Historical information for layout creation

"Battle near Moscow. Kryukovo. November 28 - December 8, 1941"

(Based on the materials of the book: Essays on the history of the region. Where an unknown soldier died. Collection of works of the State. Zelenograd historical-krai museum. Issue 6 / Scientific editor and comp. N.I. Reshetnikov. - M., 2005. - 330 p.)

"... our army suffered crushing defeats, suffering incredible losses."

“... the battle for the village of Kryukovo (now Zelenograd). ... In the village of Kryukovo in 1940, there were 210 households and more than 1,500 people lived, it was one of the largest settlements in the entire district, it had its own station on the first Moscow-Petersburg railway. ... The 16th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General K.K. Rokosovsky, in the areas of Kryukovo and Nakhabino - the 8th, 9th Guards and 18th Rifle Divisions fought against the 4th Panzer Group of the enemy. By a directive of November 29, 1941, the 354th rifle division and five rifle brigades (36, 37, 40, 49 and 53) were sent. These were poorly trained units from reserve formations.

On November 29, 1941, the fighting took place on the outskirts of the village of Kryukovo. ... German troops were advancing non-stop along the Leningrad highway. ... the favorable location of the village of Kryukovo in an area accessible to tanks, proximity to the railway made it a significant goal for German generals. ... Kryukovo is a place of bloody battles!

16 army consisted of 7 guards. SD, 18 SD, 8 Guards SD, 44 KD, 1 Guards TBRyu Personnel 22259 people ... all formations were equipped with rifles, machine guns, mortars, guns by 50%.

pp.145-153:

“Rokossovsky reinforced the 8th guard. SD 1 Guards. Tank brigade (6 heavy and 16 medium and light tanks). ... we still do not know the true number of losses during the Second World War, since the commanders tried to reduce the number of their losses in the reports. ... a group of sappers from the 291 osb miner team, showed cowardice, threw 70 anti-tank mines on the side of the road and fled ... partial loss of control, severe frosts, inconsistent actions of units - led to confusion ... On December 2, the enemy introduced fresh reserves and went on the offensive on Kryukovo. December 2 at 13.50 were forced to leave Kryukovo. At 17:00, the enemy completely captured the village of Kryukovo. 8 SD by dawn on 03.12.41 restore their original position, capture Kryukovo, Kamenka ... (from Combat Order No. 025, issued by the commander of the 8th Guards SD at 00 h.50 min.) In conditions of low temperatures, when the use of equipment was limited, in conditions deep snow cover, which paralyzed the movement of transport, the role of the cavalry increased. Cavalrymen 44 D under the command of Colonel Kuklin P.F. made their contribution. The KV tank got stuck in the northwestern brick factory and did not take part in the battle. On December 3, 1075, the joint venture reached the outskirts of Kryukovo, under machine-gun fire, lost up to 70% of the killed and wounded 1075 joint ventures on December 3, 1941, 287 people (29 killed, 105 wounded).

pp.155-160:

“... the regiment reached the line: MTS, a highway on the northwestern outskirts of Kryukovo, where it was stopped by strong enemy fire. ... the enemy defense system from the basements of houses. The enemy concentrated up to 70-80 tanks and 5 infantry regiments. ... 2 SB defended a brick factory west of the railway; 3 SB defended the village, which is 500 meters east of Kryukovo. 159 GSP occupies a brick shed, western outskirts of MTS, a village east of Kryukovo station. 1 SB with 3 PTR with a platoon of PA defends the state farm, which is 400 meters east of Kryukovo station. 3 SB with 1 PTR with a platoon of fighters defends that east. St. Kryukovo 500 meters. 3/159 SP during 12/5/41 advanced on Kryukovo-Savelki, continues to improve trench work. In 2 SB, 28 people were lost, 2 guns were knocked out, enemy anti-tank defenses were suppressed by 2 mortars near Kirp. To the south, the enemy’s station tank is firing direct fire. ... at 12.50 1077 SP occupied the "Red October", the battle goes for the brick factory (northern) ... the enemy fires at the front edge of the mortar batteries - Alabushevo, the forester's house and 0.5 km west of the MTS.

pp.161-177:

1/1075 SP defends the line 200 m northeast. st.Kryukovo, saddle road Red October, Kryukovo. 2/1075 SP defends the line: east outskirts of Kryukovo station, (claim) Kirp (500 m southeast of Kryukovo station) 3/1075 SP defends the line to the west. The slopes of the ravine, which is 500 m north.st. Kryukovo. On the left, 1073 SP is fighting enemy infantry and tanks in the Kirp region! 073 SP was advancing on Kryukovo in a westerly direction, advancing 400 m, lying in a clearing near the eastern outskirts of Kryukovo. From the combat report of the commander of 1073 SP 5.12.41: KP from 1.00 to 8.00 - a booth in the area of ​​​​the bridge over the railway. 159 guards. SP 7 Guards SD moved to the defense of the line: 1 km north of the MTS, along the edge of the forest to the road that united the stations of Kryukovo and Savelki. The 2nd battalion of the regiment held the defense along the railroad tracks. Its left flank was 300 meters west of Kryukovo station and 700 meters along the railway. From the operational report No. 83: 1 SB defends 1 km north of the MTS field on the left of the field. The MTS continues to improve trench work. ... At 18 o'clock the movement of cars and light tanks was noticed from the side of Alabushevo along the railway. on Kryukovo, along the edge of the forest from Matushkino towards Kryukovo. From combat order No. 027 krm. 8th Guards SD: 54th CP - capture the southwest. the outskirts of Kryukovo, further advance on the Hospital; 51 CP with SME 1 Guards TBR to capture Kamenka. In the future, advance in the direction of the Rest House (0584). From the combat report of the 1073rd joint venture dated 12/7/41: the enemy is holding Kryukovo, mortar and artillery fire on the village and the 2nd brick factory, which is 1 km west of Malino. ... 1073 The joint venture was concentrated in the building of a brick factory, which is 200 meters southeast of the Kryukovo station. The enemy is in the Kryukovo region and the village of Kamenki, where a powerful defense center was created with numerous bunkers and dug-in tanks. ... our troops have only 20 guns and mortars per 1 km of the front of 1077 joint ventures. - mastered mark 216.1 and the north-east encirclement of Kryukovo ... 51 CP, having a connection with the SME, occupies its initial position along the ravine, which is in front of Kamenka in readiness to attack Kamenka on the right (from the south-east). ... 1073 SP broke into the eastern outskirts of Kryukovo, after which the enemy began to retreat to the center of the village. From private combat order No. 08 dated 12/8/41: 8 GVSD with 1 guards TBR is fixed and defends: Kirp. 1 km east of Aleksandrovka, sowing. And zap. Edges of the grove of northern Kryukovo, height 216.1, st. Kryukovo, MTS ... 597 OSB in the areas of regiments in the Kryukovo district, Kamenka to prepare buildings for defense. From the table: 8SD for the entire time of the fighting destroyed up to 3 regiments of soldiers and officers. Thus ended the fighting, which did not subside for 10 days.

p.183:

"Typhoon" rushed to Moscow. Dec 2 In 1941, the line of defense of Moscow was established, the enemy did not go further. Today, the "Last Frontier" is a memorial complex along Panfilovsky Prospekt, during the war called. Kryukovsky highway. ... the confrontation along this road from December 2 to 6 did not stop between the 16th army of Rokosovsky and the fascist divisions of the 4th tank group of Gepner.

pp.194-195:

... at the site of the battles, not far from the center of Panfilovsky Prospekt, a temple rises in honor of St. Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna. The temple was built on the site of the houses of the state farm "Red October". The 354th division operated here. In "Red October" there was a stronghold of the Nazis.

The extract was compiled by Rezanov L.V.

Zelenograd.ru continues to remember history day by day. The battles took place in those places where modern Zelenograd grew up decades later.

How did ordinary people survive this time, residents of Kryukovo and its environs - families in which men went to the front, children who are now 80-90 years old? What was December 2, 1941, like for them?

Soldiers in camouflage suits go on the attack to a village near Moscow, occupied by Nazi troops

Vladimir Rumyantsev: “The Germans ruled the village of Kamenka for eight days”

Vladimir Alexandrovich Rumyantsev, as a teenager, survived the period of German occupation of the village of Kamenka near Kryukovo, which German troops occupied on December 1. In his memoirs “Fights in Kamenka. View of a teenager ”(from the book by A.N. Vasilyeva“ Compatriots ”, a collection of memoirs of the inhabitants of Kryukovo and the surrounding villages), he says:

The front is getting closer every day. […] Our family moved to a bomb shelter dug into the mountain in our area. Nine people were accommodated on the bunks, they were warmed by an iron stove, which was heated around the clock. Snow was melted on it, getting water for a newborn sister who was born under the roar of cannonade in "Rukavishka" - that's how everyone called our hospital [after K.V. Rukavishnikov, who built it near Kryukovo at the end of the 19th century, now it is the Moscow Regional Hospital for war veterans].

There were sappers in our house. They mined the railroad. They came in the evening tired and hungry. Mom cooked them potatoes, gave them tea. There were six of them. Once only four came. From their conversations, we understood that two of them had been blown up by their mines when they were bombed by German planes.

According to the cards, the population was given flour and kerosene. Flour helped us out a lot later. For eight days, while the Germans ruled the village of Kamenka, we baked unleavened cakes on the stove, washing them down with boiling water from melted snow.

On the evening of November 30, green figures of the Germans appeared at the edge of the forest. A machine gun fired from the Kamensky hillock, and they quickly disappeared into the forest. Obviously, it was intelligence. The big grandmother's house was occupied by the militias. They were in civilian clothes, workers of Moscow factories, all of respectable age. Grandmother put the samovar, my brother and I helped her as best we could. I remember how one of the militias said: "Here, mother, defend Moscow, they gave each a dagger and a rifle for two."

Soviet officers at dinner in a village near Moscow, winter 1941-1942.

We went to the dugout, and at night the shooting started. On the morning of December 1, the Germans were in charge in Kamenka. Motors hummed in the yard. The German field headquarters was located in the grandmother's house. Our little house was destroyed by a direct hit from a mine. For seven days and nights we sat without getting out in the dugout - nine people, my brother and I - boys and a chesty nine-day-old cousin, the dog Alma - under the bunk. At night, our door to the dugout was fired upon from a machine gun by a German sentry guarding a field telephone cable in a ravine. An iron stove and a saucepan, standing at the turn at the door, were pierced by bullets.

On the morning of December 8, heavy shooting arose. When the shooting died down a little, we got out of the dugout. The first thing we saw were our fighters in white coats, with machine guns in their hands, who were running towards Andreevka. One of ours asked a passing Red Army soldier: “Can the Germans return?” He replied, "They can." “What are we to do?” He said: “Go away,” and ran on, catching up with his people.

The villagers got out of the cellars and dugouts, from whom we learned that the Germans shot Lesha Razbitsky because he ran from house to house, that they shot on the denunciation of the chairman of the collective farm Yaroslavtsev, executed my uncle's friend Grisha Gorchakov under the bridge. He had a medal "For Courage" in the Finnish war. He was a tanker, and we boys looked at him as a real hero.

German cleansing of the village, 1941

They said that in Kamenka there was a White Finnish battalion that fought on the side of Germany. Everyone was betrayed by a "German woman" - a German teacher who lived in an apartment in our village with a huge German shepherd. When and where it came from, no one really knows.

Grandma's house was blown up, ours was smashed by a mine - the adults decided to leave the village. Grandma was in charge. They made a sled out of my skis, loaded a bag of flour and some kind of linen suitable for diapers for a newborn sister. Under fire, they left the village and walked across a snow-covered field towards the village of Kutuzovo.

On the field we saw the corpses of our fighters already covered with snow - the result of a morning attack in the forehead on the village of Kamenka. Climbing the Kutuzovsky hillock, we came under shelling, fell into the snow, from above we were piled with the tops of pines. Then we walked for a long time along the road towards Firsanovka. I do not remember the name of the village where we ended up in the location of the military unit. We were placed in a hut, warmed up, fed with buckwheat porridge. We, the boys, were given a piece of sugar. Then the commissar gathered the adults and wrote, from their words, an act about the atrocities of the Nazis in the village of Kamenka, which was signed by members of our family - the Toloknovs, Pavlovs, Rumyantsevs. The act was published in the central newspapers and broadcast on the radio.[…]

A Soviet soldier next to a wrecked German tank Pz.Kpfw.III in the village of Kamenka, January 1942

FROM THE ARCHIVE OF THE ZELENOGRAD HISTORICAL MUSEUM / WARALBUM.RU

Then we were loaded onto a car and taken to Khimki, from where we got to Moscow by train. An evacuation center was organized at the Leningradsky railway station, where we were given a direction to the Tomilino station and settled in an empty house in which we lived until the end of February 1942.

On the twentieth of February, we returned to our native village. We were sheltered by the neighbors Tarasovs in their surviving house, where we lived for several months as one big family. On the streets of the village of Kryukovo and the village of Kamenka there were cars and tanks abandoned by the Germans.

In Kamenka, in a clearing behind the fire shed, where we played football before the war, the corpses of our soldiers lay in piles covered with tarpaulin. There was no way to bring them to the ground because of the severe frosts, only in the spring they were put in a large pit of a burnt collective farm vegetable store and sprinkled with earth.

So a mass grave was formed, over which now stands a monument to the defenders of Moscow. Then the corpses of our soldiers found in the forest and ravines were buried there.

Now, when I come to the mass grave and, after dusting the memorial plaque, I reread the 35 names engraved on the marble slab, I involuntarily recall those distant days. I remember how they read these names, extracting pieces of paper from the black boxes of soldiers' medallions. Only 35 families received the sad news. The rest (and there are ten times more of them) are buried as unknown...

The troops of the 16th Army on December 1, 2 and 3 fought with the main grouping of German troops advancing along the Leningrad and Volokolamsk highways. German shock groups were concentrated, including in the area of ​​Lyalovo, Alabushevo, Kryukovo, Bakeevo - the 5th, 11th tank and 35th infantry divisions.

“During December 2 and 3, the enemy managed to capture Kryukovo, where the fighting took place on the streets, by extreme exertion of forces and means. But in the rest of the front, all enemy attempts to break through the location of our units ended in failure, while he suffered heavy losses, ”Marshal Shaposhnikov wrote in a 1943 study.

After the capture of Kamenka by the Germans on December 1, the regiments of the Panfilov division and the 44th cavalry division occupied the defense line of the village of Krasny Oktyabr and the Vodkachka pond (now School Lake) - the Kryukovo station, Skripitsyno - the Kryukovka river (between Kamenka and Kutuzov), according to Zelenograd historian Igor Bystrov. The 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps of Dovator was withdrawn to the reserve of the 16th Army and located in the Elino-Nazarevo-Dzhunkovka area.

On December 2, the enemy fiercely attacked the positions of the Panfilovites, trying to capture Kryukovo and bringing fresh reserves of infantry and dozens of tanks into battle from Aleksandrovka and Andreevka, with air support. At 13:15, a group of 18-20 aircraft bombed the positions of the 1075th regiment, and it began to retreat, losing up to 50% of the fighters in the battalions. Two battalions were surrounded.

“In the village of Kryukovo, the regiment […] wages continuous bloody battles for 6 days, three companies are surrounded by the enemy in stone buildings, more than once a tank landing rushes against the enemy ...,” the commander of the 1073 regiment, Baurdzhan Momysh-uly, later wrote about events 2, 3 and 5 December.

The correspondence between the commanders of the formations was preserved in the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense - it was on leaves from a school notebook:
- "Tov. Katukov. I ask you to urgently support 1075 joint ventures with your reserve. The enemy is strongly pressing him in the direction of Andreevka. Major General Revyakin.
- “To Major General Revyakin. I push three tanks from Kutuzovo into the grove east. Malino to repel tanks from Kryukovo. The enemy launched an attack on my left flank in the Ladushkino area, and turned his entire reserve there. Major General Katukov. 2.12.41 13.50.

The commander of the 4th (1st Guards) Tank Brigade, Major General of the Tank Troops Mikhail Efimovich Katukov (far left in the foreground) at the observation post

The 354th Rifle Division of Alekseev fought for Matushkino, Savelki and Bolshie Rzhavki - it arrived at the Skhodnya station on the night of November 30 from the reserve and immediately came under bombardment from enemy aircraft, which kept the railway under control. Rokossovsky, to whom Alekseev reported about the arrival, was glad of the replenishment. However, it turned out that the division arrived in summer uniforms and was very poorly armed: for more than 9200 people there were only about 400 rifles, 19 machine guns and 30 cannons. Valenki and warm underwear arrived in the division only on December 7th. During December 1-6, she lost more than 1,100 people, including from frostbite.

On the eve of the 76th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow, which became a turning point in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the site recalls history day by day. The battles took place in those places where modern Zelenograd grew up decades later. How did ordinary people survive this time, residents of Kryukovo and the surrounding villages - families in which men went to the front or to the militia, children who are now 80-90 years old? What was December 1, 1941, like for them?

"We are on the very front lines"

"Fights for the Kryukovo station", from a painting by the artist O.G. Kuznetsov, director of the Zelenograd children's art school No. 9

From the memoirs of Anna Borovskaya, a resident of Kryukovo (based on the book “Countrymen” by A.V. Vasilyeva):

By November, the evacuation from Moscow was over, but the enemy was literally standing at the gates of our houses. Residents of our village Kryukovo did not have time to evacuate. They began to build shelters with their own hands - dugouts in case of bombing, and every night they left their houses for these shelters with their children.

Wounded soldiers were brought to the Kryukov school, classes were stopped, the Germans were approaching our village. Air raid alerts were 4-5 times during the day and 3-4 times at night. Our troops retreated. We walked along the cobblestone highway of the central Lenin Street and the paths along the highway. On November 23, the Germans occupied Solnechnogorsk, and the next day, in the Kryukovo region, they bombed a passenger train heading towards Moscow. The composition was on fire, it smelled of burning. The children's car (in the middle of the train) burned down completely, the smell of burnt bone spread over a long distance. Soon, the skeleton of the burnt train became visible at the site of the bombing. It was near the train station. Both adults and children, who saw this barbaric spectacle, stood and cried, sending curses to the German pilots who had flown away.

November 27-28, our troops retreated to Moscow. The soldiers advised residents to urgently leave their homes and leave with their children, the elderly and teenagers in the direction of Moscow. But it was no longer possible to evacuate the population, and there was not only nowhere to go, but also dangerous.

My grandmother and I dug a hole under the terrace, hid the necessary things in it. They put oilcloth, plywood on top, covered it with earth, and also put firewood for camouflage. And they left the house closer to people - to my grandmother's good friends on 2nd Pyatiletka Street.

During the retreat, our soldiers received an order: “Leave nothing to the enemy!” On November 28, the railway bridge across the railway line at Kryukovo station, the railway station were blown up, the railway school was burned down, all the shops, a bakery, an outpatient clinic were burned down, two brick factories, a colony of prisoners, a dairy plant, a knitting factory, a library, a veterinary clinic were blown up, platforms were destroyed. In the evening, the railway track from the Kryukovo station to the Skhodnya station was blown up. All grocery stores and tents were burned. My heart sank with fear and helplessness.

Everything around was burning and thundering. Planes hummed in the sky, searchlights shone brightly in the night sky. Our native village of Kryukovo was engulfed in an ominous red flame. It was very scary. The sky was dark red all night because of the fires. We sat in the dugout and cried all the time. They were very afraid of the arrival of the Germans.

The men of our village went to the front in the very first days of the war. Only women, old people and children remained in the village. On November 30, the Germans occupied the village of Alabushevo. It was already very close ... On the same night of December 1, German troops broke into Kryukovo. German tanks were moving through the village in a heavy avalanche, crushing trees, bushes, and fences. The soldiers followed the tanks on motorcycles, apparently they were scouts. They immediately began to drive the inhabitants out of their houses and dugouts and occupy them themselves.

We sat in the dugout on the floor, waiting for our fate - death. It was very scary. But the Germans have not yet come to us. Strong fighting began. Machine guns fired, bullets whistled, everything hummed and rattled in the sky, searchlights shone. During a period of calm (about half an hour), someone else's German was heard. We were on the most advanced front line. The settlement, or rather, its forecourt and the nearby territory on both sides of the railway, passed from hand to hand several times. Either we heard German speech, or loud cries of “Hurrah!!!”. Dozens of German planes were buzzing in the black height of the sky, flying to bomb Moscow. Our searchlights shone, which knocked German planes off course, and on the horizon, on the western side, the evening sky was reddened by the glow of large fires.

Residents sat in cold dugouts with children on the floor without food or water. Snow was used instead of water. It was also cold and damp in our dugout, but it was always dark. Sleep was out of the question. We sat on the laps of adults and wept from fear, cold and hunger. One German tank passed so close to our dugout that the ceiling boards collapsed from its weight. We were within a hair's breadth of a deadly blockage. The women held the boards on their shoulders until they somehow managed to set up the props.

After the battle, the Germans took their wounded to the rear, and the dead were burned in the surviving houses, apparently so that there were no accurate data on the dead in the Information Bureau reports. Kryukovo was occupied for a week - from December 1 to December 6 ...

By December 1, all the regiments of the Panfilov 8th Infantry Division were grouped near Kryukovo - Major General Revyakin was appointed its commander. The defense line was only 3 km - from Alabushevo to Kamenka.

The division received reinforcements, but the units attached to it were few in number due to heavy losses in previous battles (sometimes the tank battalion consisted of one tank, and the artillery battalion consisted of two guns, according to the recollections of the commander of the 1073rd regiment Momysh-uly). Together with the Panfilov division, Kryukovo was defended by the 1st Guards Tank Brigade of Katukov, consisting of 6 heavy and 16 medium and light tanks. Kuklin's 44th Cavalry Division stood at the forefront of the left flank.

Field Marshal von Bock gave the order to take Kryukovo, intending to make the station the center of a springboard for an attack on Moscow. The German plan provided for attacks from the flanks to surround units of the 8th division in the Kryukovo area. One flank attack was planned from Barantsevo through Kamenka, the other - from Matushkino.

The German units made their first attempt to attack Kryukovo and Kamenka with the help of tanks and mortars on November 30 and went to Kamenka from the side of the already captured Barantsevo and Goretovka. “Our sappers blew up the bridge over the Goretovka River, but the enemy tanks managed to cross the frozen river,” writes Zelenograd historian Igor Bystrov in his study “Fights for Kryukovo“.

On December 1, the Germans launched an offensive on Kryukovo: at 12:30 - consisting of 6 tanks and machine gunners, at 14:00 - 8 tanks and two infantry companies. The attacks were repulsed. at 14:30 the enemy attacked and by 16:30 captured the village of Kamenka. There, by 20:00, 10 German tanks were concentrated and up to an infantry battalion. All this time, the enemy was firing mortars at positions along the western outskirts of Kryukovo, the front line of defense was bombed from three aircraft. The commander of the 1073rd regiment, Momysh-uly, launched a counterattack to recapture Kamenka at 21:30 on December 1, but it was not successful.

The German offensive from Matushkino was preceded by reconnaissance, which did not find regular units in the area between Matushkino and the Red October state farm. In fact, the right flank of the 8th division in the MTS area (current 8th and 9th microdistricts) and the Krasny Oktyabr state farm near the Vodkachka pond (School Lake) was defended by the 159th rifle regiment of the 7th guards division under the command of Stadukh. On the night of December 1, the regiment broke through there from the encirclement, in which the division almost fell into the encirclement on the Leningrad highway near Chashnikovo, when the Germans captured Matushkino and Malye Rzhavki (now VNIIPP).

“The commander of the 159th joint venture, Lieutenant Colonel Stadukh, immediately after leaving the encirclement, managed to build a defense in a few night hours, placing fighters with anti-tank rifles in the tank-dangerous directions and organizing an ambush with artillery,” writes Bystrov. The enemy attacks were repulsed. “As a result of the battle, 12 enemy tanks (heavy and medium) were destroyed, of which 2 tanks were transferred to the location of the 159gv.sp,” the political report on the results of this battle was reported.

Two other regiments of the 7th division, which had emerged from the encirclement, took up defensive positions on the western outskirts of Bolshiye Rzhavki and Saveloki. “On December 1, in the area of ​​the village of B. Rzhavka, the enemy only occasionally fired mortars. - Recalls one of the regimental commanders. - On this day, the situation has stabilized. There was an accumulation of forces and means for organizing the next battle. Further advance of the enemy along the Leningrad highway that day was finally stopped at the intersection with the Lyalovsky highway.

The average temperature on December 1, 1941 was minus 8 degrees, the minimum was minus 13 degrees. But there were hard frosts ahead.

Zelenograd land - a place of fighting

autumn - winter 1941

Zelenograd is the only one of the administrative districts of Moscow, on the land of which the front line passed - the last line of defense of the capital.

Our land keeps the memory of the past. Until now, lines of fortifications are visible in the surrounding forests - trenches, dugouts, places of observation posts. I can’t even believe that many years ago it was here that the fate of not only Moscow, but also of our entire vast Motherland was decided.

Thousands of people donated their money to the defense fund, signed up for a loan, became donors.

The inhabitants of our region, like all Soviet people, brought victory closer.

Monuments of military glory in Zelenograd

The hard winter is over. Local residents buried Soviet soldiers whose lives were cut short during the fierce battles of 1941. They were buried where they were found: in the forest, on the outskirts of the village, at the end of the field. It was especially hard for the inhabitants of the villages: Matushkino, Rzhavki, as well as Kamenka. Collected soldiers melted out from under the snow, found "medallions of death." So many mass graves arose, modest pyramids were installed on them - a symbol of soldiers' eternal rest. There is such a burial on the territory of the tenth microdistrict. This collective grave consists of the remains of 17 Soviet soldiers, one of them is an officer. The monument was unveiled in December 1981. There is also a single burial on the territory of our 11 microdistrict. The burial was made by residents of the village of Kryukovo in December 1941. The grave is unmarked. Students of our school follow her, lay flowers on holidays. At the same time, a mass grave appeared on the forecourt of Kryukovo station. In 1947, a sculptural image of a warrior with a lowered machine gun and a memorial granite plaque with 38 names were installed on it.

In 1954 and 1958, government decrees appeared on the reburial of Soviet soldiers and the approach of mass graves to more accessible places - to settlements and roads. Obviously, at this time, mass graves appear in Aleksandrovka, near the Sputnik pioneer camp (Medvedki) and 40 km. Leningrad highway. In 1953, the remains of soldiers were brought from mass graves in the vicinity of the village of Matushkino at 40 km of the Leningrad highway. This place was not chosen by chance. During the war, this place was a well-equipped site for anti-aircraft guns. This place was deepened and it became the last shelter for the soldiers. Matushkintsy remember that there was a list of buried soldiers on the pyramid. So this modest soldier's obelisk existed until the start of the construction of a grandiose monument - a monument. In 1966, for the construction of the monument "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" at the Kremlin wall in the Alexander Garden, from 40 km. The ashes of one of the heroes who died in the harsh days of December 1941 on the outskirts of the heart of the Motherland were taken on the Leningrad highway. The Izvestia newspaper wrote: “... he was slain for the Fatherland, for his native Moscow. That's all we know about him." Marshal of the Soviet Union, as the commander of the 16th army, in which the Unknown Soldier served, said: “This is the tomb of the Unknown Soldier near the ancient walls of the Moscow Kremlin will become a monument of eternal glory to the heroes who died on the battlefield for their native Soviet land, the ashes of one of those who shielded Moscow with their breasts.

A few months later - on May 8, 1967 - on the eve of Victory Day, the monument "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" was opened and the Eternal Flame was lit. Years pass, generations change, and many do not know that it was from here, from our land, that the ashes of the Unknown Soldier were taken.

On June 24, 1974, at the 40th kilometer of the Leningrad Highway, at the entrance to Zelenograd, a monument was opened - a monument to the defenders of Moscow. In the Slavic traditions, a 16-meter hill was poured, a mass grave (more than 760 Soviet soldiers) is under a bronze wreath. Three pointed ledges stood as if a symbolic barrier in the direction of Moscow. On one of the ledges there is a symbolic image of a warrior - liberator, on the other - a symbol of soldier's prowess - an asterisk and on the third the words: “1941. Here the defenders of Moscow, who died for their Motherland, remained forever immortal. On the very hill of the trihedral bayonet there are three closed faces. This is a symbolic image of the main branches of the armed forces: infantry, artillery, tankers. Or maybe this is a symbol of three neighboring armies: the 16th, 20th and 1st Shock? In any case, it is a symbol of unity; the unity of all those who have united their forces to repulse the enemy.

One of the last monuments that appeared on Zelenograd land is the Soldier's Stars monument at the entrance to the city cemetery. In 1978, when laying a sewer in the eighth microdistrict, the remains of two Soviet soldiers were found, which were reburied in the city cemetery. Considering that during the development of the city territory, the remains of the defenders of Moscow in 1941 can be found, it was decided to create a memorial complex at the city cemetery. A city-wide competition was announced to create a monument. He became the winner and author of the project.

Zelenograd land is the eternal feat of those who defended Moscow. The memory of them lives in scarlet carnations on the graves of soldiers, sparkling fireworks and in poems dedicated to their native city:

“Here in the forty-first there were battles,

Our countrymen fought.

Fascist tanks evil vents

Rested on Russian bayonets.

And Rokossovsky alarm

A soldier raised to the right battle.

Now on the outskirts of Moscow

Granite bayonets are standing.

Conclusion

The first sparks of victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany sparkled in the Battle of Moscow in December 1941. Then the Red Army launched a counteroffensive and defeated the fascist units that were rushing towards the capital of our Motherland, Moscow.

The Battle of Moscow is a “great battle,” as Marshal of the Soviet Zhukov defined its significance. Indeed, in importance it was not surpassed by any battles and battles.

The most difficult defensive period lasted more than two months, during which the whole country gave all its strength to prevent the enemy from reaching Moscow.

Large forces of our army from Siberia, Central Asia and other regions of the country were thrown to the defense of the capital. Muscovites took an active part in organizing the defense of their native city. Georgy Zhukov, then commander of the Western Front, which was in charge of the defense of Moscow, wrote that hundreds of thousands of Muscovites worked around the clock on the construction of defensive lines surrounding the capital. Only in the inner belt of defense in October and November, up to 250 thousand people worked, three-quarters of whom were women and teenagers. They built 72,000 linear meters of anti-tank ditches, about 80,000 meters of scarps and counterscarps, dug almost 128,000 linear meters of trenches and communications. With their own hands, these people took out more than 3 million cubic meters of earth!

The situation around the capital in October-November was extremely difficult and dangerous. On such critical days of the defense of Moscow, on November 7, a traditional military parade took place on Red Square. The parade participants - soldiers of the Red Army with weapons in their hands, were heading straight from Red Square to the front.

In bloody battles with a technically equipped and dangerous enemy, who sought to break through to Moscow at any cost, our soldiers stopped the enemy’s advance, exhausted his forces, and on December 5-7, 1941, went on the counteroffensive. In December 1941 and in the first days of January 1942, they pushed back the fascist troops by 100-250 kilometers. The offensive ended on April 20, 1942. As a result, the enemy lost more than 500 thousand people, 1300 tanks, 2500 thousand guns, more than 15 thousand vehicles.

The victory near Moscow was of great international importance. It improved the military-political position of the Soviet Union. This was our first major victory, which made a turning point in the course of the entire war. The battle near Moscow dispelled the myth of the invincibility of the Nazi troops. This was the first major defeat of the Nazi troops in World War II since 1939.

Marshal Zhukov, who throughout the war was the Deputy Supreme Commander and signed the act of unconditional surrender of Germany, said: “When they ask me what I remember most from the last war, I always answer: the battle for Moscow.”

The year 1941 turned out to be the year of the greatest trials for our people. It was in this year, especially in the battle near Moscow, that his spiritual strength and greatness were revealed. The people, as in 1812, turned out to be the bearer and expression of that simplicity and greatness of spirit, about which after the war Goering said that German strategists could calculate everything - both tanks and planes - but they did not take into account the most important thing - the spirit of the Russian people, which turned war into Patriotic, national. This war became a liberation and holy war, as the people defended their Fatherland from the enemy - the aggressor, who by this time had captured almost all of Europe. The battle near Moscow became a moral victory for the Soviet troops.

More than a hundred years ago, still a young man, Alexander Pushkin, in his memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo, mentioning the defeat of Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812, wrote:

Take comfort, mother of the cities of Russia,

Behold the alien's death...

Look: they are running, they do not dare to look around,

Their blood does not stop flowing in rivers of snow...

These same words can be dedicated to the battles for Moscow in years.

Bodrova Anna, GOU secondary school No. 000, Zelenograd

The Kryukovo district occupies the southern part of the Zelenograd administrative district of Moscow. The municipality covers an area of ​​10.5 sq. km, and the number of permanent residents here exceeds 90 thousand people.

History of Kryukovo

Modern Kryukovo is located on the lands where the villages of Kryukovo and Staroe Kryukovo were previously located. For the first time, information about the settlement in these places appeared in the archival annals of the 16th century. It is still not known for certain why Kryukovo became the name of the village. Historians put forward many versions, but the most popular of them is the one that says that these lands belonged to the boyar brothers Ivan and Boris Kryuk, from whose surname the modern name originated.

There is very little accurate information left in the historical chronicles about how the village developed. It is only known that several times the locals were forced to move, because as a result of hostilities and natural disasters, the village was completely destroyed. Nevertheless, despite all the disasters, the village was reborn again.

The main occupation for local residents was the trade in agricultural products. Given that the territory of Kryukovo is located along the highway that connects Moscow with Tver, local goods were a great success.

Several factors influenced the development of the settlement. So, in 1851, a railway station appeared in Kryukovo, around which the infrastructure quickly began to develop. Gradually, the small village grew, and already in 1938 it began to be called a workers' settlement.

The development of the village and its contribution to national history

The real glory was brought to Kryukovo by the events of the Second World War. In December 1941, the Nazis occupied the workers' settlement and came close to the capital. In order to defend Moscow and prevent the German invaders from occupying the suburbs of the capital, the command sent riflemen under the leadership of I.V. to defend Kryukovo. Panfilov. With incredible efforts and heroism, the military were able to recapture the village from the enemy and pushed the conquerors outside of Kryukovo. This battle became one of the most important, and it was the victory near Kryukovo that made it possible for the domestic troops to prepare a bridgehead for the defense of the capital.

The post-war era was very difficult. During the fighting, the village was completely wiped off the face of the earth, and the locals had to rebuild it anew. Around the same time, near Kryukovo, neighboring villages began to rise from the ashes, including Kamenka, Aleksandrovka and Mikhailovka.

Starting from the 60s, active construction of multi-storey buildings began on the territory of the village. At that time, the country's leadership planned to create several satellite cities of Moscow. In just a few years, Kryukovo has grown to a significant size.

At the end of 1987, the Soviet leadership decided to transfer the territory of Kryukovo and the surrounding villages under the control of the city of Zelenograd, which by that time was already a district district of Moscow. This is how the Kryukovo municipal district was formed, which combined the territories of the former villages.

The history of these places is reflected in the modern names of the microdistricts of the district:

• microdistrict Kryukovo, located on the territory of the former village;
• microdistrict Aleksandrovka, which is located on the lands of the village of the same name;
• Malino industrial zone, also based on the territory of the settlement of the same name.

History of the village of Kryukovo is of great importance for the entire history of Moscow. It was these places that more than once rebuffed all aggressors and conquerors. And it is precisely this that the modern district of Kryukovo has earned its right to worthily enter a milestone in the history of our country.