When performing work on the construction, maintenance and repair of highways, the following areas of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources should be considered:

Reduction of land areas allocated in accordance with current standards for permanent, temporary and one-time use, maximum conservation of agricultural land, especially arable land, floodplains and forest water protection strips along rivers, and other lands directly adjacent to fishery reservoirs;

Reducing the volume of use of natural resources in buildings, especially those mined in the roadside strip (soil, mineral materials, forest, soil, etc.)

Preservation of fertile soil layer on lands allocated for temporary and one-time use, reclamation of disturbed lands, restoration of disturbed living conditions and reproduction of all animals and fish;

Prevention of unacceptable pollution of the surface of the earth, water bodies of the atmosphere with waste, by-products and technological impacts (dust, engine exhaust gases, evaporation products of volatile substances and other gases, solid emissions, de-icing, dust removal, other chemicals, noise, vibration, etc.), prevention exceeding established maximum permissible levels of pollution and exposure;

Preventing the possibility of negative geo- and hydrological phenomena that change natural conditions (erosion, drainage, swamping, landslides, screes, etc.) arising due to the performance of work, as well as changes in the hydrological and biological regimes of natural reservoirs; - prevention of direct destruction, damage or deterioration of the living conditions of people, animals, vegetation as a result of work (changes in landscapes, dismemberment of land, backfilling of river beds, bays, oxbow lakes, disruption of established connections, travel routes, etc.);

Prevention of aesthetic damage due to a sharp change in visually perceived landscapes, the introduction of alien elements into them, as well as due to the destruction or change in the shape of objects of individual perception (individual buildings, ancient structures, geological formations, large trees or from a group, etc.);

(To reduce the removal of pollutants from surface runoff, the following measures should be taken:

Elimination of the discharge of industrial waste into the storm sewer;

Organizing regular cleaning of areas;

Carrying out timely repairs of road surfaces;

Fencing of green areas with curbs to prevent soil from being washed away onto the road surface; -increasing the degree of dust and gas purification;

Increasing the technical level of vehicle operation;

Fencing construction sites with streamlined drainage of surface runoff using a temporary system of open trays, clarification of it by 50-70% in settling tanks and subsequent discharge into water bodies or further purification, localization of areas where spills and leaks of raw materials and intermediate products are inevitable, followed by drainage and cleanup surface runoff;

Warehouse organization

Rotation and transportation of bulk and liquid materials;

During the construction and operation of roads and road structures, measures must be taken to prevent the death of animals, preserve the habitat and breeding conditions, migration routes, and also ensure the inviolability of areas that are of particular value as an animal habitat.

When carrying out work on migration routes, to protect animals, if necessary, fences should be erected, usually equipped with repellent devices (reflectors, warning lights, sound signals, etc.)

Road machinery and equipment must be on site only while the relevant work is being carried out. It is not allowed to store unused, decommissioned or subject to stationary repair of machines or their parts and assemblies at on-site temporary allotment sites.

Levels of pollution from road machines, mechanisms and vehicles should not exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances for atmospheric air, water by type of water use, soils, maximum levels of noise exposure for buildings and territories for various economic purposes, as well as sanitary standards and safety requirements for production of work.

The parameters of the machines, equipment, and vehicles used in terms of the composition of exhaust gases, noise, vibration and other environmental impacts during operation must comply with the established standards and technical specifications of the manufacturer, agreed with the sanitary authorities.

Refueling of cars, tractors and other self-propelled vehicles with fuel or oil must be carried out at stationary or mobile filling points in specially designated areas remote from water bodies. Refueling of stationary vehicles and vehicles with limited mobility (excavators, etc.) is carried out by gas stations. In all cases, refilling must be done using hoses that have valves at the outlet. The use of open containers for filling buckets and other containers is not permitted.

The main conditions for minimal environmental pollution in the preparation of road materials are compliance with technological rules, compliance of raw materials and fuel with the requirements established for this process, and adherence to production discipline.

Installations for preparing mixtures of mineral materials with organic binders and heating must be equipped with an effective dust and gas purification system that ensures compliance with the established maximum permissible standards.

Stone materials used in hot mixtures and sand at the places of their production must be cleaned of dust particles by moistening.

In the territory temporarily allocated for auxiliary structures, vertical planning with a surface drainage system should be carried out before construction. At the locations of parking lots for road vehicles and capital vehicles, their refueling stations, maintenance stations and sites, repair bases, etc., measures must be taken for the drainage and treatment of surface wastewater.

Temporary detours during road repairs with the transfer of traffic are arranged, as a rule, within the designated road lane. The placement and width of the temporary roadway, as well as the pavement structure, are used in accordance with the design.

In preparation for the development of soil reserves and quarries, the following environmental protection work should be carried out:

Clear the designated area of ​​forest and bushes in compliance with the rules;

Remove the fertile layer of soil from the area intended for development and dumps and store it in a stack at the designated design location;

Dig (starting from the mouth) upland and hydrogen ditches established by the project;

Remove and place the overburden layer soil in the designated place;

In order to prevent erosion, soil surfaces cleared of turf and the removal of washed away soil particles to the soil surface and reservoirs, before the start of work on the construction of embankments, the development of excavations and groundwater reserves, construction drainage must be provided. Construction drainage system consists of a system of upland ditches, enclosing shafts on slopes, drainage and drainage ditches in low areas, selective vertical planning in places of difficult drainage. The construction drainage system may include permanent drainage structures.

When constructing surface treatment of A/B coatings, preference should be given to less toxic bitumen emulsions—cationic BK, SK and anionic BA-1 and SA—as a binding material.

When preparing A/B mixtures intended for the installation of top layers of coating, it is recommended to use less toxic anionic active substances as surfactant additives.

Unloading of a/b mixtures should be carried out into the receiving hoppers of asphalt pavers or special consumable containers or onto a prepared base. Unloading a/b mixtures onto the ground is prohibited.

To locate quarries and reserves, one should, as a rule, choose lands that are unsuitable for agricultural use or agricultural lands of poorer quality, and from forest lands, areas that are not covered with forest or occupied by shrubs and low-value plantings.

In the agricultural direction of reclamation of disturbed lands and reclamation territories, the following requirements are imposed:

The slope of reclaimed land should not exceed 10%;

The thickness of the fertile soil layer on reclaimed lands must be no less than the thickness of the fertile soil layer on adjacent agricultural lands;

The unevenness of the planned lands should not exceed 5 cm at a distance of 4 m.

The construction of the gas pipeline will inevitably affect the flora and fauna of the territory through which the gas pipeline route will pass. When designing gas pipelines, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of measures and recommendations to reduce the negative impact on the flora and fauna of the given territory.

When organizing the construction process, it is necessary to carry out measures and work to protect the environment, which include:

• land reclamation;
• preventing loss of natural resources;
• prevention of harmful emissions into the soil, water bodies, and atmosphere.

To implement these tasks, it is planned to make the dry closet container sealed and remove it from it to the places indicated by the SES. In the gas pipeline construction area, the removal of trees and shrubs not provided for in the project documentation is not permitted. Valuable species of trees and shrubs that fall directly into the construction and installation work zone are, if possible, preserved or replanted. When performing excavation work, the soil layer suitable for subsequent use must first be removed and stored in specially designated areas. Land is a non-renewable natural resource. Using it for construction leads to alienation and reduction of land use area, as well as to disruption or contamination of surface allotment and adjacent lands.

Lands of environmental significance include lands of nature reserves, prohibited and spawning protection zones, lands occupied by forests that perform protective functions, lands of natural monuments, nature reserves, and sanctuaries.

Land reclamation

Land reclamation is one of the elements of environmental protection during the construction of a gas pipeline and includes a set of measures aimed at restoring lands disturbed during construction for the purpose of their rational use in the national economy.

Upon completion of construction, all lands provided for temporary use are reclaimed and returned to land users.

Removal and protection of the fertile layer is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 17.4.3.03-85 “Nature conservation. Soils. Requirements for the protection of the fertile layer."

When laying a gas pipeline route with a diameter of up to 426 mm across pasture lands in accordance with the SN-456-73 standards, work is carried out in a construction strip 15 m wide.

A right of way with a width of 3.5 m is being reclaimed. Before starting construction of the gas pipeline, it is necessary to cut off the plant soil along a 0.5 m thick route (according to GOST 17.5.3.06-85). Vegetable soil is removed from a strip (excavation strip) 3.5 m wide, in accordance with VSN 179-85.

Land reclamation should be carried out taking into account local soil and climatic conditions, the degree of damage and contamination of land, and the landscape and geochemical characteristics of disturbed lands.

When working, the directions for reclamation of disturbed lands are determined by:
- the nature of land disturbance in the territory under consideration;
- forms and level of impact of disturbed lands on the environment;
- environmental efficiency and feasibility of carrying out reclamation work;
- socio-economic living conditions of the population in the area where the facility is located and prospects for the development of the area.

The technical stage of reclamation includes the preparation of land to preserve the fertile soil layer and subsequent intended use.

According to GOST 17.5.3.04-83 “Lands. General requirements for land reclamation", at the technical stage of land reclamation during the construction of a linear structure, the following work must be carried out:

• removal of construction waste, removal of all temporary devices from the construction zone;
• backfilling pipeline trenches with soil and backfilling, which ensures the creation of a flat surface after compaction of the soil;
• distribution of the remaining soil over the reclaimed area in an even layer;
• filling and leveling potholes and holes;
• covering the reclaimed area with a fertile layer.

Passage of the gas pipeline through forest plantations

Before the start of construction work on lands occupied by forest plantations, work is carried out in the temporary allotment strip to clear the area from forest vegetation.

In order to preserve lands occupied by forest plantations, reclamation of disturbed lands is carried out within the right of way. According to GOST 17.5.3.04-83 “Lands. General requirements for land reclamation”, when constructing a gas pipeline on lands occupied by forest plantations, reclamation consists of filling trenches and holes, general planning of the right of way, and removal of construction waste.

In order to minimize damage caused during the construction of the projected gas pipeline in sections of the underground gas pipeline through lands occupied by forest plantations, the following measures are provided:

• carrying out forest clearance work in compliance with measures to reduce litter in the areas adjacent to the highway, as well as preserve and rationally use the wood obtained during cutting;
• removal of stumps and logging residues from the construction site to a solid waste landfill;
• carrying out leveling work with loosening the soil in places where stumps are uprooted upon completion of construction;
• When organizing a construction site near green spaces, the operation of construction machines and mechanisms must ensure the safety of existing green spaces.

When passing through trees and shrubs for a gas pipeline, in accordance with the “Rules for the protection of gas distribution networks”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 878 of November 20, 2000, a security zone is established in the form of clearings 6.0 m wide, 3.0 m on each side gas pipeline. Restoration of tree and shrub vegetation in the security zone of the gas pipeline, which impedes its normal operation, is not permitted.

Work to bring lands into a condition suitable for economic use is carried out by the organization carrying out construction work.

Technological scheme for the reclamation of lands occupied by forest plantations during the construction of a gas pipeline

No.	Name of works	Unit change	Compound unit	Deadlines execution
	Removal (development) of the fertile soil layer to a depth of 20 cm with movement of 10 meters to temporary dumps	m 3	bulldozer 80 hp with a shovel	before construction starts
	Returning fertile soil layer from temporary dumps to the site	m 3	bulldozer	after completion of construction
	Layout of the site after the return of the fertile soil layer	ha	long-base scheduler	after the return of the fertile soil layer

Impact of the gas pipeline on the atmosphere

The main type of impact of the gas pipeline on the atmosphere is air pollution by emissions of pollutants, heat, water vapor, as well as their impact on the microclimate of the adjacent territory during the formation of open water spaces and disruption of the temperature balance of the area where they are located.

During normal operation of the gas pipeline, sources of atmospheric air pollution will be leaks in the fixed connections of shut-off and control valves at gas control points and the discharge pipes at them (volley emissions).

There should be no emissions of pollutants on the linear part of the gas pipeline.

During the construction of a facility, sources of air pollution are: machines and mechanisms performing construction work. In this case, the following substances are released into the atmosphere: nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, soot, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, acetic acid, gasoline, kerosene. Calculation of dust emissions during excavation work is not carried out due to the fact that the developed soils along the gas pipeline route are in a state of natural humidity (in relation to the methodology for calculating gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by enterprises of the Rossevzapstroy concern, part 2, production plants reinforced concrete VRD-66-125-90, Moscow, 1991).

Measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere

For the period of operation
In order to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, the following measures are provided:

• all threaded, flanged, welded connections of pipelines, fittings, tanks are sealed and systematically inspected to detect leaks;
• timely replacement of faulty equipment.

For the construction period The main methods for reducing emissions from motor vehicles include:

• improving the quality of fuel used;
• ensuring high-quality maintenance and control of vehicles.

As measures aimed at minimizing the negative impact on the atmospheric air during the construction period, the project provides for:

• refueling unlimited-range equipment with fuels and lubricants at a gas station;
• performing maintenance and repair work related to the operation of construction equipment at sites specially designated for these purposes;
• traffic movement during the construction period along existing roads.

As organizational and technical measures, it is accepted to limit the number of simultaneously operating equipment when working on a site.

Impact of the gas pipeline on water resources

Any facility under construction during construction and then operation consumes a certain amount of clean water, and also discharges purified, conditionally pure or untreated wastewater into the environment, which leads to pollution of the hydrographic network and the territory of the area where it is located.

To protect and rationally use water resources, as well as to prevent pollution of surface and groundwater in the area where the project is located, when developing a subsection, the water consumption and drainage regime is determined.

Gas pipeline crossing the river

When crossing a gas pipeline through rivers, trenchless pipe laying technology using directional drilling is used. When using this technology, crossing rivers is carried out without developing a trench, without disturbing the soil of the reservoir, which preserves its hydrological regime without changes and does not cause the formation of zones of increased turbidity and an increase in the amount of suspended and other pollutants.

In accordance with the construction organization project, testing the gas pipeline for leaks before putting it into operation is carried out by supplying compressed air to the gas pipeline and creating a test pressure. This method is more environmentally friendly compared to hydrotesting of a gas pipeline, since it eliminates the additional consumption of water resources and the impact on the soil and geological environment associated with the construction of settling tanks and the discharge of settled water onto the terrain.

When implementing design decisions and measures regarding the protection of the aquatic environment, subject to the correct technology and production culture, no irreversible negative impact on the aquatic environment is expected.

During operation, the gas pipeline will not have a negative impact on surface and groundwater, because The gas pipeline is a sealed system buried in the ground, operating autonomously; no water is required for technological needs and no discharge of pollutants is provided.

Measures to prevent groundwater pollution

During the construction period, it is necessary to provide and implement the following technical and organizational measures aimed at preventing contamination of the earth’s surface, and, consequently, groundwater:

• Repair and maintenance of vehicles is carried out only on the basis of a construction and installation organization;
• It is prohibited to drain waste oils onto the surface of the ground;
• It is prohibited to wash vehicles outside specially designated areas;
• Refueling of cars is possible only at stationary organized gas stations;
• It is necessary to carry out timely technical inspection and supervision of the condition of vehicles and construction machinery to avoid leakage of oil and lubricants onto the soil surface;
• A container-type latrine is used for domestic wastewater;
• Store raw materials and semi-finished products at special sites;
• Construction waste is sorted by hazard class, collected and stored in containers that protect it from possible transition from one state of aggregation to another under the influence of precipitation in specially established temporary storage areas on an area with a hard surface or an area with a waterproofing coating.

The creation of an artificial environment that supports life has been characteristic of humans since prehistoric times, and the scale of this activity has expanded throughout human history. At first, primitive people could only create small islands of a “cultural” environment. Currently, the natural environment in many areas of the globe forms only islands, which, as a rule, are specially maintained and protected in the form of nature reserves or protected zones. But the point is not just quantitative changes; not only the ratio of natural and artificial elements of the human living environment changes, but also its internal structure.

The proportion of artificial components arising under the influence of scientific and technological progress is now increasing to such an extent that they begin to affect the biological conditions of life on Earth.

Changes in the natural properties of vast territories, especially in densely populated, economically developed countries, cause a contradiction between the possibilities of using the environment for production needs and its suitability for human habitation. Intervention in the life of the biosphere has already disrupted the original natural balance to such an extent that it has set in motion processes that (if left unchecked) can become a threat to the very existence of the biosphere.

Architectural and construction environmental protection measures during construction

Caring for the living environment is not limited to just recording, measuring and economically assessing harmful effects. Our country has adopted special laws on land and water, decisions on the conservation of natural resources (for example, Lake Baikal), specific measures have been developed to prevent river pollution, work is underway to cleanse the atmosphere and introduce new technology that will eliminate the possibility of environmental pollution. Other countries are also developing measures to protect the living environment.

State regulations on measures to further improve nature protection and rational use of natural resources emphasize that the achievements of scientific and technological progress and a strong industrial base make it possible, in economic conditions, to intelligently resolve the issue of rational use of natural resources, to neutralize the side effects of economic activity that are harmful to nature and humans. Without taking this into account, it is impossible to solve the problems of the development of urban planning and industrial architecture, because concern for the human environment, the state of nature and its transformation in connection with industrial construction is largely the content of the architecture itself, which determines the living conditions in which a person finds himself. In addition, with the development of industry, more and more new production processes arise, accompanied by a powerful release of harmful substances, the impact of which on the human body and nature has not been sufficiently studied. In conditions of concentration of various industries in one industrial area, several types of hazards are often identified, the joint effect of which on the human body has also been little studied.

Unfortunately, air pollution is observed especially in large industrial cities, for example Berezniki, Solikamsk, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, Lipetsk, etc. Pollution of water bodies, air and soil, deterioration of the natural landscape is almost inevitable in cases where the problems of urban planning and industrial construction are solved without comprehensive consideration of hygienic, social, natural and climatic factors. The total number of industries divided into hazard classes in accordance with Sanitary Design Standards is given on rice. 3. Rice. 3. Number of industries by hazard class: A - chemical industry; B - ferrous metallurgy; B- mechanical engineering and metalworking; G - construction industry; D - forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper industries; E - textile and light industry; F - food industry

In our country, intensive work is underway to find the most effective methods for organizing technological processes that are not accompanied by harmful emissions into the atmosphere. These methods include: gas cleaning, dust collection and recovery, as well as various noise control measures. Measures such as the conversion of thermal power plants, boiler houses and enterprises to new types of fuel also contribute to reducing air pollution and improving the architectural appearance of cities and industrial enterprises. In Moscow, for example, thousands of boiler houses have already been converted to gas, and all coal boiler houses in the city have been liquidated. The same measures are being taken in many industrial cities of our country.

Architectural and construction measures aimed at reducing the harmfulness of industrial emissions and improving living conditions in cities and towns include correct consideration of the direction of prevailing winds, the creation of appropriate sanitary protection zones between industrial facilities - sources of pollution and residential areas, etc. However, numerous examples show that architectural and construction measures are not reliable enough. In some cases, the volumes of harmful emissions into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises are so large that increasing the sanitary protection gaps between sources of pollution and residential areas to 5 or even 10 km does not ensure proper cleanliness of the city’s air basin.

In addition, an increase in sanitary protection zones leads to irrational use of the territory, lengthening of utility lines, additional loss of time for workers on travel and increased construction costs. At the same time, one of the main tasks - improving working conditions at the enterprise itself and in places of residence - remains in many cases unresolved ( rice. 4). Fig. 4. Methods for orienting Class I enterprises according to sanitary characteristics in relation to the residential area of ​​the city. When enterprises are located with the end A side facing the residential area (option 2), the concentration of harmful substances in the air per unit area of ​​the residential area increases by B/A times compared to option 1

The load on the environment in the form of residual products from economic activities is rapidly increasing with the development of productive forces. The efforts of scientists are aimed at developing a development concept that would make it possible to effectively use the achievements of science and technology to meet the urgent material needs of society without disturbing the ecological balance.

It is paradoxical, but it is a fact that all the so-called industrial hazards are, essentially, substances that are valuable for the national economy and industry, but are unused and emitted into the air or water bodies. For example, let’s name the “harmful” dust from many cement factories, which covers large areas of cities, destroys green spaces, interferes with normal work and worsens people’s living conditions. Meanwhile, this dust represents hundreds of tons of premium quality cement that is lost annually by the national economy.

At the same time, the practice of operating many domestic and foreign industrial enterprises shows that with proper attention to this issue, which has not only technical and economic, but also social significance, and using the latest achievements of science and technology, it is possible to achieve a significant reduction in the emission of industrial hazards from units into the workshop or atmosphere and improve working conditions. For example, in Montreal (Canada) there is a large meat processing plant in which all the air emitted through the ventilation system is subjected to scenting with a manganese solution. Thanks to this, the enterprise does not emit a specific odor, which is usually characteristic of meat processing plants and meat processing plants. Good results were achieved at metallurgical plants in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Norilsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye. These enterprises have taken comprehensive measures to improve technology, improve production standards, create comfortable working conditions and a favorable architectural and artistic environment.

However, in many cases, the desired level of cleanliness of air, water bodies and soil is not achieved. Hence the task arose of monitoring and establishing scientifically based standards - maximum permissible concentrations (MAC) of harmful substances in the human living environment, and architects also took an active part in this work. The standards set out, in particular, the requirements for the location of enterprises, the decision of master plans, sanitary restrictions on the maximum permissible concentration of industrial hazards in the work area and in populated areas ( rice. 5-8).

Rice. 5. Comparison of options for locating the residential zone of a new city at the “Resettlement Scheme” stage. I, II, III - options with compact, linear and dispersed residential zones. Taking into account hygienic, architectural, planning, transport and economic advantages, option I is accepted: 1 - residential areas; 2 - territory occupied by city-forming industry; 3- recreation areas; 4 - railway line; 5 - direction of prevailing winds; 6 - highways; 7 - city transport lines

Fig. 6 An example of zoning of a modern city with a chemical industry for 175 thousand inhabitants: 1 - industrial center of chemical production; 2 - territories of residential areas; 3 - community centers; 4 - industrial and communal zone; 5 - development reserves; 6 - recreation area

The standards are closely related to architectural activities in the field of industrial construction. Architects, together with medical hygienists, determine the conditions for the rational selection of territories for industrial enterprises, taking into account the specifics of the production facilities planned for construction and the location of cultural and public service institutions, as well as public centers ( rice. 9, 10). Improvement of standards for improving working conditions and the environment in connection with industrial construction is also ongoing on an international scale. Fig. 9. Layout of cultural and public service institutions and public centers in a new city for 350 thousand inhabitants: 1 - community center of the microdistrict; 2 - subcenter of a residential area; 3 - shopping and cultural center of a residential area; 4 - sports center of a residential area; 5 - citywide training center; 6 - sports center of the urban area; 7 - hotel; 8 - club; 9 - Palace of Children's Creativity; 10 - citywide sports center; 11 - yacht club; 12 - beach area and recreation area; 13 - park of culture and recreation: 14 - city center; 15 - green spaces; 16 - residential areas

In our country, control functions for the protection of nature, air, soil and water bodies are carried out by state institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological service of the Ministry of Health. These institutions control: the implementation of measures to prevent and eliminate pollution of surface and groundwater used for drinking, cultural and domestic purposes by the population, as well as soil and atmospheric air with harmful industrial emissions and household waste; compliance with hygienic standards and sanitary-hygienic rules in the long-term planning of industrial development, in the design, construction, reconstruction, change in the profile and production technology of enterprises, public utilities and other facilities, as well as in the planning and development of populated areas, the construction of residential buildings, public and other buildings. Rice. 10. Fragment of the planning and development of the center of the new city: 1 - monument; 2 - stands for honored guests; 3 - administrative building; 4 - concert hall; 5 - Wedding Palace; 6 - Palace of Culture; 7 - library; 8 - cinema and concert hall; 9 - shopping center

One of the main problems that one has to face in the process of erecting buildings and structures is the impact of various factors of construction production on the existing environment. In large cities, these are the surrounding buildings, population, air basin, water basin, soils with a stable hydrological regime, flora and fauna.

When drawing up construction technological documentation and choosing technologies for performing certain construction processes, it is necessary to take into account the following factors:

§ the presence of increased background noise that accompanies almost all mechanized construction and installation work;

§ dynamic impact of operating mechanisms on surrounding buildings and soils;

§ release into the atmosphere of a large number of dust particles of various fractions and gases from internal combustion engines;

§ generation of large amounts of construction waste (including construction waste);

§ various temporary flows into existing drainage networks and onto the soil (including toxic);

§ violation of the integrity of the existing geological conditions and hydrological regime.

In order to reduce the impact of the above factors, at the stage of development of construction technologies, technical decisions are made, which are reflected in work projects.

To reduce the noise level at a construction site, machines and mechanisms with the lowest noise characteristics are used, small-scale mechanization is transferred to an electric drive, a temporary restriction is introduced (prohibition of work at night) for the most noisy work, blasting work is carried out only in the morning. For example: impact driving of piles is replaced by vibration driving or the use of drilled and screwed piles; Replaces pneumatic jackhammers with electromechanical ones.

To reduce the dynamic impact of operating machines, various vibration isolators and vibration dampers are used. The most modern of them are rolled multilayer vibration-proofing materials, which are laid on the base and walls of the basement from the outside. This layer receives both vertical and horizontal dynamic vibrations and dampens them. To reduce dynamic loads on soils and foundations in areas where cranes, concrete feeders and other machines that cause dynamic effects are installed, damping (forced damping vibrations) engineering structures are installed that significantly reduce the spread of dynamic vibrations to the surrounding soil environment.

The release of dust particles of medium and fine fractions into the atmosphere is the most difficult parameter to control. The maximum amount of dust particles is released into the atmosphere mainly during finishing work, such as puttying, grouting, painting, and removing old finishing coatings. Therefore, by ensuring that pre-painted products and equipment are supplied to the construction site, the emission of construction dust can be minimized. In addition, in processes associated with mechanical impact on solid materials (drilling, grinding, gouging, etc.), it is recommended to moisten the surface being treated during work. This leads to the deposition of dust particles, binding them with water and subsequent removal along with construction waste.

Gas emissions from internal combustion engines are strictly controlled by sanitary authorities. Therefore, a special section “Environmental Protection” is being developed in the design and estimate documentation, in which an accurate accounting of all sources of gas emissions is made. The total concentration is compared with the maximum permissible and agreed with the sanitary authorities.

From the very beginning of the construction of the facility, a huge amount of construction waste accumulates, which can lead to pollution of the surrounding areas. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a clear system for the collection and removal of household and construction waste from the site. On the territory of the construction site, separate containers are installed for construction waste, including for delivered waste, such as scrap metal, broken glass, bricks, and household waste. As the containers are filled, they are transported to city landfills, landfills or waste collection points for construction materials. Contracting organizations enter into agreements with local administrations for the use of landfills and landfills, indicating the planned volumes of waste.

Construction organizations need to solve a serious environmental problem when draining surface and industrial waters during the construction of facilities. The planned volume of wastewater must be determined during the design and receipt of technical conditions for drainage. Difficulties arise with unauthorized release onto the existing terrain, while water mixed with soil floods the surrounding areas and clogs the storm drain. On the other hand, the volumes of wastewater may exceed the capabilities of existing sewer networks, and with new construction there may be no networks at all. To prevent this, it is necessary to ensure organized drainage from the construction site at the preparatory work stage; reconstruct the drainage system in advance based on technical conditions, and if there are no technical conditions, then do not start construction or make proposals for drainage with approval in the prescribed manner. At the construction site, install washing zones for vehicles and construction machines, resolve the issue of removing waste water from construction camps. During the work process, prohibit any discharge of water that does not comply with the established drainage schemes.

During the construction process, when carrying out vertical planning of the site, the natural state of the soil and terrain is disrupted. Therefore, the construction project must necessarily include land reclamation.

State standards for environmental protection determine that the term “land reclamation” should be understood as a set of works aimed at restoring the productivity and national economic value of land. Work in designated areas is associated with soil disturbance, therefore, in the process of preparatory work, special attention should be paid to the collection and preservation of not only plant soil, but also potentially fertile layers.

The safety of the removed fertile soil layer is to prevent its contamination and clogging with construction waste, to exclude the possibility of its mixing with non-vegetative soil during cutting, transportation or after laying in ridges.

Land reclamation includes technical and biological stages.

When carrying out the technical stage of reclamation, the following main works are performed:

· Rough and clean leveling of the surface of the dumps, backfilling of upland and drainage canals;

· Freeing reclaimed surfaces from large-sized fragments of rocks, industrial structures, construction waste with their subsequent burial or organized storage;

· Strengthening slopes and designing residual trenches;

· Creation and improvement of the structure of the reclamation layer;

· Covering the surface with uniform layers of potentially fertile rocks and fertile soil layers;

· Sowing herbs, restoring shrub and tree vegetation or new plantings.

The biological stage of land reclamation is carried out after the complete completion of the technical stage. It includes a set of agrotechnical measures to restore land fertility (liming and gypsum, application of organic and mineral fertilizers).

The second stage of vertical planning is carried out in the final cycle of building construction, when the construction site is cleared of construction machines, lifts, utility camps, and temporary warehouses. At this stage, the volumes of soil moved and laid should be minimal.

The project was developed taking into account modern standards and requirements for the design and operation of buildings and structures, using the latest technologies and building materials.

In the village Environmental pollution is mainly caused by vehicle exhaust and harmful emissions from enterprises. Therefore, the environmental conditions of the development area can be classified as conditionally favorable.

During reconstruction, it may be contaminated with construction and household waste from neighboring buildings. The relief of the site is not disturbed.

During operation, the impact on the environment will be: household waste, smoke from the combustion of natural gas on which heating boilers operate, thermal impact during the heating season.

The project provides for enclosing the construction site with an enclosing metal fence. Entry to the construction site is organized from Polevaya Street. The location of passages relative to buildings and structures is adopted in accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89*.

The preparatory period for reconstruction involves removing the vegetation layer and clearing the construction site of debris, which is then transported to the city landfill by special vehicles. Plant soil (turf) is stored on the construction site in a designated place.

The project provides for the storage of construction materials. For storing bulk building materials: cement, lime, sand, crushed stone, and other materials. It is planned to build a temporary warehouse on the territory of the construction site, preventing the spraying or spreading of materials.

To collect construction waste, the project provides for the installation of metal containers, which, when filled, are transported to a landfill, with the administration of which an agreement has been concluded. When bulky waste or defective building structures appear, a place is provided for their storage and further removal.

The project provides for the restoration of the soil layer immediately after the completion of reconstruction. In this case, a plant layer is used that is transported by road from a special site.

All environmental protection measures are included in the estimate, and their implementation is included in the work schedule.

Reconstruction and operation of the designed facility will have an impact on the components of the natural environment:

• -atmospheric air (pollution with gases, dust);
• -water resources (discharge of surface wastewater from the territory of the designed facility, discharge of domestic wastewater into city sewer networks);
• - noise impact (from vehicles and construction machinery during the construction of the project);
• - waste generation (during construction - construction waste and solid household waste from maintenance personnel, during operation - solid household waste from the residents of the house).

The main objects that have a polluting effect on the atmospheric air:

during the reconstruction period - construction equipment and dust during construction work;

during operation - road transport.

During the reconstruction period, the impact on the atmospheric air is caused by construction machines and mechanisms, vehicles used during reconstruction, as well as dust during bulldozing and loading operations. Impacts are expected to be small and for short periods of time.

To minimize the harmful effects on atmospheric air during the period of house reconstruction, it is recommended:

• -provide for simultaneous operation of no more than 1-2 mechanisms;
• - watering the area on warm sunny days to reduce air dust;

The operation of the reconstructed facility has an impact on the atmospheric air within acceptable values ​​and will not make significant changes to the ecological situation of the area.

The reconstructed facility is located outside the protection zones of water bodies.

Water supply to the reconstructed facility is provided from the city water supply networks in accordance with the technical conditions for connection to municipal water supply and sewerage systems.

During the construction work and subsequent operation of the reconstructed facility, a negative impact on the soil, surface and groundwater is possible:

• -violation or reduction of the properties of the plant layer;
• -violation of surface runoff parameters and hydrogeological conditions of the construction site and adjacent territory.

Measures for restoration (reclamation) of the land plot were carried out by adding a layer of plant soil under lawns and flower beds, as well as 100% filling of planting holes for planting shrubs and trees.

The selected area contains low-value green spaces. The area free of buildings and surfaces will be landscaped with lawn, shrubs, trees, taking into account the routing of underground utility networks and compliance with regulatory gaps to buildings and structures.

The main source of intermittent noise filling the acoustic environment on the territory of the reconstructed facility will be vehicles.

During the construction period, noise impact on nearby residential buildings will be caused by construction mechanisms, because Simultaneous operation of no more than 1-2 mechanisms is envisaged and the work will be temporary in nature, the noise impact will be within acceptable limits.

To reduce the level of noise impact, the following measures are provided:

• - the use of rational technology for conducting work, which reduces the duration of simultaneous operation of several construction and transport vehicles;
• - due to more stringent standards for the permissible sound pressure level in the territory immediately adjacent to residential buildings, established from 7 to 23 hours, it is prohibited to work in the evening and night hours;
• - for sound insulation of machine engines, use protective casings and hoods with multi-layer coatings made of rubber, foam rubber, etc.

Atmospheric air pollution comes from vehicles in parking areas. A constant contribution to the level of air pollution occurs when entering/exiting sites and warming up engines.

The size of the regulatory sanitary protection zone for this class of structures in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03 is not limited.

External noise sources during the operation of the designed facility will not produce a sound level in residential buildings higher than permissible.

Domestic wastewater from the projected facility is discharged into the city sewerage network in accordance with the technical conditions for connection to municipal water supply and sewerage systems, which eliminates contamination of groundwater and soil.

According to the above measures to protect the natural environment, we can conclude that it is possible to reconstruct the house and the minimal contribution of this object to changing the existing ecological environment in the area.