Many sun-like ones are very similar, but our star is different from them. A study of solar twins reveals that the chemical composition of the Sun is surprisingly different from that of its close counterparts, while these are almost identical to each other.

Since the star and its planets are made up of the same elements, this could mean that the exoplanets orbiting these stars are similar to each other. It could also point to a new way to discover stars with planetary systems more similar to ours.

Astronomer Megan Bedell of the Institute for Computational Astrophysics. Vollerona in New York and her colleagues studied the elements in "solar twins" - 79 stars with almost the same temperature, gravity and iron content as the Sun. The stars were observed using the HARPS telescope in Chile, which measures the spectra of stars, or the rainbow of light emitted at different wavelengths. Subtle shifts in light can reveal an orbiting planet. Spectra can also reveal the presence of specific elements that make up a star.

The researchers measured the abundances of 30 elements to within 2 percent—higher than previous studies—and confirmed that some elements vary with the star's age. This was what they expected - young stars likely formed from clouds of dust and gas that included heavier elements from supernova explosions.

But the ratios of some elements that are key to the formation of the planet, such as carbon to oxygen or magnesium to silicon, were almost identical. Stars and their planets form from the same cloud of gas and dust, so the chemistry of a star represents what its planets are made of. The relative amounts of magnesium and silicon on a planet can help determine whether a planet has a rocky crust, whether it has plate tectonics, and what minerals it contains.

“Past studies have said that there is a lot of variation from star to star, so there must be a lot of diversity between planets,” says Bedell. “However, we see a lot of the same things.”

But not when it comes to the sun. A team of astronomers has found that the Sun's elements have slightly different proportions. For example, the Sun lacks about four Earth masses of rocks and metals - the very elements that make up the planets. This result can be caused by the solar system itself: the elements are absent from , because they are on the planets. There is another, less savory possibility: other stars may contain more rocky elements because they once had planets and the stars swallowed them up.

Only a minority - from 7 to 20 percent of the stars corresponded to the sun. No planets have been found orbiting these stars. “Of course, this does not mean that they do not have planets, we just do not see them yet,” the scientists say. Finding other stars that share a shortage of rocky and metallic elements could help astronomers find other planetary systems like ours.

More information: M. Bedell. The chemical homogeneity of sunlike stars in the solar neighborhood . Cool Stars 20, Boston, July 30, 2018.

While scientists are arguing about global warming, records of abnormal heat on the planet are rapidly being updated. In June 2013, the average temperature of the Earth was +16.14 degrees. This is the highest mark in the history of observation. Alarming reports are published in many countries. For example, in Japan, 22,000 people suffered from the heat during the year.

But a new summer has come, and the minds of earthlings are pleasantly busy with the upcoming holidays, of course, in hot countries. The sea, sun and sand are already temptingly peeping through the familiar picture of city everyday life. A person, as a rule, gets used to everything, and will get used to global warming. And in general, the sun in the ancient memory of people is the progenitor, one might say, a distant relative. Well, do not expect trouble, even if from distant, but relatives?

However, it is advisable to remember another ancient truth: forewarned means protected. After all, what is sunstroke, many know firsthand. Everything around is wonderful, the sea is splashing, the children are squealing merrily ... And suddenly darkness in the eyes, pain in the temples. He fell, woke up ... Frightened faces above his head, noise in his head, aches all over his body, nausea in his stomach - you won’t wish it on your enemy. But all the bad things are quickly forgotten, and a day later both the victim and his entourage are already practicing jokes on this incident. But in vain. Doctors say that sunstroke is not at all funny, because it threatens with the most unpleasant consequences, even death.

Sunstroke

Being an acute painful condition that occurs due to overheating of the head under the direct rays of the sun, sunstroke poses a serious threat to human health. The body temperature rises to 40 degrees, the vessels dilate and the blood rushes sharply to the head, so that ruptures of small vessels are possible, in some cases even cerebral hemorrhage. According to the victims, the feeling is as if the head is boiling, like a kettle. Not far from the truth, if we remember what physicists say: being in direct sun for only half an hour, a person receives such an amount of heat that is enough to boil 3 liters of water.

However, our "teapot" is quite thoughtfully arranged, it has 3 degrees of protection. These are hair and skin (for dark-haired and bald people only skin); the cranium itself, as well as the meninges and the so-called cistern with cerebral fluid. Pretty strong defense. One thing is not provided: the frivolity of the bearer of this wonderfully designed "teapot".

In addition, you can overheat not only the head, but also the body. Then we get a kind of sunstroke.

Heatstroke

It's even easier to get it. You don't have to be in direct sun to do this. It is enough to take a many-hour walk on a hot day, even in Panama, how to overeat or drink alcohol at the peak of the heat, in general, to overwork somehow. During physical activity in the human body, the processes of heat generation increase by 5 times and heat transfer decreases. Dangerous overheating occurs.

Therefore, doctors advise to refrain even from ordinary gymnastics during the summer heat. Together with the intensely secreted sweat, we also lose the necessary sodium salts, the chemical composition of the cell fluid changes. Cells cease to perform the function of protecting the body, body temperature rises sharply. Further symptoms of heat stroke differ from the symptoms of the sun only by greater severity.

First aid

Simple actions can help a person in this condition: the victim should immediately be in the shade or in a well-ventilated room, wrap it in a wet sheet, put a wet towel on his head, give plenty of drink, valerian solution - 20 drops in half a glass of water, and call a doctor. In particularly severe cases, you will have to remember the basics of first aid and do artificial respiration or direct heart massage. Be sure to call the doctor!

What should not be forgotten while basking in languor on a hot beach? First, about not getting stuck. Doctors generally advise sunbathing on the move. A light beach suit must be completed with a spectacular panama. In soft drinks, you do not need to limit yourself, but it is better to abstain from alcohol altogether. At the slightest indisposition, go into the shade.

Take care of yourself and fill your vacation with only positive emotions!

The refraction of the sun's rays in the atmosphere gives rise to many optical illusions that can be observed from Earth with the naked eye. One of the most spectacular phenomena of this kind is the solar halo. This phenomenon has many varieties, each of which is beautiful in its own way. But for the occurrence of any kind of this optical illusion, a certain set of conditions is necessary.

So what is a solar halo and why does it appear? First, let's answer the first question. Basically, a halo is a rainbow around the sun. However, it differs from the usual rainbow both in appearance and in its characteristics.

A halo appears in the sky due to a combination of several factors. Most often it is observed in frosty weather in conditions of high humidity. At the same time, there are a large number of ice crystals in the air. Passing through them, sunlight is refracted in a special way, forming an arc around the Sun.

Do not confuse the halo with the "solar crowns". The latter are areas of hazy glow located around the Sun, Moon or other bright light sources - for example, street lamps and searchlights.

Despite some external resemblance to the rainbow, the solar halo has a number of differences from it. The first of these is that a rainbow is usually observed while standing with your back to the luminary. A halo occurs only around the Sun, with the exception of a few extremely rare varieties.

In the rainbow, most often you can observe the entire spectrum of colors, from red to purple. The solar halo, on the other hand, is usually colored only in red and orange tones. The remaining colors of the spectrum mix with each other and therefore look white. However, it is very rare to observe a halo in which all colors of the spectrum are distinguished. This is a very impressive sight.

In a rainbow, the red spectrum is located on the outer side (farthest from the horizon). In the halo, it is as close as possible to the center, that is, to the Sun.

The main difference between a rainbow and a halo is that we see a rainbow as a result of the refraction of light in drops of water. These droplets always look and behave the same in the atmosphere, only their sizes can differ. Ice crystals, in which the light of the Sun is refracted during the observation of the halo, are quite another matter. They can have a variety of shapes and sizes. Yes, and crystals can move in completely different ways - calmly soar, fall down, rotate, etc. The result of this is the variety of types of solar halo.

Varieties of the solar halo

So, we learned what a solar halo is, and what are the reasons for its appearance. Now consider its main types.

The solar halo differs in its location in the sky relative to the Sun. Most often, you can observe halos located close to the star - the so-called 22-degree halos. Less common are halos located at an angle of 46 degrees or more with respect to the Sun, and the rarest are its varieties that occupy the entire sky.

According to their coloration, halos are divided into white (light, colorless), red-orange, and full spectrum. The most common 22-degree halos are usually only red, orange, and white. Halos can be located not only in the vertical, but also in the horizontal plane. They are called subhalos.

The attitude of people to the halo

In the past, this phenomenon sowed fear and panic among people. Due to the insufficient development of science, people did not know that an optical illusion was opening up to their eyes, and considered the halo to be an unkind sign, especially if it was accompanied by parhelia (light spots that looked like the Sun and were located next to it). Sometimes the appearance of a halo became the reason for making important political decisions. One of the most striking examples is the refusal of Emperor Charles V from the siege of Magdeburg in 1551. Seeing a halo with false suns over the city, he considered it a symbol of the heavenly protection of the besieged.

How to look at the solar halo

Halo is an unusual optical phenomenon that always attracts people's attention. But in order to enjoy its beauty without unpleasant consequences, one must not only know what a solar halo is, but also understand what danger it poses to the organs of vision. Sunlight refracted in ice crystals is too bright for our eyes. Therefore, it is best to observe the halo in sunglasses. It is wiser to use for this (as well as for being in the sun in any other conditions) high-quality glasses with a high level of UV protection. Looking at the halo, it is best to cover the sun with some object or, for example, with a palm. The same should be done when photographing this phenomenon. Otherwise, the image may not be clear enough.

Thus, the blood vessels of the brain expand, which leads to the influx of a large amount of blood into the head. Because of this, there are consequences, which we will consider below.

The first sign of sunstroke is a general malaise. You want to lie down, it is hard to stand, body aches are possible.

Another sign of sunstroke is a headache. Headache with sunstroke can be quite severe.

You can also diagnose sunstroke by a symptom such as nausea (usually a headache and nausea).

With sunstroke, there is a high probability of shortness of breath, breathing becomes heavy. The pulse also increases. It is from these symptoms, based on others, that you can assume the presence of sunstroke, since the previous causes may be the result of other ailments.

Dilated pupils are the last sign of sunstroke and can also be used to determine the presence of this condition.

What to do with sunstroke

Prevention of sun and heat stroke

Heat and sunstroke: symptoms, first aid

Sunstroke and heatstroke are dangerous conditions that require timely assistance and can directly threaten human life. Therefore, it is necessary to figure out how to provide first aid to the victims and prevent the development of these conditions.

The difference between sunstroke and heatstroke

Heatstroke is a symptom complex that occurs as a result of severe overheating of the body. The essence of heatstroke is to accelerate the processes of heat generation with a parallel decrease in heat transfer from the body.

Sunstroke is a type or common case of heat stroke that occurs as a result of exposure to direct sunlight. Against the background of overheating, an expansion of the vessels of the head occurs, thus increasing blood flow to the head.

Heatstroke can happen in hot weather, and the cause can also be an increased temperature in transport, a hot shop, a sauna, and a bath.

Heatstroke is much more insidious and dangerous, due to the fact that the patient cannot always associate his own condition with overheating of the body, while with sunstroke the reasons are obvious. Some experts follow a false diagnostic path and try to detect pathology of the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, while the patient actually suffers from a sharp violation of thermoregulation.

What happens to the human body during heat stroke?

Thermoregulation of the human body proceeds in normal physiological reactions at a temperature of about 37 degrees with an allowable fluctuation of one and a half degrees. When the environmental conditions change, the mechanism of heat transfer also changes, pathological reactions are triggered:

first there is a short compensation, at this stage the body still cannot cope with external overheating;

against the background of overheating, compensatory actions lead to a breakdown of the thermoregulatory mechanism;

body temperature rises, and the body tries to create a balance by comparing the body temperature with the ambient temperature;

adaptation mechanisms are exhausted, and the stage of decompensation begins;

develops general intoxication of the body, heart and kidney failure, DIC, acidosis. In extreme cases, the power supply to the brain is cut off, which provokes hemorrhage and swelling.

Causes of sunstroke

What causes heat stroke:

excessive wrapping of small children;

poor adaptation of the body to an increase in environmental temperature;

prolonged exposure to direct sunlight in case of sunstroke;

prolonged exposure to high temperatures, poor or no air conditioning.

Risk factors for developing sun and heat stroke:

childhood and old age, pregnancy;

hyperhidrosis and anhidrosis;

a history of heart attack or stroke;

the presence of chronic pathologies: ischemic and hypertensive heart disease, mental illness, hepatitis, bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, thyroid pathology;

synthetic, rubberized, tight clothing;

taking certain drugs: MAO inhibitors, amphetamines, tricyclic antidepressants;

increased air humidity;

intense physical labor;

taking diuretic drugs, insufficient drinking regimen;

drug or alcohol intoxication;

Symptoms of heat stroke in children and adults:

redness of the skin;

the skin becomes cold to the touch, in some cases there is a bluish tinge;

shortness of breath, clouding of consciousness;

dizziness, severe headache, cold sweat;

darkening in the eyes, dilated pupils;

weakening and increased heart rate;

an increase in body temperature up to 40 degrees;

abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting;

the presence of a shaky gait;

in especially severe cases, convulsions and loss of consciousness.

The symptoms of heat stroke in a child are similar, but the clinic is not always pronounced, while the condition is more severe. The only symptom that is more characteristic of a child is epistaxis due to heat stroke.

Sunstroke symptoms

Signs of sunstroke in an adult are similar to those of heatstroke. Several symptoms may be present at once, but the patient will always indicate prolonged exposure to the sun. Most often, the harmful effects of sunlight, in addition to the general condition, will also affect the skin, which becomes red, swells, while touching the skin is unpleasant and painful.

Symptoms of sunstroke in a child are not much different from adults. Children are much harder to tolerate overheating, become whiny or apathetic, refuse to eat and drink. The child's body has not yet fully formed thermoregulation mechanism, so 15 minutes of exposure to the open sun is enough for a child to get a sunstroke.

Depending on the prevailing clinical manifestations, several forms of heat stroke are distinguished:

gastroenteric - vomiting and diarrhea against the background of urinary retention;

cerebral - clouding of consciousness and convulsions;

pyretic - an increase in body temperature up to a degree;

asphyxia - a slowdown in the functions of the central nervous system, including the respiratory one.

Depending on the severity of the condition, heat stroke is classified as mild, moderate and severe. Severe degree in 30% of cases ends with the death of the patient.

First aid

First aid actions play a critical role in preventing the progression of temperature dysregulation. They must be efficient, coordinated and timely.

Isolate a person from the impact of a damaging factor - heat: take him to a cool room, put him in the shade.

Call an ambulance. You should not engage in self-assessment of the severity of a person's condition - even if the victim feels well, a doctor should examine.

In case of impaired consciousness, lightly click on the nose, pinch the earlobe, give a sniff of ammonia.

Remove clothing that increases body heat and restricts movement.

Open windows and let clean, fresh air in.

Put a roller made from improvised means under your head.

Cover the victim's body with a damp cloth.

In the presence of sunburn on the skin, make cool lotions, which change as the tissues dry and heat up. If you have panthenol on hand, the burns are smeared with this cream.

Cold compresses are applied under the back of the head and forehead: a bottle of cold water, a special cooling bag, ice wrapped in a cloth, a cold towel.

If the victim is able to move independently, it is necessary to place him in a cool bath or shower. If movement is difficult, pour cold water over the body.

Give the person a cool drink, green tea at room temperature will do. It is forbidden to give alcohol, energy drinks and coffee.

Prevention of heat stroke

Avoid increased physical activity and passive exposure to direct sun between 11.00 and 16.00, during the hours of the greatest activity of the sun.

Protect yourself from the sun: wear a light-colored hat, relax in the shade of trees or under a canopy, use an umbrella.

Wear light-colored clothing made from natural fabrics.

Observe the drinking regimen, drink at least 2 liters of clean water daily.

When staying or working in rooms with high temperatures, try to open windows more often and use fans and air conditioners, periodically go out into a cool room for 5-10 minutes.

Avoid overeating, especially when eating spicy and fatty foods, which tend to take water from the body.

You should not drink alcohol even in small quantities, also with low-alcohol drinks in the hot season.

The last recommendation applies to all those who have already experienced sunstroke or heatstroke: you should not return to the normal rhythm of life after the onset of relief, it is better to restore your strength, since repeated sunstroke is possible on the same day, but with more serious consequences.

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How is heatstroke different from sunstroke?

Heat stroke occurs as a result of intense overheating of the body, due to a violation of adequate thermoregulation.

Sunstroke is essentially a form of heatstroke. Sunstroke occurs when a person is exposed to direct sunlight for a long time with his head uncovered.

While in the open sun, it is necessary to protect the head from direct sunlight with a hat, and also protect the skin from excessive UV radiation by using sunscreen. Chemical substances or products of their transformation in the body, accumulating in the skin, are the cause of photoallergic, phototoxic and inflammatory processes in areas of the skin exposed to light irradiation.

Sunstroke occurs as a result of excessive solar irradiation of the exposed skin and head. Heat stroke occurs as a result of overheating. Sunstroke is often accompanied by heat. Heat stroke is a more serious condition. , otherwise you can catch a cold. The best protection against sunstroke is a panama hat.

With a heat stroke, your eyes will darken, you will feel dizzy, headaches, sometimes very strong, your face will turn red, you will constantly feel nauseous, but with a sunstroke, blood circulation is disturbed, due to which blood flows from the nose, there is a loss of consciousness, the pulse goes astray, fever rises, vomiting.

Read below, it was very relevant to the topic:

Heatstroke and sunstroke are not the same thing. It must be remembered that heat stroke occurs due to overheating of the body, regardless of what exactly causes this overheating. But sunstroke can only occur due to prolonged and intense exposure to the sun.

Heatstroke differs from sunstroke in that sunstroke affects only the human brain, and heatstroke on the body can even lead to death.

Perhaps solar can only be obtained from the sun, and thermal from the sun, and from other heated sources (for example, during a fire).

Sunstroke: symptoms

Sunstroke or heliosis is an acute pathological condition, which is characterized by a disorder in the functionality of the brain, the result of which is prolonged exposure of a person's head to direct sunlight.

In such a situation, the process of blood circulation and sweating is disrupted. Heliosis has the most negative impact on the work of the central nervous system.

How is sunstroke different from heatstroke?

Sunstroke and heatstroke are two life-threatening conditions, so you need to be able to distinguish between them. Let's take a closer look.

Heatstroke means getting a significant overheating of the body, as a result of which the processes of heat generation are accelerated, and heat transfer, on the contrary, decreases.

Heliosis, in turn, is the result of a long stay outdoors in direct sunlight. Receiving an excessive amount of heat leads to an increase in blood flow to the head - the vessels dilate, swelling occurs.

Heliosis is the result of being outdoors for a long time in direct sunlight.

What can cause heat stroke and heliosis?

In clinical practice, it is customary to distinguish between the following risk factors, which, to one degree or another, can lead to sun or heat stroke:

• Previously transferred heart attack, stroke;
• Allergy;
• Pregnancy period, elderly, children's age;
• Hormonal failures;
• The presence of excess weight;
• Chronic pathologies: asthma, mental disorders, ischemia, thyroid disease, hepatitis;
• Hyperhidrosis, anhidrosis.

Hyperhidrosis is a risk factor for sunstroke

The main provocateur of sunstroke is prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. In the case of heat, everything is somewhat more complicated, it can occur at any time of the year - when visiting a bath, sauna, staying in a heated car for a long time, as well as at work.

How does sun and heat stroke manifest itself?

Heatstroke: vomiting, headache, feeling tired and lethargic, lethargy, in rare cases, a coma is possible.

It is customary to distinguish three main degrees of severity of this condition, each of these degrees is characterized by different clinical manifestations.

A mild degree is characterized as follows:

• stuffiness in the ears;
• Rapid pulse and breathing;
• Adynamia;
• Vestibular disorders;
• Temperature rise;
• Dizziness;
• Pain in the head, accompanied by vomiting;
• Fainting;
• Nosebleeds.

With moderate heat stroke, ear congestion, rapid pulse and breathing are observed.

Symptoms of sunstroke: the face becomes pale, confusion (coma is rare), hallucinations, muscle spasms, delirium, involuntary leakage of feces or urine are observed. Sudden death is possible (occurs in 20-30% of cases).

Heliosis is divided into three main clinical forms:

• Asphyxial - thready pulse, cyanotic color, breathing is frequent, shallow, as cerebral edema develops, apnea and cardiac arrest occur;
• Paralytic - frequent convulsive seizures, coma, followed by cardiac arrest;
• Psychopathic - disorders of consciousness, mainly delusions and hallucinations, muscle spasm, paralysis, this form of heliosis develops after 5-6 hours after the development of cerebral edema.

First aid rules

First aid for sun and heat stroke involves calling an emergency medical carriage.

The injured person should be moved to the shade and a pillow should be placed under the head.

Before her arrival, it is important to carry out a number of simple and uncomplicated manipulations, they are suitable for both types of strokes:

• The injured person should be moved to the shade and put a pillow (towel, jacket) under the head;
• Remove tight-fitting clothing (made from non-natural fibres);
• In the presence of vomiting, a person should be laid on his side so that he does not choke on vomit;
• Cover your head with a damp towel, sheet. If possible, pour cool water all over the body;
• Regularly cool the head and heart area with cold compresses, ice cubes;
• Increase the flow of fresh air;
• The patient should be given a cool drink (if sunstroke is suspected, not plentiful);
• Every 10 minutes, control the temperature, at values ​​​​below 38 degrees, the cooling of the patient should be stopped, leaving only a wet towel on his head;
• In case of clouding of consciousness, bring an aqueous solution of ammonia to the nose of the victim;
• If the victim has lost consciousness, it is necessary to do artificial respiration, in the absence of cardiac activity, an indirect heart massage is indicated.

When providing first aid for sunstroke, it is worth acting quickly enough, since the outcome of the condition directly depends on this, improper assistance can lead to death.

The patient should be given cold drinks.

Upon arrival of the ambulance, the doctor assesses the patient's condition. In severe cases, the victim is sent to intensive care. If hospitalization is not needed, the patient is prescribed unconditional bed rest for 5-7 days.

During this period, the protective functions of the body are reduced and a person can earn a blow again, briefly going outside.

In order to minimize the risk of getting one of the blows listed above, you need to know the following simple rules:

1. During exposure to the sun, protect your head with a cap, hat, be under an umbrella;
2. Do not overeat, especially in hot weather;
3. During the hours of special activity of the sun's rays, avoid excessive physical activity;
4. Regularly ventilate the room in which you are;
5. It is necessary to give preference to clothes made from natural and light fabrics (preferably light or pastel colors);
6. Under the influence of direct rays, it is not recommended to drink alcoholic beverages;
7. Drink enough water, especially during the hot season (for good thermoregulation).

During exposure to the sun, you need to protect your head with a cap, hat, be under an umbrella

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Heatstroke

Summer brings with it not only holidays and vacations, but also health problems. Signs of heat stroke or overheating can affect both adults and children. From being under direct ultraviolet radiation or in a hot room, heat transfer is disturbed, symptoms of a dangerous condition quickly develop. Every person should be able to recognize the symptoms of a violation of thermoregulation.

What is heat stroke

Violation of thermoregulation under the influence of heat, leading to overheating of the body, is called "strike". Distinguish between heatstroke and sunstroke. The latter develops under the influence of direct sunlight, while the former can occur in conditions of heat, lack of fluid, if the parents decide to dress the baby too warmly. Prolonged exposure to such conditions contributes to overheating of the body.

How is heatstroke different from solar

The symptoms of both conditions are similar, but some details differ. Sunstroke occurs after intense exposure to ultraviolet light, not necessarily in hot weather. When the ambient temperature rises, there is a risk of overheating. Symptoms of sunstroke, along with corneal burns, are sometimes observed in climbers and skiers.

Symptoms

An adult or child will need help when the first signs of stroke appear, so it is important to know the symptoms of overheating. Different ages correspond to their own characteristics of the course of this condition. Even the early symptoms of heat overheating require immediate assistance - first-aid, medical. The main distinguishing symptoms are as follows:

1. Symptoms of dehydration are accompanied by headache, dizziness, clouding of consciousness.
2. There is hyperemia of the skin.
3. Disruption of thermoregulation will help to recognize the symptoms, the temperature can rise up to forty degrees.
4. The skin may blister from prolonged exposure to sunlight.
5. There are signs of nausea, with respiratory disorders - shortness of breath.
6. Heat exhaustion is accompanied by convulsions, at this stage the outcome can be fatal.

Heat stroke in a child

The condition is dangerous for adults, but it poses a special risk for a child, especially a baby. The deterioration of the baby's well-being occurs much faster due to the accelerated metabolism. Emergency care should be provided at the first hint of lethargy or excessive activity, crying, redness of the skin. It is important to give the baby frequent water in the heat, because the cells of the child contain less fluid than the cells of an adult, moisture loss occurs more intensely.

The reasons

The condition occurs due to a violation of sweating, the inability of the body to cool itself in time. Often, overheating occurs in newborns, since their natural thermoregulation has not yet been established. Persons with endocrine disorders, weakened after illness, are at risk. It is believed that blondes, redheads are more difficult to tolerate the influence of hot weather than dark-haired swarthy people. The main reasons are improper clothing, stuffy rooms, low fluid intake.

Pathogenesis

Overheating causes the body to excrete an increased amount of fluid through sweat. If this mechanism fails, hyperthermia quickly increases, the load on the kidneys, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems increases. Urine excretion decreases, which causes intoxication with ammonia products, lipid metabolism. Poisoning is accompanied by hemolysis of red blood cells, an increase in blood viscosity, as a result of which the body experiences an acute shortage of nutrients.

Clinical forms of heat stroke

Overheating affects all systems of the human body, so the manifestations may vary. Due to the variety of manifestations, the recognition of symptoms is difficult, therefore, it is necessary to know all the nuances of the course of a condition dangerous to health and life. Understanding the mechanisms of heat exchange disorders helps to prevent severe manifestations, to provide timely assistance to the victim. There are four main forms of this condition:

• cerebral - weakness, tremor prevails, up to convulsions, dizziness;
• hyperthermic - there is an increase in body temperature above 40 ° C, a change in the condition of the skin;
• asphyxic - breathing is difficult, rapid, temperature up to 39 ° C;
• gastroenteric - manifested by nausea, can cause vomiting.

What to do with heat stroke

A person with impaired thermoregulation, lack of fluid in the body, needs to create optimal conditions for restoring the water-salt balance. When negative symptoms appear, the patient should be relieved of the effects of factors that cause dehydration, overheating. The sooner pre-hospital measures are taken, the better the patient's prognosis.

First aid

With early signs of a violation of thermal regulation, it is necessary to take the person away from the influence of the open sun, from a hot place. It is necessary to lay the victim in a cool room. A cold shower helps a lot. Cool drinks are recommended. A child can be undressed completely, an adult can take off at least the upper part of his clothes. The skin, especially the head, should be covered with cool, damp cloths.

Before the arrival of the doctor, it is necessary to ensure the patient is calm. Doctors can treat thermoregulatory disorders with special drugs. In such conditions, droppers with saline are prescribed to help restore the water-salt balance. Sometimes an oxygen mask is required, treatment with antipyretics. It is not recommended to carry out medical activities on your own.

Effects

Hyperthermia is fraught with many negative consequences. Among the lungs - prickly heat in children, for its prevention it is recommended to dress the baby in light clothing. Severe ones include extensive intoxication, disruption of the heart, kidneys, nervous, and respiratory systems. Overheating under direct ultraviolet rays causes severe burns, allergic reactions are possible. In the absence of timely assistance, a fatal outcome is possible.

Prevention

A disease state is easier to prevent than to treat. To protect against the harmful effects of heat, the sun, you must follow the safety rules in the summer, when working in tight clothing, unventilated areas. Adults should take care that hyperthermia does not threaten babies. The basic rules of behavior in the heat are as follows:

1. Cover the back of the head with headgear - the vessels of the brain are extremely sensitive to the effects of the sun.
2. Drink at least two liters of water for an adult, one and a half for a child. Do not replace juices, carbonated drinks.
3. Do not drink alcohol, it causes dehydration.
4. Wearing a light headgear should be combined with dark glasses to avoid corneal burns.
5. Every hour go into the shade, under the air conditioner, fan.
6. Avoid tight clothing, do not "wrap" children, including babies, allow the baby's skin to breathe.
7. Regularly take water treatments.

Video

The information presented on the site is for informational purposes only. The materials of the site do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

/ 44. Heat and sunstroke

44. Heat and sunstroke. The reasons. Clinic. First aid

Heatstroke- this is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the human body is exposed to elevated temperature, in conditions of high humidity, dehydration and a violation of the body's thermoregulation process.

Most often, heat stroke develops during heavy physical work in conditions of high temperature and humidity. Less often, heat stroke occurs due to prolonged exposure to direct sunlight in hot weather.

Regardless of the cause of heatstroke, you should immediately seek qualified medical help to prevent its complications (shock, damage to the brain and internal organs, death).

The normal functioning of the human body is possible at a temperature of its internal organs and blood of about 37 ° C, and temperature fluctuations should not exceed 1.5 ° C.

Causes of heat stroke:

1) The main cause of heat stroke is exposure of the body to high temperature in a high humidity environment.

2) Also, heat stroke can occur as a result of wearing warm and synthetic clothing that prevents the body from generating heat.

3) Excessive alcohol consumption can cause heat stroke, because. alcohol interferes with thermoregulation.

4) Hot weather. If you are not accustomed to the effects of high temperatures on the body, limit your physical activity for at least a couple of days in the event that there has been a sharp change in temperature.

5) Strenuous exercise in the open sun is a serious risk factor for heat stroke.

6) Some medicines also increase the risk of heat stroke. Medications that increase the risk of heat stroke include:

7) Overheating of the human body is observed in industries with a high ambient temperature or in conditions that impede heat transfer from the surface of the body, as well as in areas with a hot climate.

Clinical picture of heat stroke

According to clinical manifestations, mild, moderate and severe heat stroke are distinguished. The onset is usually acute. There is an increase in respiration and heart rate, hyperemia of the skin, an increase in body temperature, sometimes reaching high numbers.

Light form. Adynamia, headache, nausea, rapid breathing, tachycardia. The temperature is normal or subfebrile. The skin is not changed. If the victim is as quickly as possible to create comfortable conditions, then all the symptoms of hyperthermia also quickly disappear.

Medium severity. Sharp adynamia. Headache with nausea and vomiting, stupor, uncertainty of movements, short-term loss of consciousness (fainting). Breathing fast, tachycardia. The skin is moist, hyperemic. Sweating is increased. Body temperature 39-40 ° C. If

therapeutic measures are started on time, then the functions of the body are normalized.

Severe form. The beginning is sharp. Consciousness is confused, up to stupor, stupor, coma. Clonic and tonic convulsions. Psychomotor agitation, delusions, hallucinations. Breathing is frequent, shallow, arrhythmic. Pulsudarov, filiform. Heart sounds are muffled. The skin is hot and dry. Body temperature 41-42 ° C and above. Anuria. ECG shows signs of diffuse myocardial damage. Residual nitrogen and urea increase in the blood and the amount of chlorides decreases. Mortality in severe form of heat stroke reaches 20-30%.

Heat Stroke - First Aid

Treatment for heat stroke begins with addressing the underlying cause of hypothermia. That is, it is necessary to take a person out of a stuffy hot room, put it in the shade from the open sun, try to identify the victim in the nearest room, if there is one nearby. If a person is conscious, then it is necessary to cool the person's body with cold rubdowns, applying ice to the inner bends of the elbows where the blood vessels pass, and also cooling the back of the head and neck. The victim is supposed to drink a cold drink: you can green tea or water at room temperature.

If the person is unconscious, chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose breathing through a handkerchief or other thin cloth will be the first aid. As soon as the first measures are taken, it is necessary to immediately deliver the victim to the nearest hospital.

The main thing to remember is that in case of heat stroke, you need to act quickly, without delay, because human life depends on it.

What a doctor can do:

Get emergency treatment. If consciousness is lost, the doctor may give the patient a saline solution intravenously, which will restore the amount of fluid in the body.

Wear light clothing made from natural materials (linen, cotton) to avoid heat stroke.

If possible, install air conditioning in your home.

Drink plenty of fluids, especially during warmer months, to reduce your risk of heat stroke.

Be sure to consult your doctor before taking any medication.

Never leave your car in the sun. If this does happen, do not sit in a hot car for more than 10 minutes.

Avoid heavy physical activity during the hot season. During work, take breaks from time to time, drink plenty of fluids.

Supervise children and do not allow them to play in hot weather in the open sun.

Sunstroke- this is an acute painful condition that occurs due to overheating of the head by direct rays of the sun: the blood vessels of the brain expand, there is a strong flow of blood to the head.

In some cases, ruptures of small blood vessels in the brain can occur, which can cause damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems of a person.

Under the influence of the sun, the head overheats, blood vessels begin to expand. Accordingly, blood flow to the brain increases, and edema occurs. Small hemorrhages in different parts of the brain can cause disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system.

Sunstroke can happen both to people who do not tolerate heat in general, and to those who arrive in the sun with a full stomach, in a state of intoxication and simply with their heads uncovered. You should remember about caps and panamas - they will protect your head.

There are three forms of sunstroke:

asphyxia - breathing is frequent, superficial; thready pulse, marked increase in pulse rate, acrocyanosis; with the deepening of neurological disorders, apnea and cardiac arrest are noted;

paralytic - recurring convulsions, coma, followed by cardiac arrest;

psychopathic - manifested by disorders of consciousness (delusions, hallucinations), convulsions and paralysis, as a rule, 5-6 hours after exposure to elevated temperature.

Sunstroke often occurs suddenly. Initially, there is a feeling of a rush of blood to the head and pulsation in large vessels, dizziness, general malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, feeling of weakness, fever, profuse sweating. Surrounding objects may appear to be colored green and red. Tremor of hands and feet, gait uncertainty, yawning, salivation, nosebleeds are noted. The victim is often irritable. Possible hyperemia of the face, loss of consciousness, lowering blood pressure, tachycardia, shortness of breath.

In severe cases, the affected person falls into prostration, loses consciousness, pulmonary edema, convulsions and even a coma are possible.

Sometimes delirium, excitement and hallucinations join.

With sunstroke, damage to the central nervous system occurs, caused by the intense action of direct sunlight on the head area. Sunstroke usually affects people who work bareheaded in the field, over-sunbathing on beaches, or during difficult treks in hot climates. Sunstroke can occur both during exposure to the sun and 6-8 hours after insolation.

Help with sunstroke

If a person has received sunstroke, the following steps should be taken to provide first aid and treatment:

1) Lay the victim of solar (thermal) stroke in the shade, free his neck and chest from tight clothing.

2) Cool the victim of sun (heat) stroke as quickly as possible. Apply a cold compress to the head and heart area.

3) Give the victim a sniff of ammonia or any non-toxic agent with a pungent odor

4) Gently rub the limbs to stimulate blood circulation.

5) In case of respiratory and cardiac arrest, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions.

6) Call an ambulance for a sunstroke victim.

7) Do not offer a sunstroke victim much water.

8) Check the body temperature of a sunstroke victim about once every ten minutes.

9) Carefully observe the condition of the victim of sunstroke, continue and after cooling, check the body temperature every half hour.

Prevention of sunstroke.

In hot weather, wear light, non-restrictive white clothing. Wear a headdress or tie your head with a light scarf. Before a long walk in the sun, do not overload your stomach with food and do not drink wine. Do not sleep in the sun. Drink plenty of water and try to take cool showers more often.

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Sunstroke

The summer sun is not only an ideal tanning bed and a source of vitamin D, but also the cause of a fairly common disease - overheating, or sunstroke. Moreover, both a child and an adult can suffer from it.

Here is an instruction that will help you not to get confused and provide first aid if a sunstroke does occur.

Sunstroke is the result of exposure to direct sunlight on an uncovered head. In this case, only the brain suffers from high temperature, and not the whole body, and you can get such a blow only by walking without a cap under the bright sun.

Symptoms: headache, vomiting, respiratory problems and convulsions. Sometimes an increase in body temperature, nosebleeds and a violation of the pulse.

Unlike the sun, you don't have to be in the sun to get heatstroke. It is enough just to be in a stuffy, poorly ventilated room or to drag bags and suitcases in tight-fitting synthetic clothes - the body's thermoregulation mechanism will be disrupted, and it will no longer cope with the situation.

Symptoms: headache, dizziness, lethargy and fatigue, agitation, disorientation or confusion. In severe cases, convulsions, loss of consciousness, hallucinations. Possible rapid pulse, high body temperature.

How to distinguish sunstroke from heatstroke?

If the patient walked for several hours under the scorching sun, most likely only the head overheated. If he was in a stuffy room - we are already talking about heat stroke.

• If sunstroke - you need to put a roller under your head.
• If thermal - put a roller under your feet.
• Doubt? Do both: then the blood will not rush to the head, and it will be distributed more evenly throughout the body, normalizing thermoregulation.

A hat, cap or scarf must be white or light in color, otherwise it is practically useless.

All about heatstroke and sunstroke

Summer can not only please, but upset, if you neglect the rules for using sunbathing.

Prolonged exposure to sunlight or elevated air temperature can lead to heat stroke or sunstroke. What is it expressed in and how to distinguish heat stroke from sunstroke?

The manifestations of heat stroke and sunstroke are similar in many respects, but the effects of sunstroke are much more difficult for the body to tolerate, and it takes a longer time for it to return to normal life. The intensity of the signs of heat and sunstroke are classified as mild, moderate and severe.

Heat stroke is a severe overheating of the body, which is accompanied by an acceleration of the process of heat generation and a slowdown in heat transfer. It can happen not only during sunbathing, when visiting a bath or sauna, but it can overtake in a traffic jam, during or after playing sports in hot conditions, when performing a production task in a room with an elevated temperature.

Sunstroke is a type of heat stroke, the result of long-term exposure to direct sunlight in an unprotected form. Due to sunstroke in the body, sweating and blood circulation systems fail, moreover, accumulation of free radicals is possible in the tissues. Sunstroke is harmful to the nervous system, it can result in cardiac arrest.

Heat stroke symptoms

A mild form of heat stroke may be indicated by muscle weakness, headache, nausea, rapid breathing, and tachycardia. Body temperature is within normal limits, skin color is not changed. Timely assistance contributes to the easy restoration of the body's activity.

With a moderate heat stroke, all symptoms become aggravated: muscle weakness manifests itself more sharply, headache is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, unsteady movements appear, fleeting fainting, tachycardia. Moisturizes the skin, increases perspiration. Body temperature is approaching degrees. Timely therapeutic measures quickly restore all body functions.

A severe form of heat stroke is characterized by an abrupt onset. Consciousness is confused, arousal increases, hallucinations, delirium, convulsions may appear. A thready, rapid pulse is palpable. Breathing becomes arrhythmic, superficial. The temperature rises to 42 degrees. The skin dries out. With this form of heat stroke, % cases of death were noted.

Sunstroke symptoms

With a mild form of sunstroke, general weakness, headache, nausea, rapid pulse, dilated pupils are felt.

With moderate severity of sunstroke, there is a sharp muscle weakness. The headache is aggravated by nausea and vomiting. Appear nosebleeds, unsteady gait, temporary fainting. The pulse and respiration become more frequent, the body temperature is fixed up to 40 degrees.

A severe form of sunstroke develops rapidly. The face turns from hyperemic to pale cyanotic. Consciousness changes, hallucinations, delirium, coma are possible. Convulsions, involuntary bowel movements and urination appear. Body temperature rises to degrees. There have been cases of sudden death.

Prerequisites for getting sunstroke:

• Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight on the human head, especially with high humidity;
• Existing diseases such as vegetovascular dystonia, heart disease, hypertension, obesity, diseases of the endocrine system;
• The advanced age of the person;
• Passion for bad habits (smoking, alcohol);
• Chronic nervous tension, stress.

Help with sunstroke

It must be provided by qualified specialists, because the average person will not be able to reliably assess the degree of sunstroke damage. Therefore, calling an ambulance is mandatory. Before her arrival, you must immediately lay the victim in the shade, raising his legs. Relax the collar, trouser belt, remove tight clothing. Wipe the whole body with cold water and put ice on the forehead and under the back of the head. Give plenty of fluids, preferably sweetened mineral water. With clouded consciousness, bring ammonia to the nose. If necessary, perform artificial respiration and heart massage.

After examining the victim by a doctor, follow all the recommendations, in particular, do not neglect the advice on observing bed rest for 3-4 days. Very well remove the symptoms of sunstroke low-fat cream. They are recommended to drink until the symptoms disappear completely.

How to avoid trouble from sunlight or high temperature?

In order to avoid the unpleasant consequences of solar and thermal effects on the body, it is necessary to follow simple rules: during active sun hours (from 11.00 to 16.00) do not physically overload, drink a lot of thirst-quenching liquids (in particular, hot tea), wear light-colored clothes. In hot summer time, be sure to use a hat or an umbrella, often ventilate enclosed spaces, use air conditioners or fans. And then the sun will not bring trouble.

• Sunstroke is different from heatstroke, which comes from the sun. Although between sun and heat stroke there isn't much difference.
• Heatstroke can be obtained without the participation of the sun.

Sunstroke

It is clear that sunstroke can only be obtained in summer.

Sunstroke manifests itself in the form of severe dizziness and headache. Sometimes even a person faints.

Appears during sunstroke shortness of breath and palpitations. No wonder the number of heart attacks increases in the summer. The heart just can't take the load.

Heatstroke

You can get heatstroke at any time of the year.. In fact, where the room temperature is high enough.

A long stay in such rooms entails poor health, an increase in body temperature.

With heat stroke, symptoms may also appear in headache, nausea, faintness, dizziness.

The pulse may also increase. The appearance of a feeling of lack of air. The person simply begins to suffocate.

Precautionary measures

Of course, you can protect yourself from heat and sunstroke. Must be worn in hot weather clothing made from natural fabrics so that the body can breathe and the head must be covered with a headdress.