In words formed from stems on h, k, c , before suffixes beginning with a consonant n (suffixes −n, −nick, −nit), the letter is written h , which in most cases corresponds to the pronunciation of the sound h, for example: oven, baker(from bake), harvesting (cleaning), colorful (dye), source (source), sandbox (sand), aviary (bird), finite (the end). However, in some of these words, the letter h usually corresponds in pronunciation to the sound w. These include: bakery, bakery(n.) baker(from bun); viper (viper); mustard, mustard (mustard);hen-party (girl); cutter (a piece); hawker, hawker (tray); milkman, milkmaid (milk); spectacle, eyeglass (glasses); pepper pot (pepper, only in combination damn pepper pot);midnight, midnight (midnight); portless (trousers); laundry, laundry(n.) ( laundress); fiddling (trifle); candlestick (candle); cordial (heart, only in combination friend of the heart and as a noun cordial in the meaning of ‘poor thing’); birdhouse, birdhouse (starling); boring, boring (boredom, bored); capped (hat, only in combinations come to a hat analysis, a hat acquaintance); scrambled eggs (egg); doubles, triples, fours, fives (two, three, four, five). Same in word certainly, by origin associated with the word the end, and in the word on purpose .

Is written h , and is usually pronounced w See also: before n - in female patronymics like Savvichna, Nikitichna, Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna; before t - in the word what, in derivatives nothing and mail(but in something and insignificant pronounced h).

In a few words, derived from the stems on to , before suffix n not only pronounced w, but the letter is also written w : goroshny, goroshnik(from small towns), stupid (fool), raishny, raeshnik (rayok). Same in words towel, double-dealer, meticulous, where the suffix in the modern language is no longer distinguished, and in make-believe(although on purpose). Combination PCS written in particle something‘is it’ also in the adverb nothing'pretty good; rightly so', by origin associated with the word what .

Disadvantages of pronunciation "ch" may have different origins. In some cases, this is only a temporary, age-related phenomenon - the child has not yet developed phonemic hearing (there is no clear distinction between sounds, and therefore “h” is mixed with others, similar ones) or the articulation organs are not sufficiently mobile. In other cases, the incorrect pronunciation of the sound “h” turns out to be persistent, does not disappear with age, but, on the contrary, is fixed. In both cases, it is necessary to actively intervene in the formation of the correct pronunciation, remembering that the child’s speech does not always improve without special influence.

The whole process of "re-education" of incorrect pronunciation consists of three stages:

• setting up a new sound,
• its consolidation (automation)
• and differentiation (distinguishing) of mixed sounds.

Let's see what this system should be like when working on the sound "h".

How to pronounce the sound "ch" correctly?

This sound is complex, it is a unity, a close connection of "t" and "u", which are pronounced together one after the other. At the first moment of pronunciation, the tongue closes with the front edge of the palate behind the alveoli. At the same time, the back and lateral edges of the tongue occupy the same position as with the sound “u”. The soft palate is raised, the passage to the nose is closed (oral sound), the vocal folds are open, between them is the glottis (deaf sound). Following this, the front edge of the tongue bounces into the position needed for the sound “u”, the junction of the front edge of the tongue with the palate seems to explode.

This is the normal articulation of this sound. We told how to pronounce the sound "ch" in detail because classes with a child cannot be conducted blindly, without imagining the position of the organs of articulation with this or that sound.

Activities with a child

First of all, you need make sure that the child's phonemic hearing is sufficiently developed, and if not, then it is necessary to deal with its development (for example, during the following exercises: determine if this sound is in the word, where it stands - at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the word; come up with words with this sound; select pictures, in the names of which it is contained, etc.).

Need to do articulation gymnastics in the form of exercises-games. Such gymnastics should be done daily (and even better several times a day) for 5-10 minutes. Adults show the baby certain movements of the lips and tongue, and then he controls himself with the help of a mirror. Of course, only one who correctly pronounces this sound can deal with a child.

You can start correcting the sound "h" only if the sound “sh” is correctly pronounced, since the soft pronunciation of “sh” is an element of the correct pronunciation of “h”. If the child pronounces “sh” correctly, then you can immediately deal with the sound “h”. At the moment of a distinct pronunciation of “th”, when the tongue is tense and raised to the upper teeth, you use a spatula, stick or just a finger to move it slightly back and up to the alveoli. At the same time, lightly press the corners of your mouth with your fingers, thereby pushing your lips forward. With this position of the lips and tongue, instead of "t" it turns out "h". The same exercise can be done by pronouncing not the sound “t”, but the syllable “at”, you get the syllable “ach”.

We set the sound for the child. But from a single pronunciation of it, and even with outside help, to the correct use in speech is still far away. Let's move on to fixing (automating) sound. It is best to do this in reverse syllables: “ach”, “och”, “uch”, “ich”. Then the pronunciation is fixed between vowels (“acha”, “acho”, “achu”) in direct syllables. Next, you need to fix the sound in various words, phrases, poems.

After fixing the correct sound, work is underway to to distinguish him from others similar in sound. The sound “h” can be mixed with “s”, “z”, “sh”, “g”, “u”, “c”. The child's attention should be drawn to the difference in the articulation of sounds, in sound. First, teach him to distinguish isolated sounds, then them as part of a syllable, word, and sentence. Particular attention in this work should be paid to words that contain both mixed sounds at the same time, for example: “student”, “inkwell”, etc. The child either repeats these difficult words for adults, or names pictures, or comes up with sentences .

Is it possible to correct the pronunciation of the sound “h” completely?

Violation of the pronunciation of the sound “h” in most cases can be eliminated, and often the defect passes relatively easily, only classes with the child must be carried out systematically, and not from case to case. Both the baby and adults must be patient and persistent, they must have a desire to achieve the right speech at all costs. If the results of self-study are small, then you need to contact a teacher to correct speech disorders - a speech therapist, if the child does not pronounce the sound "h" well.

The following tutorials will help you:

M. F. Fomicheva. Teaching children the correct pronunciation. M., 1971.
M. F. Fomicheva. Teach children to speak correctly. M., 1968.
A. D. Filippova and N. D. Shuravina. Speak right. M., 1967

S. Shakhovskaya, candidate of pedagogical sciences, Family and School magazine, 1971

Growing up, our children are increasingly replenishing their vocabulary. The need to talk is growing with each passing day. Unfortunately, most kids have problems with the pronunciation of individual sounds. Is it possible to teach a baby to pronounce sounds correctly at home, or will a speech therapist need help to eliminate speech defects?

What causes mispronunciation?

The most common mistake adults make when communicating with their child is imitating his speech. We lisp with a little man, often distorting the words. It turns out that our speech descends to the level of a baby. Instead of talking to young children as best as possible, pronouncing all the sounds and letters clearly, we deliberately make our speech obscure.

Since the child does not hear the correct speech from you, he will not be able to remember and repeat it. Therefore, in order for the baby to learn to speak correctly, your speech must be clear and legible.

The reason for the incorrect reproduction of individual sounds may be a feature of the structure of the speech apparatus

• The ligament under the tongue is shorter than it should be, making it difficult for it to move.
• Normal speech is hindered by the size of the tongue (too small or, on the contrary, large).
• Very thin or, on the contrary, plump lips, which makes their articulation difficult.
• Deviations in the structure of the teeth or jaw.
• A defect in the hearing aid that does not allow you to hear some sounds, and, therefore, to pronounce them correctly.

Some speech defects can be easily corrected by parents. The baby experiences the main difficulties when pronouncing hissing sounds - Zh, Ch, Sh, Shch, the letters P, as well as Z, G, K, L, S and C.

How to help your child pronounce hissing sounds?

Teaching a baby to pronounce the letters Zh, Ch, Sh, and Sh is a little easier than, for example, the letter R. Most often, children have a problem with the pronunciation of hissing Zh and Sh. At the same time, the sound Sh still does not hurt the ear as much as the incorrectly pronounced Zh .

Usually the problem with hissing occurs due to the fact that the baby is unable to relax the tongue and stretch it so that the edges touch the upper side teeth.

Therefore, the baby must be taught a few simple exercises.

1. Let's relax the tongue . Put the tongue on the lower teeth, like a pancake, and tap on it with the upper ones, while saying “Ta-ta-ta”. After that, the tongue should lie down relaxed. Then you need to slap it with your upper lip and say "Pa-pa-pa."
2. Lifting the tip of the tongue up . To complete the task, you need a chewing candy or gum (it will be a good motivation for the baby). It is necessary that he opens his mouth 2-3 cm, spread the tongue over the lower lip, sticking out its tip. Put a piece of candy on it and ask the child to stick it to the sky behind the upper teeth. Make sure that the baby only uses the tongue, and does not use the jaw.
3. Blowing air through the middle of the tongue . Place a small piece of cotton on the table. Let the baby smile and position the tongue as in the previous task. The task of the baby is to blow off the fleece to the other end of the table without puffing out the cheeks. At the same time, he must pronounce a semblance of the letter F.
4. Blowing cotton from the nose . The child opens his mouth, lays the tongue so that a groove is formed in the middle of it, and the edges almost converge. We put a piece of cotton wool on the nose, the Kid should take a deep breath in through the nose and exhale sharply through the mouth. At the same time, cotton wool should fly up.
5. We pronounce the sounds Zh and Sh . Ask the baby to pronounce the syllable SA, the tongue should be behind the teeth at this time. Then you need to move the tongue deeper into the mouth. As we move towards the alveoli, the sound from C turns into Sh. To get the sound Zh, we repeat the exercises, first pronouncing the syllable ZA.
6. More words with F and W . Remember or come up with rhymes or tongue twisters, where the letters Zh and Sh are often found in words. Repeat them with the baby several times.
7. Pronounce the letter H . If the baby has an increased tone of the tongue, at first it will be more difficult for him to cope with the exercise. The sound CH consists of TH and SC. First, the tongue should hit the alveoli, pronouncing TH, and then relax, passing the sound SC through the crack. These two sounds, first slowly and then faster, should merge into one H. After several trainings, the baby will succeed !

Practice your pronunciation with different little rhymes. For example:

• There were jackdaws visiting wolf cubs,
• There were wolf cubs visiting the jackdaws,
• Now the cubs are clamoring like jackdaws,
• And like wolf cubs, jackdaws are silent.

Learning to pronounce the letter R

The baby begins to pronounce the letter R well only by the age of 5-6 years. If your baby has not yet reached this age, do not panic ahead of time.

There are usually some problems associated with the letter R.

• The little man does not pronounce the growling sound at all , he just falls out of his word. This happens when the letter R is located between vowels. For example, the garage sounds like "ha - already."
• The kid replaces the sound P with L, S or Y . It turns out instead of a rose - "vine", red - "red", forty - "soyok".
• The kid pronounces the sound R, but not the way it should sound in Russian . It either vibrates, like the English, or grasses, which is typical for the French.

You can correct the shortcomings in the pronunciation of the letter P by doing some exercises. And it is better to perform them while sitting and keeping your back straight. In this case, the child should see himself in the mirror.

So he can track how well he is doing the task.

• Sail . The child needs to open his mouth wide, and lift the tip of the tongue by the upper teeth. The lower part of the tongue is slightly bent forward, and the edges are pressed up to the molars. Repeat this 3 times in a row for 10 seconds.
• horse . It is necessary to firmly press the tongue to the palate, and then abruptly release it. This will produce a sound reminiscent of the clatter of hooves. Repeat the task at least 10-15 times.
• Turkey . Depict an angry turkey with a crumb. The child should throw the tongue out of the mouth, sticking it between the teeth. In this case, you need to pronounce sounds similar to “bl-bl”. The task is performed at a slow pace, gradually accelerating it.
• Let's bite the tongue . Stick the end of the tongue out, and stretch the mouth in a smile. Then slowly bite your tongue with your teeth.
• We clean our teeth . The baby needs to smile broadly and move the tip of the tongue along the inner wall of the upper teeth, without moving the lower jaw.
• Who is longer. Invite the baby to compare who has a longer tongue. Will he be able to reach his chin or the tip of his nose with it.
• Woodpecker . You need to open your mouth wide and tap your tongue hard on the inside of the gums near the upper teeth. At this time, you need to say "d-d-d."

So that the child does not get tired of numerous exercises, take breaks by inviting him to roar like a lion. To consolidate the emerging successes, you can additionally learn tongue twisters and words with the baby that contain the letter R.

We pronounce the letters Z, C and C correctly

When a child does not pronounce the letter C, at the same time he cannot pronounce the other whistling letters and syllables - З, Ц, Зб, СЬ. The reason for this is an underdeveloped articulatory apparatus.

Special exercises will also help to correct the situation.

1. Get the ball into the goal . The purpose of this task is to learn how to release a long directed stream of air. Make a gate out of cubes or other toys on the table. Roll up a loose cotton ball. The kid should, having folded his lips with a tube, blow on the ball and drive it into the gate. When performing the exercise, you can not puff out your cheeks, and the blown air should go in one long stream, without interruptions.
2. Tongue song . Opening the mouth, it is necessary to place the tongue on the lower lip. Then you need to spank with sponges - "pya-pya-pya" (the tongue sings). At the same time, the air comes out in a smooth stream, without interruption. Then, with your mouth wide open, hold the soft tongue on the lower lip so that it does not tuck. It is necessary that the edges of the tongue touch the corners of the mouth.
3. pancake . It is important to teach the baby to relax the tongue. To do this, he must smile, put the front edge of the tongue on the lower lip. The smile should not be tense, and the tongue should only hang slightly from the sponge.
4. We clean our teeth . The exercise is similar to the task for the letter P, only we will clean not the upper, but the lower teeth.

The letter Z is a pair for the letter C, so they are staging it in the same way as the sound C.

The sound Ts consists of two sounds - T and C, which quickly move from one to the other. It is important to teach the baby to separate one sound from another. Ask the baby to say first a long sound “shhh”, and then short “shhh, shhh, shhh”. As a result, the baby will get the sound C.

What about K and G?

The sounds K, G and X are posterior lingual, which implies a high rise of the tongue during their pronunciation. When a child does not pronounce these letters, most often his tongue is simply lazy (with the exception of congenital pathologies that only doctors can correct). To make the tongue work, you need to do exercises.

Rolling down the hill . Place a cotton ball on your baby's palm. The kid should slightly open his mouth, and hold the root of the tongue in an elevated position, and lower its tip. Then you need to quickly exhale so as to blow off the cotton wool from the palm of your hand. Get a K sound.

spoon . Ask your child to slowly say “ta-ta-ta”. Take a teaspoon and carefully move your tongue away by pressing on the front of its back. Instead of “ta”, the crumbs will first get “cha”, and then “kya”. Continuing to put pressure on the tongue, catch the moment when the baby gets a clean “ka”. He needs to remember what position his tongue was in at that moment. Don't worry if it doesn't work right away.

Regardless of which letter pronunciation exercises you do with your baby, repeat with him as many words, rhymes or songs with this letter as possible after class.

PRONUNCIATION OF HIS SOUNDS [Ш], [Ж], [Н], [Щ] FINE.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HISSING SOUNDS AND THEIR ARTICULATION.

The group of hissing sounds includes sounds [W, W, H, W] .

How to pronounce the sound [Ш] is normal.

Sound W consonant, deaf, firm. There is no soft sound paired with it in Russian.

When making a sound W

lips somewhat pushed forward; Tip of the tongue lateral edges of the tongue vocal cords open, the stream of exhaled air freely passes between them; air jet

How to pronounce the sound [Ж] is normal.

Sound AND consonant, voiced, firm. There is no soft sound paired with it in Russian.

When making a sound AND Normally, the organs of speech take the following position:

lips somewhat pushed forward; Tip of the tongue raised to the sky (to the alveoli), but does not touch it, forming a gap; lateral edges of the tongue are pressed from the inside to the upper molars or hard palate, not passing a jet of exhaled air on the sides. Thus, the tongue takes the form of a ladle or cup. vocal cords are closed and oscillate under the pressure of the jet of exhaled air; air jet exhaled evenly in the middle of the tongue, it is strong, wide, warm, easily felt with the back of the hand brought to the mouth.

Sound articulation and different from the articulation of sound w having a voice.

How to pronounce the sound [H] is normal.

The sound CH is consonant, deaf, soft. There are no paired voiced and hard sounds in Russian.

At the time of the sound H the organs of articulation occupy the following position: disc "\u003e lips are slightly pushed forward and rounded; teeth are brought together, only a narrow gap remains between them; the wide tip of the tongue is raised to the front of the hard palate; the middle part of the back of the tongue is lowered, forming a depression; the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against upper molars; an air stream passes with force through a narrow gap between the alveoli and the front of the tongue (at the beginning of articulation, the tip of the tongue closes with the base of the upper incisors, and then abruptly moves back), the exhalation is stronger than when pronouncing the sound sh, more intense, the air is exhaled with a push and passes in the middle of the tongue; the soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage into the oral cavity; the vocal cords are not tense, apart, the voice is not formed.

Articulation of sounds sch and h different from the articulation of sound w additional rise of the middle part of the tongue to the palate. In addition, the sound h it is occlusive-slit, i.e., when it is articulated, the anterior part of the back of the tongue first closes with the alveoli, and then a gap forms between them.

For hissing sounds w, w, w, h the main thing is the articulation of sound w , it is the base for this group. Work on correcting hissing sounds necessarily begins with the sound w . If the sound w is pronounced correctly, then by adding a voice, we get a sound and ; adding the rise of the middle part of the tongue, we get sch ; adding the rise of the middle part of the tongue and the bow in front of the gap, we get h . Therefore, sound disturbances w, w, h are the same as those w .

DEFECTS OF PRONUNCIATION OF HIS SOUNDS.

The most common speech defects in preschool children:

The sound Ш is replaced by S. The reason may be a violation of phonemic hearing. If the child's physical hearing is normal, we are talking about the child's ability to distinguish sounds, i.e. hearing, which ensures the perception of the phonemes of the native language.

Labio-tooth parasigmatism. The tip of the tongue with this pronunciation is held down, the sound is pronounced due to the lower lip, which is raised to the upper incisors, forming a small gap. It looks like the sound F (T-shirt - fur coat).

Interdental sigmatism in a normal bite, which may be due to weakness of the muscles of the tip of the tongue. The sounds Ш, Ж and С, З, Ц are pronounced the same: the tip of the tongue sticks out between the teeth.

Hissing parasigmatism. The tip of the tongue is lowered, rests against the lower gums or is pulled back. Articulation occurs at the expense of the back of the back of the tongue. The sound is similar to the sound of the softened sound Sh, but not always. Sometimes the sound Sh sounds quite clear, and difficulties begin when the speech therapist begins to work on the production of the sound R, where raising the tip of the tongue is mandatory. The sound is not set, it does not work. As a rule, the throat pronunciation of the sound R is added to such a pronunciation of hissing.

Lateral sigma. It occurs in an ordinary kindergarten not so often, but quite regularly. An unpleasant squelching sound is heard. Such a defect occurs either with weakness of the muscles of one half of the tongue or with a lateral open bite. The lateral edges of the tongue or one of its edges can be lowered, the air stream goes sideways or exits along both edges of the tongue. As a rule, it is combined with lateral pronunciation and whistling sounds.

Disadvantages of pronunciation of the sound [u]. Among the shortcomings of the pronunciation of the sound [u] there is a shortened pronunciation (the duration of such a sound is the same as with [w]), the replacement with a soft whistling sound [s`], (seka - cheek), as well as the pronunciation of [u] with an affricative element in the final phase, as a combination of sh`,h ("sh`,ch`uk" instead of sh`uk).

Disadvantages of pronunciation of the sound [h]. Among the shortcomings of the pronunciation of the sound [h], in addition to those that are common to all hissing ones, it should be noted the replacement of [h] with a soft, whistling affricate [ts], which is not characteristic of the phonetic system of the Russian literary language, as well as [t`] or soft [w].

Detailed advice can be obtained from a speech therapist.

Pronunciation of the spelling combination ch.

For a long time there was a different pronunciation of ch: [shn] in the words of everyday, everyday and [ch’n] in the words of the book, “high”. There was also hesitation in the pronunciation of many words with a combination of ch. Over time, the pronunciation corresponding to the spelling won. The pronunciation [shn] in place of ch has been preserved in a relatively small number of cases, sometimes as obligatory, more often as permissible.

According to the norms of the old Moscow pronunciation in the words of the living language, in words, many of which penetrated into the literary language from common speech, in place of the combination of ch it was pronounced [shn]:

horse [shn] o, naro [shn] o, empty [shn], etc.

The fact that [shn] was once pronounced much more widely than now is evident from the strengthening of [shn] not only in pronunciation, but also in writing in such cases when semantic connections with a non-derivative word that had [h] in its composition have weakened or lost

doto [shn] yy, doto [sh] en (both in pronunciation and in writing) instead of etymological dotochny, dotochenny, surnames Kalashnikov, Kirpishnikov, Shaposhnikov, Rukavishnikov, with a combination of [shn] in pronunciation and in writing instead of etymological ch, also Stoleshnikov lane in Moscow with [sn] instead of ch. The connection between the pronunciation of the combination [shn] and the living colloquial, folk language is still reflected in the fact that [shn] instead of ch is pronounced and even sometimes written in words of non-bookish origin, relatively new for the literary language, coming from the living spoken language: two-handed, lotus, gorodishnik.

However, in cases where the preservation of h in the combination of ch is supported by related formations with the sound [ch], the spelling of ch and, according to the old Moscow norms, corresponded to the pronunciation [ch’n]:

yes [ch’n] th at the cottage, candle [ch’n] oh at the candle, re [ch’n] oh at the river, etc.

Always like [ch’n], the combination of ch was pronounced in words of book origin:

safe [ch’n] th, pore [ch’n] th, al[ch’n] th, cini [ch’n] th, gloomy [ch’n] th, ve[h’n] th, etc. d.

The use of [shn] in place of ch in the old Moscow pronunciation has become firmly established as a feature corresponding to a significant part of Russian dialects, especially South Russian ones. Later, under the influence of a number of factors - spelling, a significant number of words in the book language, in which [ch'n] was always pronounced in place of ch, as well as under the influence of other dialects, where [ch'n] was also pronounced - the pronunciation [shn] in the literary language gradually began to be replaced by the pronunciation [h'n].

In modern literary pronunciation, [shn] is obligatory only in a few words, in a number of other words it is permissible along with [ch'n]. In other cases, [h'n] is pronounced. At present, the pronunciation [shn] instead of ch, according to the old Moscow norms, in many situations has acquired a colloquial reduced stylistic coloring, and for a number of words it characterizes dialectal speech. It should be noted that in the words of a new origin, especially in the words that appeared in the Soviet era, only [ch'n] is pronounced:

camouflage [ch'n] robe, library [ch'n] th, landing [ch'n] strip, etc.

This speaks of the relic, residual nature of the old norm, of its withering away in the literary language.

In the modern Russian literary language, in place of the spelling ch, it is pronounced [shn], [shn '] in words

horse-[shn] o, boring [shn] o, yai [shn ']itsa, empty [shn] th, square [shn] ik, laundry [shn] th, bitterness [shn '] ik, hot [shn] th

and also in female patronymics on -ichna:

Nikiti[shn]a, Kuzmini[shn]a, Ilya? ni[shn]a and others.

In some cases, the pronunciation [shn] exists along with [ch’n], [ch’n’],

creamy, milk, penny, hat, etc.

Often heard [shn] in such everyday words as

two [shn '] ik, three [shn '] ik

in obsolete words denoting dead concepts:

soba [shn ’] ik, lavo? [shn ’] ik

The semantic connection with the producer is important. Sometimes not? different derived words from the same non-derivative are pronounced the same way, for example, if the adjective dairy is pronounceable with [shn] and [ch’n], the noun thrush is pronounced preferably and more often with [shn]: milk [shn’]itsa. On the contrary, the book word milkiness (the ability to give one or another amount of milk) is pronounced only with [ch’n]: youth [ch’n] st. There are cases when the same word in different combinations can be pronounced differently. So, for example, in combination with milk porridge, the pronunciation [shn] is possible, in the combination of the mammary gland, which is not of a household, but of a scientific nature, only [h’n] is pronounced. It is obligatory to pronounce [shn] in the word kala [shn] yy in the expression with a cloth snout in a kalachny row and in the word shapo [shn] yy in the expression hat acquaintance.

It should be borne in mind that the pronunciation with the combination [shn] is declining sharply and is now preserved as mandatory in only a few words. Therefore, in cases where the pronunciation of both [shn] and [ch'n] is acceptable, the latter cannot be considered incorrect, and it should not be replaced by the combination [shn].

In conclusion of the description of this phenomenon, it can be noted that [shn] in place of ch is not pronounced in words that have a consonant [sh] in the previous syllable:

fluffy [ch’n] th, toy [ch’n] th, crumble [ch’n] th, underarm [ch’n] th

In the past, pronunciation [shn] in these and similar words was possible.

Thus, there are significant fluctuations in the pronunciation of the spelling ch in modern Russian: in some cases, both [shn] and [ch'n] are pronounced. On the basis of this, stylistic differentiation arises. Pronunciation with [shn] (except for words in which [shn] is mandatory or permissible along with [ch'n]), characteristic of the colloquial style, is gradually becoming a sign of a colloquial, reduced style that goes beyond the literary language:

taba [shn] th, jester [shn] yy, color [shn ’] ik, lost [shn] yy, etc.

In some cases, in addition to this, there is also a semantic differentiation,

cardiac - heart disease and friend of the heart

At present, the issue of pronunciation in place of the spelling combination of ch sounds [shn] or [ch'n] is solved in dictionary order.