The Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI), for informational purposes, presented documents regulating the structure of the KIM USE. You can learn about the main innovations from the specification. As you can see, the new version of the KIM variant contains 2 parts, consisting of 40 tasks of varying complexity. By the way, there was a decrease in the maximum score for the performance of all work - in 2015 it is 64 (in 2014 - 65).

How to prepare for the exam in chemistry?

Learning the language of chemistry

Like any other subject, chemistry needs to be understood, not crammed. After all, chemistry is a continuous interweaving of formulas, laws, definitions, names of reactions and elements. Here it is important to learn the chemical "language", and then it will be easier - you will be able to notice some patterns, learn to understand and compose chemical formulas, as well as operate with them. As you know, "the road will be mastered by the walking one."

What books will help to successfully prepare for the exam - 2015 in chemistry? Pay attention to the collection of tasks "USE - 2015. Chemistry." (2014 ed.) authors Orzhekovsky P.A., Bogdanova N.N., Vasyukova E.Yu. A lot of useful information can also be gleaned from the teaching aid "Chemistry, preparation for the Unified State Examination - 2015" (Book 1 and 2) by the author Doronkin V.N.

Using tables correctly is half the battle

To prepare for the exam in chemistry from scratch, it is important to carefully study 3 tables:

• Mendeleev
• solubility of salts, acids and bases
• electrochemical voltage series of metals

On a note! These reference tables are attached to each version of the examination paper. The ability to use them correctly provides more than 50% of the information needed in the exam.

Writing out formulas and tables

Knowledge of which sections of chemistry will be tested at the exam? The FIPI website provides access to an open bank of USE tasks in chemistry - you can try your hand at solving tasks. The codifier contains a list of content elements tested for the exam in chemistry.

It is better to outline each topic studied in the form of brief notes, diagrams, formulas, tables. In this form, the effectiveness of preparing for the exam will significantly increase.

Mathematics - as a basis

It is no secret that chemistry as a subject is "saturated" with various tasks for percentages, alloys, and the number of solutions. So knowledge of mathematics is very important for solving chemical problems.

We check our level of knowledge and skills with the help of a demonstration version of the KIM USE 2015 in chemistry, prepared by FIPI. The demo version allows the graduate to get an idea about the structure of KIM, types of tasks and their levels of complexity.

Today we will talk about how to prepare for the exam in chemistry. First of all, you need to study the codifiers and specifications posted on the FIPI official website, understand the structure of the work, then systematize your knowledge. It is worth noting that if you are preparing for the exam from scratch, then you need to start at least a year in advance.

USE in chemistry

The final work contains 40 tasks, of which 35 require a choice of answers (part 1), and 5 require a detailed answer (part 2). The level of difficulty is also different: 26 are basic, 9 are medium, 5 are advanced. Solving the most complex problems, graduates are required to use their existing skills in a non-standard situation, to systematize and generalize knowledge. Questions that require a complete answer require finding cause-and-effect relationships, formulating and arguing the answer, characterizing the properties of substances and solving chemical problems, and making calculations.

The USE tasks in chemistry cover four main content modules: the theoretical foundations of chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, methods of knowledge in chemistry, chemistry and life.

180 minutes are allotted for work.

Unified State Examination in Chemistry 2015In the new academic year, innovations appeared in the structure of the work:

• number of tasks reduced to 40
• only 26 basic level questions left (single choice)
• for questions 1-26, only one number is required
• you can get 64 points for passing the test
• tasks for finding the molecular formula of substances are now estimated at 4 points.

As before, it is allowed to have the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev, in addition, graduates are given tables of solubility and stresses of metals.

Getting ready for the exam in chemistry

To be ready for certification in chemistry, it is important to systematize the acquired knowledge. The best way to do this is with the following tutorials:

• A guide for preparing for the exam in chemistry. A. A. Drozdov, V. V. Eremin
• USE. Chemistry. Express preparation. O. V. Meshkova
• Electronic resource: himege.ru/teoriya-ege-himiya/

An obligatory part of preparation is solving tests. Demo options, as well as tasks from the open bank of tasks can be found here: www.fipi.ru/content/otkrytyy-bank-zadaniy-ege

You can use the collections of tests:

• Chemistry. The most complete edition of standard options for tasks to prepare for the exam. O. G. Savinkina
• USE 2015, chemistry. Typical test tasks. Yu. N. Medvedev
• Chemistry. Preparation for the Unified State Exam - 2015. V. N. Doronkin, A. G. Berezhnaya

Video

Preparation for the exam in chemistry is, as a rule, preparation for the exam in chemistry from scratch.

The curriculum in ordinary schools is built in such a way that the hours allotted for chemistry are categorically not enough to begin to understand something.

Pupils remember only a few template schemes from the school curriculum. For example: "The reaction goes to the end if a gas, precipitate or water is obtained." But what kind of reaction, what kind of sediment - none of the high school students know this! The school does not go into these details. And in the end, even behind the apparent success, behind the school fives, there is no understanding.

When preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch, it is worth starting with the most ordinary school textbooks for the eighth and ninth grades. Yes, the textbook does not have the proper level of explanation that is needed to understand what is happening. Get ready that you will just have to memorize some of the information.

If you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch and reading a school textbook, you are learning chemistry like a foreign language. Indeed, in a foreign language at the beginning of the study, there are also some incomprehensible words, incomprehensible letters. And you need to spend some amount of time and effort on studying the “alphabet” and the basic “dictionary”, otherwise nothing will work out further.

Chemistry is an empirical science, and this is its difference from mathematics. We are dealing with facts that we are trying to explain. First we get acquainted with a certain fact, and when it is not in doubt, we explain it. There are many facts in chemistry, and it is difficult to understand them if you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch. Therefore, we start with an ordinary school textbook. For example, a textbook, the authors of which are G. E. Rudzitis and F. G. Feldman, or N. E. Kuzmenko, V. V. Lunin, V. V. Eremin.

And after that, you need to move on to serious books. Because if you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch, an attempt to “jump” into a serious book right away may end in failure. At the same time, school textbooks alone will not be enough to prepare for the exam in chemistry!

I wrote a manual for preparing for the exam in chemistry. It's called Chemistry. The author's course of preparation for the exam. This book is for those who have already read school textbooks, who do not need to be told from scratch what valence is and which symbol denotes which element.

Another tip for those who are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch.
In this situation, it makes no sense to “scatter” on the Olympiads, because there will be almost no chance to solve something there. If a person you started to prepare in advance, and by the beginning of the 11th grade he writes trial exams in chemistry for 70 points, then it makes sense to participate. It is worth studying the individual sections of physical chemistry that are needed for the Olympiad and trying your hand.

But what if a high school student wants to prepare for the exam in chemistry from scratch and does not understand the school textbook? Can't understand! He wants to become a doctor, but he does not understand the school textbook. What then? Go to a tutor?

You can try to take another school textbook. All of them are written in a different language, they have somewhat different approaches. But if a high school student decided to prepare for the Unified State Examination in chemistry from scratch and cannot master a single school chemistry textbook for the 8th grade ... Maybe then you should think about a specialty that is easier to deal with? Such an applicant will spend a lot of energy on admission, but if he passes, then, most likely, on a paid one, and then he will also fly out! After all, studying in the medical field is much harder than preparing for the exam for admission to the medical one. If preparation for the exam in chemistry causes insoluble difficulties, absolutely insoluble, then studying in medicine will be much harder! Keep this in mind when preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch.

In 2018, during the main period, more than 84.5 thousand people took part in the Unified State Examination in Chemistry, which is more than 11 thousand people more than in 2017. The average score for completing the examination paper remained practically unchanged and amounted to 55.1 points (in 2017 - 55.2). The share of graduates who did not pass the minimum score was 15.9%, which is slightly higher than in 2017 (15.2%). For the second year, there has been an increase in the number of high-scorers (81-100 points): in 2018, the increase was 1.9% compared to 2017 (in 2017 - 2.6% compared to 2016). There was also a certain increase in hundred points: in 2018 it amounted to 0.25%. The results obtained may be due to more targeted preparation of high school students for certain models of tasks, first of all, a high level of complexity, included in part 2 of the examination option. Another reason is the participation in the Unified State Examination in Chemistry of the winners of the Olympiads, which give the right to out-of-competition admission, provided that the examination work is completed by more than 70 points. A certain role in improving the results could be played by the placement in the open bank of tasks of a larger number of sample tasks included in the examination options. Thus, one of the main tasks for 2018 was to strengthen the differentiating ability of individual tasks and the examination option as a whole.

More detailed analytical and methodological materials of the USE 2018 are available at the link.

Our website contains about 3000 tasks for preparing for the exam in chemistry in 2018. The general plan of the examination paper is presented below.

PLAN OF THE EXAM WORK OF THE USE IN CHEMISTRY 2019

Designation of the level of difficulty of the task: B - basic, P - advanced, C - high.

APPROXIMATE SCALE 2019

Correspondence between the minimum primary scores and the minimum test scores of 2019. Order on amendments to Appendix No. 1 to the order of the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science.

M.: 2013. - 352 p.

The textbook contains material to prepare for the exam in chemistry. 43 topics of the USE program are presented, the tasks for which correspond to the basic (28), advanced (10) and high (5) levels of complexity. The whole theory is structured according to the topics and questions of the content of the control measuring materials. Each topic contains theoretical positions, questions and exercises, tests of all types (with a choice of one answer, to establish correspondence, with multiple choice or answer in the form of a number), tasks with a detailed answer. It is addressed to teachers and students of the senior classes of the complete secondary school, as well as university applicants, teachers and students of chemical faculties (schools) of pre-university training.

Format: pdf

The size: 3.5 MB

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CONTENT
FOREWORD 7
1. Theoretical sections of chemistry
1.1. Modern ideas about the structure of the atom 8
1.2. Periodic law and Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleeva 17
1.2.1. Patterns of changes in the chemical properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 17
1.2.2-1.2.3. General characteristics of metals of the main subgroups of groups I-III and transition elements (copper, zinc, chromium, iron) according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 23
1.2.4. General characteristics of non-metals of the main subgroups of IV-VII groups according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 29
1.3. Chemical bond and structure of matter 43
1.3.1. Covalent bond, its varieties and formation mechanisms. Polarity and energy of a covalent bond. Ionic bond. Metal connection. Hydrogen bond 43
1.3.2. Electronegativity and oxidation state of chemical elements. Atomic valency 51
1.3.3. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Type of crystal lattice. Dependence of the properties of substances on their composition and structure 57
1.4. Chemical reaction 66
1.4.1-1.4.2. Classification of reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry. Thermal effect of the reaction. Thermochemical Equations 66
1.4.3. Reaction rate, its dependence on various factors 78
1.4.4. Reversible and irreversible reactions. chemical balance. Equilibrium shift under the influence of various factors 85
1.4.5. Dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes 95
1.4.6. Ion exchange reactions 106
1.4.7. Salt hydrolysis. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline 112
1.4.8. Redox reactions. Corrosion of metals and methods of protection against it 125
1.4.9. Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 141
2. Inorganic chemistry
2.1. Classification of inorganic substances. Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international) 146
2.2. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - metals: alkali, alkaline earth, aluminum, transition metals - copper, zinc, chromium, iron 166
2.3. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon 172
2.4. Characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic 184
2.5-2.6. Characteristic chemical properties of bases, amphoteric hydroxides and acids 188
2.7. Characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic, complex (on the example of aluminum and zinc compounds) 194
2.8. The relationship of different classes of inorganic substances 197
3. Organic chemistry
3.1-3.2. Theory of the structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism (structural and spatial). Hybridization of carbon 200 atomic orbitals
3.3. Classification of organic compounds. Nomenclature of organic compounds (trivial and international). Radical. Functional group 207
3.4. Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene) 214
3.5. Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 233
3.6. Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters 241
3.7. Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines, amino acids 249
3.8. Biologically important compounds: fats, proteins, carbohydrates (mono-, di- and polysaccharides) 253
3.9. The relationship of organic compounds 261
4. Methods of knowledge in chemistry. Chemistry and life
4.1. Experimental Foundations of Chemistry 266
4.1.1-4.1.2. Rules for working in the laboratory. Methods for separation of mixtures and purification of substances 266
4.1.3-4.1.5. Determination of the nature of the environment of aqueous solutions of substances. Indicators. Qualitative reactions to inorganic substances and ions. Identification of organic compounds 266
4.1.6. The main methods for obtaining (in the laboratory) specific substances belonging to the studied classes of inorganic compounds 278
4.1.7. The main methods for obtaining hydrocarbons (in the laboratory) 279
4.1.8. The main methods for obtaining oxygen-containing organic compounds (in the laboratory) 285
4.2. General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances 291
4.2.1. The concept of metallurgy: general methods for obtaining metals 291
4.2.2. General scientific principles of chemical production (on the example of obtaining ammonia, sulfuric acid, methanol). Chemical pollution of the environment and its consequences 292
4.2.3. Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 294
4.2.4. high molecular weight compounds. Reactions of polymerization and polycondensation. Polymers. Plastics, rubbers, fibers 295
4.3. Calculations by chemical formulas and reaction equations 303
4.3.1-4.3.2. Calculations of volume ratios of gases and heat effect in reactions 303
4.3.3. Calculation of the mass of a solute contained in a certain mass of a solution with a known mass fraction 307
4.3.4. Calculations of the mass of a substance or volume of gases from a known amount of a substance, mass or volume of one of the substances participating in the reaction 313
4.3.5-4.3.8. Calculations: mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction product, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities) or in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the substance; practical yield of the product, mass fraction (mass) of the substance in the mixture 315
4.3.9. Calculations for finding the molecular formula of a substance 319
Standard exam paper
Work instructions 324
Answers to the standard version of the examination paper 332
Answers to tasks for independent work 334
APPS 350