What is alternative energy? The modern world offers ways to create free electricity. How to do it yourself?

Alternative

In 1901, the famous, brilliant scientist Nikola Tesla designed the huge Wardenclyffe tower in New York. JP Morgan took over the financial part of the project. Tesla wanted to implement free radio communication and supply humanity with free electricity. Morgan just expected wireless international communications.

The idea of ​​free electricity horrified the industrial and financial "Aces". There were no people who wanted revolutions in the world economy, everyone was holding on to superprofits. Therefore, the project was cancelled.

So what did Tesla build? How was he going to make free electricity? In the 21st century, the idea of ​​alternative energy, powered by other sources, is gaining more and more support. The renewable resources of the Earth and other planets act here as a kind of opponent of oil, coal, gas.

Where can you get free electricity? Sunlight, wind energy, earth energy, the use of tides, the muscular energy of the human body can change the future of the planet. Pipelines and reactor sarcophagi will become a thing of the past. Many states will be able to free their economies from the need to purchase expensive sources of electricity.

Much attention is paid to the search for alternative energy sources that are easily renewable. In recent decades, mankind has been concerned about the problems of environmental cleanliness and resource efficiency.

Technology

Below are options for obtaining free electricity.

Wind power plant. Holland proposes to build a huge wind farm in the North Sea, and an artificial island equipped with the necessary equipment, which will take on the role of an energy hub, distributing electricity between 5 states.

Saudi Arabia has proposed to create turbines in the form of "kites" and place them in the air, not on the ground. Several countries have their own fields with wind turbines.

Solar power plant. There are roofs made of solar panels on the market, as well as photovoltaic glass panels that can be used to line the exterior walls of houses. American scientists have released solar panels in the form of transparent tiles that can be used to glaze windows to generate electricity for the home.

A lightning battery is an energy storage device from discharges in the atmosphere. Lightning is redirected to the power grid.

The TPU toroidal generator consists of 3 coils. The magnetic vortex and resonant frequencies are the cause of the current. S. Mark invented it.

Tidal power plants - work depends on the tides, the position of the Earth and the Moon.

Thermal power plant - high-temperature groundwater is used as a resource.

The power of human muscles - people also generate energy when moving, which can be used.

Thermonuclear fusion - the process can be controlled. Heavier nuclei are synthesized from lighter ones. The method is not used because it is very dangerous.

Your own master

You can make free electricity with your own hands. There are many methods to build devices that generate energy. All it takes is a little knowledge and skill. For example:

Make a Peltier element - a plate, a thermoelectric converter. Heat is obtained from a burning source, cooling is provided by a heat exchanger. The components are made from different metals.

Build a generator that collects radio waves - paired capacitors, electrolytic, film, low power diodes. An insulated cable of 15 m is used as an antenna. The ground wire is attached to the gas, water pipe.

Design a thermoelectric generator - you will need a voltage stabilizer, a case, cooling radiators, thermal paste, Peltier heating plates.

Build a lightning battery - metal antenna and grounding. The potential accumulates between the elements of the device. The method is dangerous, as lightning is attracted, whose voltage reaches 2000 volts.

Galvanic method - copper and aluminum rods are inserted into the ground, to a depth of 0.5 m, the area between them is treated with saline.

What else?

Among the usual, you can find quite unusual ways to generate electricity. Recently, scientists around the world have been intensively working on the development of alternative energy. The world is looking for opportunities to use it more widely.

Just below is a small overview of the best ways and ideas:

Thermal generator - converts thermal energy into electrical energy. It is built in heating and cooking furnaces.

Piezoelectric generator - works on kinetic energy. They introduce dance floors, turnstiles, exercise machines.

Nanogenerator - the energy of vibrations of the human body during movement is used. The process is instantaneous. Scientists are working on combining the work of a nanogenerator and a solar battery.

Fuel-free Kapanadze generator - works on permanent magnets in the rotor and bi-flare coils in the stator. Power 1-10 kW. One of the inventions of N. Tesla was taken as a basis, but many do not believe in this principle. According to another version, the real technology of the device is kept a big secret.

Experimental installations that operate on the ether - an electromagnetic field. While searches are still going on, hypotheses are being tested, experiments are being carried out.

Scientists have calculated that natural reserves used in modern energy can last another 60 years. The best minds are engaged in developments in this area. In Denmark, the population uses wind energy, which is 25%.

In Russia, projects are planned for the use of renewable sources in the energy system by 10%, and in Australia by 8%. In Switzerland, the majority voted for a full transition to alternative energy. The world votes for!

Photo of methods for obtaining free electricity

This is the ordered movement of certain charged particles. In order to competently use the full potential of electricity, it is necessary to clearly understand all the principles of the device and the operation of electric current. So, let's figure out what work and current power are.

Where does electrical current come from?

Despite the apparent simplicity of the question, few are able to give an intelligible answer to it. Of course, nowadays, when technology is developing at an incredible speed, a person does not particularly think about such elementary things as the principle of operation of an electric current. Where does electricity come from? Surely many will answer "Well, from the socket, of course" or simply shrug their shoulders. Meanwhile, it is very important to understand how the current works. This should be known not only to scientists, but also to people who are in no way connected with the world of sciences, for their general versatile development. But to be able to correctly use the principle of current operation is not for everyone.

So, for starters, you should understand that electricity does not arise from nowhere: it is produced by special generators that are located at various power plants. Thanks to the work of rotating the blades of turbines, steam obtained as a result of heating water with coals or oil generates energy, which is subsequently converted into electricity with the help of a generator. The generator is very simple: in the center of the device is a huge and very strong magnet, which causes electric charges to move along copper wires.

How does electricity reach our homes?

After a certain amount of electric current has been obtained with the help of energy (thermal or nuclear), it can be supplied to people. Such a supply of electricity works as follows: in order for electricity to successfully reach all apartments and enterprises, it must be “pushed”. And for this you need to increase the force that will do it. It is called the voltage of the electric current. The principle of operation is as follows: the current passes through the transformer, which increases its voltage. Further, the electric current flows through cables installed deep underground or at a height (because the voltage sometimes reaches 10,000 volts, which is deadly for humans). When the current reaches its destination, it must again pass through the transformer, which will now reduce its voltage. It then passes through wires to installed shields in apartment buildings or other buildings.

The electricity carried through the wires can be used thanks to the system of sockets, connecting household appliances to them. Additional wires are carried in the walls, through which electric current flows, and thanks to it, the lighting and all the appliances in the house work.

What is current work?

The energy that an electric current carries in itself is converted over time into light or heat. For example, when we turn on a lamp, the electrical form of energy is converted into light.

Speaking in an accessible language, the work of the current is the action that electricity itself produced. Moreover, it can be very easily calculated by the formula. Based on the law of conservation of energy, we can conclude that electrical energy has not disappeared, it has completely or partially changed into another form, while giving off a certain amount of heat. This heat is the work of the current when it passes through the conductor and heats it (heat exchange occurs). This is how the Joule-Lenz formula looks like: A \u003d Q \u003d U * I * t (work is equal to the amount of heat or the product of the current power and the time during which it flowed through the conductor).

What does direct current mean?

Electric current is of two types: alternating and direct. They differ in that the latter does not change its direction, it has two clamps (positive "+" and negative "-") and always starts its movement from "+". And alternating current has two terminals - phase and zero. It is because of the presence of one phase at the end of the conductor that it is also called single-phase.

The principles of the device of single-phase alternating and direct electric current are completely different: unlike direct, the alternating current changes both its direction (forming a flow both from the phase towards zero, and from zero towards the phase), and its magnitude. So, for example, alternating current periodically changes the value of its charge. It turns out that at a frequency of 50 Hz (50 oscillations per second), the electrons change the direction of their movement exactly 100 times.

Where is direct current used?

Direct electric current has some features. Due to the fact that it flows strictly in one direction, it is more difficult to transform it. The following elements can be considered as sources of direct current:

• batteries (both alkaline and acid);
• conventional batteries used in small appliances;
• as well as various devices such as converters.

DC operation

What are its main characteristics? These are work and current power, and both of these concepts are very closely related to each other. Power means the speed of work per unit time (per 1 s). According to the Joule-Lenz law, we obtain that the work of a direct electric current is equal to the product of the strength of the current itself, the voltage and the time during which the work of the electric field was completed to transfer charges along the conductor.

This is how the formula for finding the work of the current, taking into account Ohm's law of resistance in conductors, looks like: A \u003d I 2 * R * t (work is equal to the square of the current strength multiplied by the value of the resistance of the conductor and once again multiplied by the value of the time for which the work was done).

We are often approached by readers who have not previously encountered work on electricity, but want to understand this. For this category the heading "Electricity for beginners" is created.

Figure 1. Movement of electrons in a conductor.

Before proceeding with work related to electricity, it is necessary to “savvy” a little theoretically in this matter.

The term "electricity" refers to the movement of electrons under the influence of an electromagnetic field.

The main thing is to understand that electricity is the energy of the smallest charged particles that move inside the conductors in a certain direction (Fig. 1).

Direct current practically does not change its direction and magnitude over time. Let's say that in a conventional battery there is direct current. Then the charge will flow from minus to plus, not changing until it runs out.

Alternating current is a current that changes direction and magnitude with a certain periodicity. Think of the current as a stream of water flowing through a pipe. After a certain period of time (for example, 5 s), the water will rush in one direction, then in the other.

Figure 2. Diagram of the transformer device.

With current, this happens much faster, 50 times per second (frequency 50 Hz). During one period of oscillation, the current rises to a maximum, then passes through zero, and then the reverse process occurs, but with a different sign. When asked why this happens and why such a current is needed, it can be answered that receiving and transmitting alternating current is much easier than direct current. Receiving and transmitting alternating current are closely related to a device such as a transformer (Fig. 2).

A generator that produces alternating current is much simpler in design than a direct current generator. In addition, alternating current is best suited for power transmission over long distances. With it, less energy is wasted.

With the help of a transformer (a special device in the form of coils), the alternating current is converted from low voltage to high voltage, and vice versa, as shown in the illustration (Fig. 3).

It is for this reason that most devices operate on a network in which the current is alternating. However, direct current is also used quite widely: in all types of batteries, in the chemical industry and in some other areas.

Figure 3. AC transmission diagram.

Many have heard such mysterious words as one phase, three phases, zero, ground or earth, and they know that these are important concepts in the world of electricity. However, not everyone understands what they mean and what relation they have to the surrounding reality. However, you need to know this.

Without going into technical details that a home master does not need, we can say that a three-phase network is a method of transmitting electric current when alternating current flows through three wires and returns one at a time. The above needs some clarification. Any electrical circuit consists of two wires. One by one, the current goes to the consumer (for example, to the kettle), and by the other it returns back. If such a circuit is opened, then the current will not flow. That's the whole description of a single-phase circuit (Fig. 4 A).

The wire through which the current flows is called phase, or simply phase, and through which it returns - zero, or zero. consists of three phase wires and one return. This is possible because the phase of the alternating current in each of the three wires is shifted with respect to the neighboring one by 120 ° (Fig. 4 B). A textbook on electromechanics will help answer this question in more detail.

Figure 4. Scheme of electrical circuits.

The transmission of alternating current occurs precisely with the help of three-phase networks. This is economically beneficial: two more neutral wires are not needed. Approaching the consumer, the current is divided into three phases, and each of them is given zero. So he gets into apartments and houses. Although sometimes a three-phase network is brought directly into the house. As a rule, we are talking about the private sector, and this state of affairs has its pros and cons.

Earth, or, more correctly, grounding, is the third wire in a single-phase network. In essence, it does not carry a workload, but serves as a kind of fuse.

For example, when electricity gets out of control (for example, a short circuit), there is a risk of fire or electric shock. To prevent this from happening (that is, the current value should not exceed a level that is safe for humans and devices), grounding is introduced. Through this wire, excess electricity literally goes into the ground (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. The simplest grounding scheme.

One more example. Let's say that a small breakdown occurred in the operation of the electric motor of the washing machine and part of the electric current falls on the outer metal shell of the device.

If there is no ground, this charge will wander around the washing machine. When a person touches it, he will instantly become the most convenient outlet for this energy, that is, he will receive an electric shock.

If there is a ground wire in this situation, the excess charge will drain through it without harming anyone. In addition, we can say that the neutral conductor can also be grounding and, in principle, it is, but only at a power plant.

The situation when there is no grounding in the house is unsafe. How to deal with it without changing all the wiring in the house will be described later.

ATTENTION!

Some craftsmen, relying on basic knowledge of electrical engineering, install the neutral wire as a ground wire. Never do that.

In the event of a break in the neutral wire, the housings of grounded devices will be energized with 220 V.

let me criticize.
in modern realities, an electric car is flawed in terms of economic feasibility. and even more so in the Russian Federation where benz costs a penny, and% of loans are predatory. Benz is 3-5 or more times cheaper to ride.

The transfer of electrical energy directly (i.e. through heating elements, and not through a heat pump) into thermal energy is not advisable. although this is seriously discussed on the forum. I saw here a topic about powering heating elements from solar panels.
and even more so, such a transfer is not advisable in the summer when there is an excess of heat.

As for moonshine, maybe you need to think in a different direction. drive methanol. and ride on it.
but ... well, how many hits here? on average in the Russian Federation - 30 km per day. it is +-7kw of mechanical energy. weak scale.
and on the left, methanol is not very good, because it is a licensed activity.

The Germans are also thinking in this direction. but so far no major developments. one of the ways to obtain methanol is through hydrogen. and hydrogen is produced by electrolysis. but here's the problem - hydrogen from gas is cheaper than by electrolysis.

Yes, and methanol itself directly from rasseiskva then methane is again cheaper. here's the trouble.

Methanol is a dangerous poison. Better technical alcohol (ethanol), with a strength of 96.6% and a part of 100% (passing through quicklime). Cars for sale allow you to drive on gasoline and alcohol.
You can pour 96.6% into gas generators (by reconfiguring them), and add up to 1/5 part of the strength of 100% to the gas tank of ordinary cars without altering them.
It is possible to convert a diesel boiler and heat it in winter.
We need a special moonshine still with continuous action and high productivity (moreover, it can get moonshine with a strength of 96.6% in 1 pass). To expel at least 20 liters of those alcohol in 5 hours during the day. energy consumption in this case is 4 kW. So solar panels need 5 - 6 kW.
Well, a part of this moonshine (i.e. those alcohol in which impurities of acetone, formaldehydes and fusel oils - it is the latter that give moonshine turbidity after dilution with water, since they partially fall into a colloidal solution), can be driven a second time on an alcohol column and get pure alcohol for vodka.
Maybe we will sell such special devices. This is still allowed. But alcohol itself is prohibited to sell without a license.
The cost of grain for 1 liter of alcohol is 25 rubles. It is easier for farmers (their own grain). But you can drive from Sosnovsky's hogweed (huge stems along the roads). There are remote areas. For some it might make sense.
Can be driven from sawdust / hay. Then you need an electrolyte diluted to 8% (which is sold for batteries) and then chalk to remove acid residues after hydrolysis. Then the resulting sugary solution, as usual - with the help of yeast, is distilled into a 15% alcohol solution, which then, such a special moonshine still, distills into 96.6% alcohol.
Ostap Bender knew how to make moonshine from a stool. This is the way I meant. Only the stool must first be crumbled into sawdust.

This question is like cabbage, you open it, you open it, but it is still far from the "fundamental" stump. Although the question, apparently, concerns this very stalk, you still have to try to overcome all the cabbage.

At the most superficial glance, the nature of current seems simple: current is when charged particles move. (If the particle does not move, then there is no current, there is only an electric field.) Trying to comprehend the nature of the current, and not knowing what the current consists of, we chose the direction for the current corresponding to the direction of movement of positive particles. Later it turned out that an indistinguishable current, exactly the same in effect, is obtained when negative particles move in the opposite direction. This symmetry is a remarkable detail of the nature of the current.

Depending on where the particles are moving, the nature of the current is also different. The current material itself is different:

• Metals have free electrons;
• In metal and ceramic superconductors - also electrons;
• In liquids, ions that are formed during chemical reactions or when exposed to an applied electric field;
• In gases - again ions, as well as electrons;
• But in semiconductors, electrons are not free and can move "relay". Those. It is not an electron that can move, but, as it were, a place where it does not exist - a "hole". Such conduction is called hole conduction. On the spikes of different semiconductors, the nature of such a current gives rise to effects that make all of our radio electronics possible.
  Current has two measures: current strength and current density. Between the current of charges and the current, for example, of water in a hose, there are more differences than similarities. But such a view of the current is quite productive for understanding the nature of the latter. The current in the conductor is a vector field of particle velocities (if they are particles with the same charge). But we usually do not take these details into account when describing the current. We average this current.

If we take only one particle (naturally charged and moving), then the current equal to the product of the charge and the instantaneous speed at a particular moment of time exists exactly where this particle is located. Remember how it was in the song of the duet Ivasi "It's time for a beer": "... if the climate is heavy and hostile astral, if the train left and took all the rails..." :)

And so we came to that stump, which was mentioned at the beginning. Why does a particle have a charge (it seems that everything is clear with movement, but what is a charge)? The most fundamental particles (now for sure:) seemingly indivisible) carrying a charge are electrons, positrons (antielectrons) and quarks. It is impossible to pull out and study a single quark due to confinement, it seems easier with an electron, but it is also not very clear yet. At the moment, it is clear that the current is quantized: there are no charges less than the charge of an electron (quarks are observed only in the form of hadrons with the total charge of the same or zero). An electric field separately from a charged particle can exist only in conjunction with a magnetic field, as an electromagnetic wave, the quantum of which is a photon. Perhaps some interpretation of the nature of the electric charge lies in the field of quantum physics. For example, the Higgs field she predicted and recently discovered (there is a boson, there is a field) explains the mass of a series of particles, and mass is a measure of how a particle responds to a gravitational field. Maybe with a charge, as with a measure of response to an electric field, some similar story will be revealed. Why is there a mass and why is there a charge - these are somewhat related questions.

Much is known about the nature of electric current, but the most important thing is not yet known.