SEPARATION OF THE PARTICIPANT AND

PARTICIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPICIPLE

A participle is a participle with a dependent word or words, that is, with words to which you can ask a question from the participle.

For example:

A book lying on the table.

Participle - lying (the one that lies).

The dependent word is on the table.

Lying where? - on the table.

Participial phrase - lying on the table.

REMEMBER:

1. The participial phrase answers the question WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and so on.

2. The word being defined is expressed by a noun or.

The word being defined is the word from which the question goes to the participle. For example: a book lying on the table. The defined word is book. What book? - lying down.

3. The participial phrase is separated by a comma or commas in the following cases:

a) if it comes after the word being defined

In the sentence Outside the window, leaves were flying, torn from the trees by the wind; the participle torn off is the one that was torn off.

The word being defined is foliage. What kind of foliage? - torn off.

Participial phrase “plucked from the trees by the wind”: plucked by what? - by the wind, where from? - from the trees.

The participial phrase comes after the word being defined, so it is set off with a comma: foliage, plucked...

The second comma is not placed in this sentence, since the turn ends the sentence, i.e., at the end of both the turn and the sentence, a period is placed here.

If the participial phrase is isolated in the middle of a simple sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides: Outside the window, foliage flew, torn from the trees by the wind, and fell on the cold ground.

b) if the defined word is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the participial phrase can be located anywhere in relation to the defined word

I was taken off the horse, soaked to the last thread.

Soaked to the last thread, I was taken off the horse.

c) if the participial phrase is removed from the word being defined

The young man quickly got dressed and left the house, overcome by some vague premonition.

d) if the participial phrase has an additional circumstantial meaning of reason or assignment

Stunned by the heavy roar, Tyorkin bows his head. (Terkin bows his head because he is deafened by the heavy roar)

4. The phrase is not separated by commas if it stands before the word being defined: Outside the window, foliage torn from the trees by the wind was flying.

5. Participles can be recognized by suffixes:

Usch-, - yusch-; - ash-, - box-; - wsh-, - w-; - eat-, - om-, - im-; - enn-, - enn-, - nn-, - t-.

6. The participle can be replaced with a verb

flying ball - one that flies
a written book is one that was written

The sea has merged with the sky and is fast asleep, reflecting the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds (not) hiding the golden patterns of the stars.

3) Make sentences according to the proposed schemes:

a) [ H | ~~~~ |…]. b) [ |~~~ | H...]. c) [ |_ ._ | Ch].

The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, and has an additional effect. If the participle in a sentence is not alone, but has words dependent on it, then this set of words is called an adverbial phrase. The article will tell you how and when to separate gerunds in a sentence.

What is separation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of a sentence that are secondary can be isolated; this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Isolations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely gerunds can be isolated, but also

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated adverbial clause does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always highlighted with commas on both sides.

The location of the gerund in a sentence can be anywhere. Here are examples of correctly separating single gerunds with commas:

1. Staring, she could not utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you cannot achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were highlighted with a comma:

• staring;
• having returned;
• without training.

In the letter you can find several repeated participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:

1. Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Chuckling and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous gerunds in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separating single gerunds with commas

Isolation of single gerundial participles occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in a sentence. Preserves the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause or time of an action, but not its image. Having run away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
2. If in your mind you can check the sentence by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests, although they did not calm down after the holiday, left.

Isolation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the manner of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya got down silently and took his time.
3. If a single gerund can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Identification of single gerunds depending on their location in a sentence

The separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of the sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on the slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the participle is not separated by commas, since it is represented by a circumstance of the manner of action. It can be replaced with the word “leisurely”.

In the second sentence, the gerund represents the adverbial reason (“since I was in no hurry”).

How is an adverbial phrase formed?

If a sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “by doing what?”, “by doing what?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a participial phrase.

In a sentence, this phrase always performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and relates to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or thing that performs the main actions.

Examples of participial phrases

The separation of gerunds and participial phrases occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For example:

1. All day long, dark clouds walked across the sky, first revealing the sun, then covering it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, while bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I looked at the sunrise without taking my eyes off.
5. The baby, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What do you need to remember when using gerunds and participial phrases in a sentence?

The basic rules for using participial phrases when writing text are as follows:

1. Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the participial phrase, must relate to one person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the participial phrase.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participial phrases not separated by commas?

Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the conjunction “and” with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his signs of attention. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances come closer to adverbs. They lose their additional meaning and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

• gerunds that have become phraseological units (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But, rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• participles that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The “adverbiality” of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - gerunds and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. Without being embarrassed- this is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds containing the dependent word “which” in all their variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should we distinguish from gerunds?

Isolating gerunds, many do not think that these could be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• happily;
• sneaking;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying down and others.

The gerunds that are the same as these words retain an additional effect. This occurs during formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do this job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participial phrase in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

Prepositions include: starting from, based on. Commas are not used, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's been snowing since night (it's been snowing since night).

Isolation of participles and gerunds: what is the difference?

Participial and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:

1. A participial phrase or single participle refers to the word (noun or pronoun) being defined. The gerund or participial phrase is closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes according to numbers, gender, cases, has a full and short form, and the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
2. The participial phrase and the participle serve as a definition in a sentence, and the gerund and participial phrases act as various circumstances.
3. Participles and gerunds are distinguished by suffixes. Participles have such suffixes as -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash)- -vsh-, -sh- y real participles and - om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If a sentence contains a conjunction next to an adverbial phrase, they are separated by a comma. Unions are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. The exception is the conjunction “a”, which comes before the participial phrase. In this case, it is included in circulation. For example: A person needs to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If a sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand and holding the other on her belt.
3. If one sentence contains several participial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The participial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Isolating participles will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How to help your child consolidate the material he has learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be encouraged to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children must work orally with sentences and learn to find participial phrases and single gerunds in them. After this, students should be asked to write sentences and place them. In addition, the child must explain his choice in placing commas.

After children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding an adverbial phrase or a single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous participial phrases.

TASK 17: Sentences with participle and participial phrases.

Task 17 from the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is devoted to sentences with isolated members of the sentence (definitions, circumstances, applications, etc.). The largest number of errors is associated with the placement of signs when using participial (PO) and adverbial (DO) phrases. To avoid mistakes, you should follow the algorithm.

ALGORITHM.

1. Find all participles and gerunds.

2. Find those words on which participles and gerunds depend.

3. Determine the speed limits (using questions).

4. Think: are there any homogeneous phrases in the sentence (i.e. those that depend on one word).

What is useful to remember about PARTICIPLES.

WHICH? WHAT DOES, DOES, DOES?

2. Participles indicate sign by action. A child PLAYS - he is a PLAYER; PLAYED - PLAYED; the book has been READ - it is READ, etc.

3. In a sentence, the participle depends on a NOUN (or other part of speech in the role of a noun; for example, on a pronoun).

4. Remember participle suffixes.

Active present participles: ASCH, YASH; USCH, YUSCH. Thinking, gluing, searching.

Active past participles: VSh, Sh. THINKING, Gluing, SEEKING.

Present passive participles: THEM; EM/OM. Readable, persecuted.

Passive past participles: ENN, NN, T. BUILT, READ, COVERED.

What is useful to know about participles.

1. Answer the following questions: WHAT DO YOU DO? HOW?

2. Participles mean additive action. The man walked, LOOKING around; the scientist read the manuscript, carefully STUDYING the author’s notes, etc.

3. In a sentence, the gerund depends on the VERB.

4. Remember gerund suffixes.

Imperfect participles: AND I. Doing, working, hearing, screaming, holding.

Perfect participles: V, LICE, SHI. Done, seen, lowered, decided, baked, dried, locked.

Such suffixes are rare, but also occur: UCHI, YUCHI. BEING, DRIVING, PLAYING.

What is useful to know about REVERSES.

1. A revolution is a participle/gerund + dependent words.

2. It will be easier to determine the boundaries of a phrase if you ask questions from the main word in the phrase (from a participle or gerund) to the words around it.

3. We mark the participial phrase (or single participle) in tasks from the Unified State Exam with the signs ALWAYS.

4. We highlight the participial phrase in tasks from the Unified State Exam with signs when it comes AFTER the DEFINED (main) word.

The old navigator, who had weathered many storms in his long life, was not at a loss in an unfamiliar situation.

If the participial phrase comes BEFORE the word being defined, then we do not put signs.

OSTAP, NOT CONFUSED in this situation, dodged to the right.

Let's look at a few examples from task 17.

1. A young falcon (1) unexpectedly high (2) soaring above the plain (3) disappeared from the summer sky (4) outlining the space above the horizon.

1. Taking off, outlining - gerunds.

2. Taking off HOW? unexpectedly high. Soaring OVER WHAT? over the plain. Unexpectedly flying high above the plain - an adverbial phrase. DOs are always separated, so we put commas in place of numbers 1 and 3.

3. Outlining WHAT? space. WHAT space? above the horizon. Outlining the space above the horizon is also an adverbial phrase. We put a sign in the number 4.

4. The main word for both DOs is the verb DISAPPEARED. Where it stands relative to the speed is not important to us. DOs are still isolated.

Answer: 134.

2. Having walked dozens of miles (1) and (2) feeling very tired (3), I lay down in the shade of a thick willow tree (4) standing lonely on the shore of a steppe pond.

1. Having passed and felt - gerunds.

2. Having passed WHAT? more than a dozen miles. This is an adverbial phrase.

3. Feeling WHAT? severe fatigue. This is also an adverbial phrase.

4. The main word for both DO is the verb LIE. This means that the revolutions are uniform. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in numbers 1 and 2, because if homogeneous ones are connected by a conjunction, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In the number 3, a sign is needed, because in a sentence DO should be highlighted with signs.

4. Standing - communion. Standing HOW? lonely. Standing WHERE? on the shore of a steppe pond. After the number 4 comes software. It depends on the word VETLA (WHAT willow? standing...). Because PO is after the DEFINED word, we put a comma (in number 4).

3. One can only bow to the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva (1) who created a completely unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed (4) in her muse.

1. Who created and believed - sacraments.

2. Who created WHAT? a completely unique poetic world. This is a participle phrase.

3. Believed HOW? holy. Believing WHAT? to your muse. This is also a participle phrase.

4. The main word for both software is Marina Tsvetaeva. Marina Tsvetaeva WHAT? Who created... and believed... . This means that the revolutions are uniform. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in the numbers 2 and 3, because if homogeneous ones are connected by a conjunction, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In the number 1, the sign is needed because PO comes after the DEFINED word.

4. All around was only the solemn sea (1) silvered by the moon (2) and (3) the sky strewn with stars (4).

1. Silvered, studded - communions.

2. Silver plated with WHAT? moon. This is a participle phrase. It depends on the noun SEA. WHAT kind of sea? silvered by the moon. The participial phrase comes after the DEFINED word, and therefore we must separate it with commas.

3. Dotted with WHAT? stars. This is a participle phrase. It depends on the noun SKY. WHAT is the sky? studded with stars. The participial phrase comes before the DEFINED word, and therefore we DO NOT separate it with commas.

4. Please note that between the turns there is a conjunction I. Many will decide that it connects exactly two turns, and therefore they are homogeneous. But that's not true. These phrases cannot be homogeneous, since they depend on different words. The conjunction I connects the words SEA and SKY. That is why we consider these turnovers separately from each other. In the first case, we highlight the revolution with signs, and in the second case, we DO NOT highlight the revolution with signs.

Task 1 #4286

Hearing such a frantic knock on the gate (1) Fenya (2), so frightened two hours ago (3) and still from excitement (4) not daring to go to bed (5), was now frightened again almost to the point of hysteria.

Having heard - a gerund. Hearing such a frantic knock on the gate is an adverbial phrase. DOs are always separated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Scared is a participle. So frightened two hours ago - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The word being defined is “Fenya”. PO comes after it, which means there should be a comma in place of the number 2.

Undecided - participle. Still not daring to go to bed out of excitement - participial phrase. It also refers to the defined word “Fenya” and comes after it. In this case, the software is isolated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 5.

Between the two POs there is a conjunction “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a coordinating connection, therefore a comma is not placed in place of the number 3.

Answer: 125

Task 2 #4287

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Driving along the big Oryol road (1) young officials and other unoccupied people can still notice a huge wooden house (2) completely abandoned (3) with a collapsed roof and (4) tightly blocked (5) windows (6) pushed to the very top the road.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Passing - participle. Those driving along the big Oryol road are a participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word(s) being defined. Defined words are officials and people. PO comes before them, so there is no comma in place of the number 1.

Abandoned - participle. Completely abandoned is a participial phrase. The word being defined is “house”. PO comes after the word being defined, so it stands out. Commas should be placed in place of numbers 2 and 3.

Crowded - participle. Tightly packed - participial phrase. The defined word is “windows”. It occupies a position after the software, so it is not isolated; commas in place of the numbers 4 and 5 are not needed.

Nominated - participle. Pushed to the very road - PO. The word being defined is “house”, it comes before the software, so there should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 236

Task 3 #4288

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Completely bankrupt (1) he went to St. Petersburg (2) to look for a place for himself (3) and died in a hotel room (4) without waiting for any decision.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Having gone broke is a gerund. Having completely gone bankrupt is an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Without waiting - a gerund. Without waiting for any decision - an adverbial phrase. There should be a comma in place of the number 4.

Answer: 14

Task 4 #4289

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

If just one person made his notes throughout the entire book (1) without missing a single sheet of it (2) and began to read it (3) by picking up a pen (4) and placing a sheet of notepaper in front of him (5) and then After reading a few pages, he would remember his whole life and all the incidents (6) that happened before his eyes.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Without missing - participle. Without missing a single sheet of it - an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated. The numbers 1 and 2 should be replaced by commas.

Having taken (taken) - gerund. Picking up a pen - participial phrase. DO is always isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 3.

Having put (put) - gerund. By placing a sheet of notepaper in front of you - BEFORE, it always stands apart. There should be a comma in place of the number 5.

Between the two DOs there is a conjunction “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a coordinating connection, therefore a comma is not placed in place of the number 4.

Happened - participle. What happened before his eyes is a participle phrase. The word being defined is “incidents.” It comes before the software, in this case the software stands apart. There should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 12356

Task 5 #4290

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Thus dressed (1) he rode in his own carriage along the endlessly wide streets (2) illuminated by the meager lighting from (3) flickering (4) windows here and there.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Getting dressed is a gerund. Dressing in this way is an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Illuminated - communion. Illuminated by the meager lighting from the flickering windows here and there - a participle phrase. The defined word is “streets”. PO comes after the word being defined, so it stands out. There should be a comma in place of the number 2.

Flashed - communion. Flashed here and there - a participial phrase. The word being defined is “windows”. The software stands in front of it, therefore, it is not isolated. In place of numbers 3 and 4, commas are not needed.

Answer: 12

Task 6 #4291

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Nekhlyudov dressed in a dress that had been cleaned and (1) prepared on a chair (2) and went out into the dining room with a huge oak buffet and an equally large sliding table (3) that had something solemn in its (4) widely spaced in the shape of lion paws (5 ) carved legs.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Cooked - participle. Cooked on a chair is a participial phrase. The software is isolated if it appears after the word being defined. The word being defined is “dress.” The software stands in front of him. In place of numbers 1 and 2, commas are not needed.

Those who had - communion. Those who had something solemn in their carved legs widely spaced in the form of lion paws - a participial phrase. The defined word is “table”. PO stands after the word being defined, therefore, it is isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 3.

Arranged - communion. Widely spaced in the form of a lion's paws - a participial phrase. The defined word is “legs”. The software comes before the word being defined, so it is not isolated. In place of numbers 4 and 5, commas are not needed.

Graduated is a participle. Having completed important homework is a participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of numbers 1 and 2.

Those who talked are a participle. Talking to your doctor about the weather and a small pimple - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of the numbers 2 and 4.

To those who jumped up - communion. Jumped up on the nose - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “pimple”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of the numbers 4 and 5.

Showing is a participle. Showing great talents - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 12456

In the Russian language, speech structures can be enriched with participial and participial phrases. This article discusses the features and rules for using each type of phrase, and provides examples of their proper use in speech.

Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are special forms of the verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which, together with dependent words, form special syntactic constructions: participial and participial phrases.

• Participial, like a single participle, denotes a sign of action, answers questions Which? What? What do you do? What did he do? and in a sentence refers to the word being defined. Syntactic role – a separate or non-separate definition.

  Examples of sentences with participial phrases: Sitting by the window the boy put the book aside and looked at his mother (the boy (which one? What was he doing?) sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the dacha, we placed in the corridor (furniture (what?) brought from the dacha).

• Participial turnover indicates an additional action, answers questions Doing what? What did you do? and in a sentence refers to the predicate verb. Performs the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverb.

  Examples of using participial phrases: While doing the exercise, the student noticed a typo in the textbook (noticed (doing what?) doing the exercise). Having cooked dinner, Katya decided to rest a little (decided to rest (having done what?) by preparing dinner).

Note! When forming a participial phrase, the main word of the construction can only be a participle, and a participial phrase can only be a gerund.

Isolation of participial phrases

In a sentence, the isolation (set off with commas) of the participial phrase in the sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:

• Before the word being defined, the participial phrase is not isolated.

  Examples: Dima raised fallen from a hanger hat. The student redrawn given in the textbook diagram.

• After the word being defined, the participial phrase is highlighted with commas on both sides.

  Examples: Janitor, swept away the leaves all morning, left for lunch. Painting, drawn in Art Nouveau style, hung over the sofa.

Also, the participial phrase is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses an adverbial meaning.

Examples: Transferred to another group, they haven’t had time to meet each other yet. Worried about a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (he called (why? what was he doing?) worried about his friend).

Isolation of adverbial phrases

In adverbial phrases, the rule of isolation in sentences is the same - the participial phrase is always separated by commas, regardless of its position in relation to the predicate verb.

TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this

Examples: Frightened by the roar, the kitten hid under the sofa. Grandma made us tea asking about what happened.

The participial phrase is not separated by commas:

• If it is part of a phraseological expression L(people listened to the guest ears hanging down) ;
• If a gerund has turned into an adverb and can be replaced with a synonymous adverb (They walked leisurely (slowly)).
• If the adverbial phrase includes a dependent word which or derivatives (We attended a lecture, after listening to which we began to better understand the subject).

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Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are special forms of the verb (in some sources independent parts of speech), which are formed from the verbs SV and NSV and differ in meaning and grammatical features. To understand how to distinguish a participle from a gerund, it is enough to learn what morphological categories and syntactic features are inherent in each of the word forms.

The participle expresses the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: Which? which? which? Which?.

The participle expresses an additional action with the main verb and answers the questions: doing what? what did you do?

For example: Soldier, decided for a feat worthy of the highest award.

Soldier (which one? ) decided- this is a participle.

Having decided task, I breathed a sigh of relief.

He sighed (having done what? ) having decided- this is a participle.

A participial phrase is the participle itself plus words related to it in meaning.

An adverbial phrase is the adverbial participle itself plus words related to it in meaning.

Let's return to our examples: Soldier, decided on a feat, worthy of the highest award. Decided on a feat - participial.

Having solved the problem, I breathed a sigh of relief. Having solved the problem - participial turnover.

Features of the formation of participles and gerunds

Participles and gerunds are formed using suffixes from verb stems.

	types		suffixes	examples
Participles(answer questions Doing what? What did you do?, denote an additional action)	Imperfect view		-and I	weave - weaving, persuade - persuading, step - stepping
	Perfect looking		-v/-lice/-shi	bite - having bitten, drink - having drunk, twist - twist
Participles(answer questions Which? What? What did he do? What do you do?, denote a sign by action)	Valid	Present tense	-ush-/-yush-/-ash-/-box-	sweep - sweeping, rumble - rumble, sit - sitting
		Past tense	-vsh-/-sh-	weave - intertwined, leave - gone, know - knew
	Passive	Present tense	-eat-/-om-/-im-	persuade - persuaded, see - visible, know - known
		Past tense	-enn-/-nn-/-t-	bite - bitten, drink - drunk, weave - intertwined

Grammatical features of participles and gerunds

For participles and gerunds, the morphological differences boil down to the characteristics of which second part of speech (except for the verb) they possess.

How do the roles of gerunds and participles in sentences differ?

In sentences, gerunds, like adverbs, play the syntactic role of adverbs (Looking back, I noticed a little kitten). Full participles in sentences are usually a definition (Broken the watch could not be repaired); short participles - part of a compound nominal predicate (This watch was broken child).

In addition, participles and gerunds, together with dependent words, form participial and participial phrases, respectively.

• The participial phrase in a sentence usually plays the syntactic role of a separate or non-separate definition.

  Examples: Children, splashing in the lake, laughed merrily. Made from porcelain Masha really liked the figurine.

• The participial phrase is a separate circumstance.

  Examples: Crossing the road, he did not look around. Grandfather, going out into the garden in the evening, always took a cup of coffee with me.