The Gorky Automobile Plant began to produce light tanks. Chelyabinsk turned into the largest center for the production of tanks, where a diversified tank production association was formed. The people rightly called it Tankograd. Another powerful center of Soviet tank building was located in Nizhny Tagil, where the largest number of T-34 tanks in the entire war was produced. The growth in the production of aircraft was primarily due to the restoration of the exported aircraft and the accelerated construction of new aircraft factories. Agricultural engineering plants became the basis for the mass production of mortars.

As a result of the measures taken, by the middle of 1942, the country's economy was transferred to a military footing. The production of aircraft, tanks, artillery pieces, small arms, ammunition, gunpowder of all kinds, etc., has increased significantly. The gross output of all industries increased by more than 1.5 times, and the total number of enterprises producing military products exceeded the pre-war figure by 2.8 times. In 1942, 25,432 aircraft, 24,668 tanks, 29,561 artillery pieces, 3,237 rocket launchers, 229,645 mortars, more than 5.5 million small arms were produced for the front, which is significantly more than in Germany. At the same time, the new military equipment was not only not inferior to the German one in its qualities, but also surpassed it in a number of indicators.

The appearance on a massive scale of new, more advanced military equipment predetermined a change in the forms and methods of armed struggle and the structure of the Armed Forces. Having at its disposal the necessary amount of weapons, military and other equipment, ammunition and fuel, by the end of 1942 the military command was able to re-equip the army and create large strategic reserves. By this time, the enemy troops had lost superiority in forces and means.

The front and rear lived, fought and worked under a single slogan: “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! For the economy of the state, the patriotic movement unfolding in the country to create a defense fund was of great importance. The population of the country voluntarily donated to the defense fund part of the money they earned, their personal savings, bonds, lottery tickets, jewelry, silver, gold, and platinum items. Parcels with warm clothes and food were sent to the front from all over the country for the soldiers of the active army, as well as for the wounded in hospitals. Tens of thousands of women, students and schoolchildren provided assistance to hospitals, many of them were on duty around the clock near the seriously wounded. During the first 18 months of the war alone, the defense fund received 10.5 billion rubles in cash. The massive supply of warm clothes and footwear to the front helped to successfully solve the problem of providing them to the troops in the harsh winter of 1941. In the three autumn months of 1941 alone, more than 15 million pieces of various warm clothes were collected; 2 million soldiers could be dressed and shod with these items. Not a single army in the world knew such a huge material support of the people.

Having overcome the crisis and restored industry, the Soviet state continued to build up its military and economic potential. From the second half of 1942, the main thing in production was to increase the efficiency of work, improve the organization of production, reduce labor costs and production costs. At the same time, the organization of military production was being improved.

Scientists have played an important role in this. For the needs of the front, the work of scientific research institutions, industrial people's commissariats and the USSR Academy of Sciences was reorganized. Scientists and designers created new models of weapons, improved and modernized existing military equipment, and quickly introduced all technical innovations into production. Optics, radio electronics, radar and other areas of science and technology developed rapidly. It is noteworthy that the pace of introduction of new technical developments into production achieved during the war has not been surpassed to this day.

Innovations in production technology, many of which were unique, brought significant economic benefits. In tank building, for example, the cost of tanks in 1945 decreased by 2.6 - 3 times. More than 14,000 T-34 tanks were manufactured with funds received from cost reductions in just two years of the war. In the aircraft industry, models of those aircraft were put on stream, in which reliability was combined with simplicity of design and ease of manufacture, moreover, few rare and scarce materials were required. Due to the improvement of technology in the artillery industry, labor productivity from 1940 to 1944 increased by about 2 times.

In general, labor productivity in the military industry from May 1942 to May 1945 increased by 121%, and the cost of all types of military products decreased by an average of 2 times compared to 1940. On this basis, there is an increase in the output of military products.

In 1943, the main task of the Soviet military economy was solved - to surpass Germany in the quantity and quality of military products. By that time, military production in the USSR had increased by 4.3 times compared to the pre-war period, and in Germany by only 2.3 times.

The successes of the military industry made it possible in 1943 to accelerate the rearmament of the Red Army with the latest military equipment. The troops received tanks, self-propelled guns, aircraft, a fair amount of artillery, mortars, machine guns, they no longer experienced an acute need for ammunition. At the same time, the share of new samples reached 42.3% in small arms, 83% in artillery, more than 80% in armored vehicles, and 67% in aviation.

The largest volumes of military production reached in 1944. Its high level was based on the solid foundation of the leading branches of heavy industry. The growth in production was due to more efficient use of the capacities of existing enterprises, the commissioning of new ones and the restoration of enterprises in the liberated areas, thanks to an increase in labor productivity in all industries, in construction, and in transport. It was the year of the maximum production of the main types of military equipment. The aviation industry gave the country 40.3 thousand aircraft, of which 33.2 thousand were combat, in other words, the Soviet Air Force in 1944 had 4 times more aircraft at the front than the Germans. From January 1944 until the end of the war, tank builders produced 49.5 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns for the army, while the German industry produced only 22.7 thousand. The production of ammunition in 1944 exceeded the pre-war level by more than 3 times, the needs of the front were fully satisfied ammunition of the entire range. There were so many small arms produced in 1943 that it was possible not only to fully satisfy the demands of the front, but also to create stocks at military bases and warehouses.

At the expense of the economic resources of the Soviet Union, national formations and units of allied and friendly countries were provided with weapons, military equipment and other types of materiel during their formation on the territory of the USSR and the conduct of hostilities against a common enemy.

In general, during the war, the military-industrial complex of the country produced more than 108 thousand combat aircraft, 95 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns, about 445.7 thousand field guns and mortars, 954.5 thousand machine guns, 12 million rifles and carbines, 6.1 million machine guns, 427 million shells for field guns and mortars, 21.4 billion rounds of ammunition and much more.

In addition to weapons, industry and agriculture provided the army and navy with a huge amount of other vital material resources. Despite the difficulties caused by the enemy's temporary occupation of part of the territory of the USSR, the Armed Forces throughout the war were uninterruptedly provided with food, clothing and household property, equipment and fuel and lubricants in the required quantities and assortment. So, during the war, the troops were supplied with over 16 million tons of various types of fuel, over 38 million overcoats, over 70 million cotton uniforms, over 11 million pairs of boots, about 40 million tons of food and fodder, and much more. .

Already during the war, the Soviet government was able to organize work to restore the damage. 3.5 thousand were built and 7.5 thousand large industrial enterprises were restored, 102.5 million square meters were built. m of living space. In addition, the USSR, having limited resources, itself provided significant assistance to the peoples liberated from the fascist yoke. Our troops often saved the local population from starvation. By decision of the Soviet government, more than 900 thousand tons of food were transferred from the resources of the Red Army for this purpose.

Against the background of the above figures, the ability of the Soviet leadership not only to restore, but also to increase the economic potential of the state, is striking and, at the same time, causes a feeling of deep respect. At the beginning of the war, a significant part of the accumulated reserves was used up, but state reserves in wartime not only did not decrease, but for some types even increased by more than 1.8 times. Besides, "... the country's leadership looked further, taking care that after the war the country would not be drained of blood, unable to resist ... We had to end the war, preserving the country's potential for rapid and decisive economic growth," says one of the prominent statesmen of the USSR N. TO. Baibakov. This was the result of great effort and resource savings.

Western researchers are trying to prove that Lend-Lease supplies turned out to be decisive for the economy of our country. Indeed, the mutual economic assistance of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition played an important role in the victory. The United States alone spent 46 billion dollars for these purposes, a fifth of which was sent to the USSR. However, they amounted to only about 5% of the industrial production of the USSR and were mostly carried out in 1943-44, when a radical turning point in the war had already been reached. In addition, equipment and weapons of outdated designs were supplied, and equipment, often after long-term storage in warehouses. The share of food was only 2.8% of allied procurements.

Thus, during the Great Patriotic War, the economic system of the Soviet Union went through a harsh school and, despite enormous difficulties, withstood the greatest trials of wartime.It turned out to be more efficient than the German economy. The economic victory of the USSR over Germany became possible as a result of the greatest efforts of the entire people, the planned socialist economy, the world resource base, high labor productivity, high scientific potential, selfless labor for the good of the Victory. Under the conditions of war public ownership of the means of production, a high degree of centralization, the concentration of power in the hands of a narrow group of people, great opportunities for concentrating and maneuvering gigantic material and human resources, that is, everything that is currently being subjected to the most severe criticism, allowed the command and administrative system to direct the efforts of the people to the solution of primary tasks, to achieve a continuous increase in the output of military products, and also to ensure an uninterrupted supply of products necessary for the life of the troops.

All the achievements of the Soviet economy during the Great Patriotic War would have been impossible without the genuine heroism of people who worked sparingly, regardless of the time, often in very difficult conditions, showing exceptional stamina and perseverance in fulfilling their tasks.