Bagration Petr Ivanovich (1765 - 1812)

Prince from the Georgian royal house of Bagrationi. Participated in the conquest of the Caucasus in 1783 - 1790, in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791, the Polish war of 1794; in the Italian and Swiss campaigns, where he was the right hand of A. V. Suvorov; during the capture of Brescia, Bergamo, Lecco, Tortona, Turin and Milan, in the battles of Trebbia and Novi where he was in the most difficult and decisive places; in the wars against France in 1805-1807, in the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 and the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812; in the rank of general from infantry, he commanded the 2nd army, located at the beginning of the war south of Bialystok; brilliantly conducting a series of rearguard battles, he successfully led the army to Smolensk, where he joined the 1st army of Barclay de Tolly, not giving Napoleon the opportunity to defeat the scattered Russian troops one by one. In the battle of Borodino, he led the troops of the left flank, where the enemy sent the main blow; for more than six hours, Bagration's troops held one of the main points of the Russian position - the Semenov (Bagrationov) flushes, where he himself was mortally wounded.

He died on September 24 (12 according to the old style) September 1812 in the village of Simy, Vladimir province.

In 1839, on the initiative of D.V. Davydov, his ashes were transported to the Borodino field and buried with honors on the Raevsky battery.

Russian commander Kutuzov (Golenishchev-Kutuzov) Mikhail Illarionovich (1745 - 1813)

In 1759 he graduated from the United Artillery and Engineering Noble School.

Kutuzov's military activity began in 1765. Since 1770, he participated in campaigns against the Turks in the army of Field Marshal Rumyantsev. In 1774, during the assault on the village of Shumy near Alushta, he was wounded in the head, as a result of which he became blind in his right eye. In 1776 he served in the Crimea under the command of Suvorov; participated in the siege of Ochakov, in the battles of Akkerman and Kaushany. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791; fought near Bendery and participated in the assault on Izmail, after which Suvorov wrote about Kutuzov: "... he walked on my left flank, but was my right hand." In 1793 he was the Russian ambassador to Constantinople.

In 1794 - 1797 he was the director of the land gentry corps. Without leaving this post at first, in 1795 he became the commander of the Russian troops in Finland and stayed with him until 1799.

In 1801 - 1802 Kutuzov was the Governor-General of St. Petersburg.

In the war with Napoleonic France in 1805, Kutuzov was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army. Successfully withdrew the army from the blow of superior French troops after the defeat of Russia's ally - Austria, and inflicted a defeat on the French at Krems. After the unsuccessful battle of Austerlitz (given against his will), he fell out of favor with Alexander I and for some time retired from the army. In 1809 - 1811 he held the secondary post of military governor of Vilna.

In 1811 - 1812, Kutuzov led the Russian troops in a successful war with Turkey (1806 - 1812), inflicting a defeat on the Turkish army of Grand Vizier Ahmed Pasha near Ruschuk, and then luring it to the left, Russian bank of the Danube, surrounding it near Slobodzeya and forcing it to capitulate . As a result, the Bucharest Peace Treaty, which was beneficial for Russia, was concluded.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and Moscow militias. On August 8, 1812, yielding to the demands of Russian society, Emperor Alexander I, who did not like Kutuzov, appointed him commander-in-chief of all active armies instead of General Barclay de Toli and awarded the rank of Field Marshal. Kutuzov commanded the Russian army in the Battle of Borodino. At his insistence, at the military council in Fili, it was decided to leave Moscow, which made it possible to save forces, receive reinforcements, and in the future - to oust the Napoleonic troops from Russia, practically destroying them. For the victory over Napoleon, Kutuzov was granted the title of the Most Serene Prince of Smolensk.

Kutuzov died in the Prussian city of Bunzlau on April 16, 1813, during the foreign campaign of the Russian army against Apollo. He was buried in the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

“It is better to be too careful than to be blundered and deceived,” Kutuzov himself expressed his philosophy of life. "The old fox of the North," Napoleon called him. When in August 1812 Kutuzov went to the army, his nephew asked: "Really, uncle, are you thinking of defeating Napoleon?" - "Smash? No ... But deceive - yes, I expect."

Unlike most of his contemporaries, Kutuzov did not believe that the fate of the war was decided by a general battle. He was often reproached for indecision, although his tactics invariably led to success. When in 1805 Alexander I, supported by his young entourage and the Austrian emperor Franz, was in a hurry to give Napoleon a general battle, Kutuzov suggested otherwise: “Let me withdraw my troops to the border of Russia,” he said, “and there, in the fields of Galicia, I will bury the bones French." This is reminiscent of a draft of his actions in 1812. The rejection of his plan led to the Austerlitz disaster. At the famous military council in Fili, Kutuzov dropped the following words: "Moscow, like a sponge, will suck the French into itself" - it was clear to him what Napoleon could not foresee! Indeed, Napoleon's Great Army was destroyed not by some grandiose battle, but by the cautious tactics of the wise old man Kutuzov.

He had every reason to write to his daughter Elizabeth: "Here is Bonaparte - this proud conqueror, this fashionable Achilles, the scourge of the human race, or rather the scourge of God - runs in front of me for more than three hundred miles, like a child pursued by a school teacher

Davydov Denis Vasilyevich (1784 - 1839)

Poet and hussar; son of the commander of the Poltava cavalry regiment; he began his service in 1801, at the age of 17, as a standard junker in a cavalry guard regiment, and then in the Belarusian army hussar regiment. Then he began to write poetry. In 1806, with the rank of captain, he again transferred to the guard. In 1807 - 1812 - adjutant P. I. Bagration. Participated in the campaign of 1806 - 1807 in Prussia, in the war with Sweden in 1808 - 1809; fought on the Danube against the Turks in 1810-1812.

On April 8, 1812, at his personal request and the petition of Bagration, he was appointed lieutenant colonel in the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment, where he commanded the 1st battalion; was in battles near Mir, Romanov, Dashkovka; proposed to P.I. Bagration a project of a guerrilla war with the French, following the example of the Spanish guerilla, which successfully operated against the Napoleonic troops in the Pyrenees; the project was approved by M. I. Kutuzov, and on August 25, immediately after the battle for the Shevardinsky Redoubt, in which he took part, and on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Denis Davydov headed behind enemy lines at the head of a detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks; his successful actions prompted the creation of other army partisan detachments, the actions of which acquired a special scope during the retreat of Napoleon; near the village of Lyakhovo, detachments of Davydov, Seslavin, Figner and Orlov-Denisov surrounded, attacked and captured a 2,000-strong French column led by General Augereau.

After the enemy was expelled from Russia, Davydov, with the rank of colonel, fought near Kalisz, Bautzen and Leipzig. At the beginning of 1814, he commanded the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment and, having been promoted to major general for the battle of Larotiere, entered Paris at the head of the hussar column.

After the war, he was sent to serve in a remote province in minor positions. He served until 1831. He was close to the Decembrists, but refused to join the secret society.

At his insistence, the ashes of P. I. Bagration were transferred to the Borodino field, where he accomplished his last feat (the village of Borodino belonged to the family of D. V. Davydov).

D. V. Davydov is the second of many poems, mainly on military and love topics. He left notes on the wars of 1812. As a poet, A. S. Pushkin highly appreciated him, on whom Davydov's poetry had some influence.



The war with Napoleon became nationwide for Russia - ordinary people helped to stop the army of the “little general” of the army. The confrontation with the French gave rise to many heroes whose names are still known.

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration

This Russian commander of Georgian origin was the author of one of the plans for defense against Napoleonic troops. However, the emperor did not accept him, which almost caused the defeat of the Russian army. She was saved from this by the same Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, who united two fronts into one.

Rice. 1. Bagration.

Pyotr Ivanovich supported Kutuzov's plan for a general battle on the Borodino field and was mortally wounded in this battle. The commander was taken to his estate, where he died.

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

By origin, this Russian commander was a Scot. He also took the initiative to repulse the French attack, and even before open war broke out. On his initiative, many fortresses were built, but the emperor did not accept the most important one - on the distribution of instructions by the commander in case of an attack.

When Napoleon invaded Russia, de Tolly commanded the western army and, having united with Bagration, did not allow the French to completely defeat the army. However, he was soon removed from the post of commander - he was replaced by Kutuzov.

After the battle of Borodino, he received the Order of St. George, and after the death of Kutuzov, he completed his work to defeat the French army - it was under his command that the Russian army entered Paris. Emperor Alexander rewarded him with a princely title.

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Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

In 1812, when the Patriotic War began, he was in a tense relationship with the emperor, who decided not to trust him with overall command. Instead, Kutuzov was put in charge of the people's militia in St. Petersburg, which he became famous for, because it was the actions of the partisans that to a large extent undermined not only the forces, but also the morale of the French.

It was he who decided to give the enemy a fight on the Borodino field and then another, much more difficult - to leave Moscow. It caused a lot of criticism, but in the end broke Napoleon and caused ferment in his army. He died in 1813, before the complete defeat of the Napoleonic army, but even then it was clear that this was not to be expected for long. Buried Kutuzov in St. Petersburg.

Rice. 2. Kutuzov.

There were other heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, known not only for their exploits, but also distinguished themselves in a different way.

Denis Davydov

It was he who proposed to Bagration the idea of ​​forming partisan detachments and took upon himself the implementation of this initiative. On September 1, 1812, their first raid took place, and on November 4, they captured several French generals. For his exploits, he received the Order of St. George, and after his retirement he began to write poetry.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

The only female soldier in the Russian army, by the time the war began, she had already served for six years, since 1806. Durova met the year 1812 with the rank of second lieutenant of the Ulansky regiment and participated in many iconic battles of the Patriotic War, including Borodino, where she was wounded but survived. In September 1812, she became an orderly at Kutuzov's headquarters. She retired in 1816 and wrote memoirs of her service, especially the events of the War of 1812.

Heroes of the War of 1812

R. Bagration

In 1812, with the rank of colonel of the Life Guards Hussars, he was in the army of Tormasov. He was promoted to major general for distinction in the battle of Gorodechnaya.

From the Georgian family of Bagratid kings, brother of P.I.Bagration. Recorded as a Reiter in the L.-Gds. Horse regiment April 16, 1790. Active service began on April 16, 1796 as a "cadet" in the retinue of Count V.A. Zubov. On May 10, 1796, he was promoted to ensign with enrollment in the Kuban Chasseur Corps. In 1796 he participated in the capture of Derbent, transferred to the cornet. On April 25, 1802, he was transferred as a lieutenant to the Life Guards. Hussar Regiment (Life-Hussar).

In 1809 and 1810, being a volunteer in the Danube (until 1812 - Moldavian) army, he fought with the Turks. Promoted to colonel on November 26, 1810.

In 1812 he was assigned to the Alexandria Hussar Regiment, with whom, as part of the 3rd Army of Tormasov, he took part in hostilities in the southern direction. Fought near Kobrin, Brest and Gorodechno. In 1813 he distinguished himself at Bautzen and on May 21 received the rank of major general.

In 1832 he was sent to Abkhazia, where he fell ill with a fever, from which he died. He was buried in Tiflis in the church of St. David.

D. Davydov

The son of the commander of the Poltava Light Horse Regiment, Brigadier Davydov, who served under the command of Suvorov, Denis Davydov was born on July 17, 1784 in Moscow. His clan, according to family tradition, goes back to Murza Minchak Kasaevich (baptized Simeon), who entered Moscow at the beginning of the 15th century.

The Patriotic War begins. Davydov enters the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment as a lieutenant colonel, commands the 1st battalion thereof to Borodino; [Then the hussar regiments consisted of two battalions; each battalion consisted of five squadrons in peacetime and four squadrons in wartime. Having given the first thought about the benefits of partisan action, he sets off with a party of hussars and Cossacks (130 horsemen) behind enemy lines, in the middle of his carts, teams and reserves; he acts against them for ten days in a row and, reinforced by six hundred new Cossacks, fights several times in the vicinity and under the walls of Vyazma. He shares the glory with Count Orlov-Denisov, Figner and Seslavin near Lyakhov, breaks a three thousandth cavalry depot near Belynichi and continues his cheerful and stray searches to the banks of the Neman. Near Grodno, he attacked the 4,000-strong detachment of Freilich, composed of Hungarians. Here is what a contemporary writes about these events: “Davydov is a hussar in his soul and a lover of their natural drink; behind the sound of sabers, glasses rattled and - our city!

Here fortune turns to him backwards. Davydov appears before the face of General Vintsengerode and enters under his command. He grovels with him through Poland, Silesia and enters Saxony. No more patience! Davydov rushed forward and occupied half of the city of Dresden, defended by the corps of Marshal Davout. For such insolence, he was deprived of command and exiled to the main apartment.

The justice of the patron king was the shield of the unprotected. Davydov again appears in the field stolen from him, in which he continues to operate as far as the banks of the Rhine.

In France, he commands the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment in the Blucher army. After the Battle of Craon, in which all the generals of the 2nd Hussar Division (now the 3rd) were killed or wounded, he controls the entire division for two days, and then a brigade composed of hussar regiments, the same Akhtyrsky and Belorussian, with whom he passes through Paris. For distinction in the battle of Brienne (Larotiere), he is promoted to major general.

In 1839, when in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov suggested the idea of ​​transferring the ashes of Bagration there. Davydov's proposal was accepted, and he was to accompany the coffin of Bagration, whose memory he revered, but on April 23, a few months before the Borodino celebrations, he suddenly died in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province.

I. Dorokhov

Dorokhov was the son of a second major who had retired "because of the wounds" received in the first Turkish war. He was educated in the Artillery and Engineering Corps, after graduating in 1787 he was released into the Smolensk Infantry Regiment, which was part of the Potemkin army operating against the Turks. In 1788, the Smolensk regiment was included in the Suvorov corps, and under the command of the great commander Dorokhov participated in the battle near Focsani. During the famous battle of Rymnik, he was with Suvorov, acting as an officer in the "quartermine", that is, the operational part of the corps. In the report on the Rymkin victory, Suvorov especially noted among the officers "useful" to him "Lieutenant of the Smolensk Regiment Ivan Dorokhov, who, according to his knowledge, was especially needed under the Chief Quartermaster." In his presentation to Potemkin about rewarding officers who distinguished themselves under Foksani and Rymnik, Suvorov wrote about Dorokhov, who was "acquired" under him, that he was "zealous for service, agile and fearless." For the difference in these battles, Dorohov was promoted to captain and was soon transferred to the Phanagoria Grenadier Regiment, beloved by the commander..

At the beginning of World War II, Dorokhov commanded the vanguard of the 4th Infantry Corps in the army of Barclay de Tolly. When the army retreated from the western border, Dorokhov's detachment, which consisted of 3 cavalry, 2 chasseur regiments and a company of light artillery, forgot to send an order to retreat. When he was finally received, the detachment, standing halfway between Grodno and Vilna, was cut off from the 1st Army and Dorokhov went to connect with the 2nd Army of Bagration. Having sent patrols in all directions, and destroying enemy patrols, he, skillfully maneuvering, avoided a collision with the main forces of the French army. This difficult march lasted almost 2 weeks. Part of the cavalrymen walked on foot, giving their horses under the satchels of the infantrymen, who were exhausted from the forced transitions, the strongest huntsmen - soldiers and officers - carried the guns of their weakened comrades. Finally, on June 26, Dorokhov's detachment "opened communication" with Bagration's army and joined its rearguard, retaining all of its artillery, the baggage train and losing no more than 60 people in skirmishes and stragglers.

In the battles near Smolensk, Dorokhov was wounded, but remained in the ranks. Then, right up to Borodin, he commanded the rearguard cavalry, which was led by Konovitsyn, being his closest assistant. Dorokhov almost daily participated in battles with the French avant-garde, which often escalated into fierce battles.

In the battle of Borodino, Dorohov, at the head of a cavalry division, was sent to help Bagration in the midst of the battle. With a bold counterattack, acting, according to Kutuzov, with "excellent courage", he threw back the French cavalry from Bagration's flushes. For his distinction near Borodino, Dorokhov was promoted to lieutenant general.

During the movement from Borodino to Moscow, Dorokhov was invariably in the forefront, covering the withdrawal of the Russian army. Immediately after the resignation of Moscow, even before the arrival of the army in Tarutino, Kutuzov assigned Dorokhov a separate detachment for partisan operations, consisting of dragoon, hussar and 3 Cossack regiments with 2 horse guns. Separated from the army, Dorokhov went out with his detachment to the Smolensk road and from September 6 to 15 delivered a number of sensitive blows to the French - he defeated 4 cavalry regiments, captured several convoys, and blew up an artillery park of 60 charging boxes. When, by order of Napoleon, strong detachments were sent from Moscow against Dorokhov, he avoided an unequal battle and returned to the army on September 15, bringing with him five hundred thousand, including 48 officers.

One of Dorokhov's most famous operations was the capture of the city of Vereya. Lying 110 km from Moscow, between the Kaluga and Smolensk roads, this county town was occupied by an enemy garrison. Vereya, an ancient fortified city near Moscow, is located on a high hill, which the French surrounded with an earthen rampart with a palisade. The enemy troops stationed in Vereya greatly hampered the actions of partisan detachments southwest of Moscow. Kutuzov instructed Dorokhov to capture the city, placing at his disposal 2 infantry battalions, 4 squadrons of hussars and several hundred Cossacks.

On September 26, Dorokhov set out from the Tarutinsky camp. Approaching Vereya, he posted cavalry detachments on the roads leading to Moscow and Mozhaisk, and on the night of September 29, secretly, with the help of local residents, approached the city with infantry. Dorokhov ordered to storm the city without a single shot and shouts of "Hurray" and before dawn, the battalions silently removed the enemy pickets and broke into Vereya. The enemy tried to resist, gunfire crackled in the streets, but in half an hour it was all over. Dorokhov's detachment captured about 400 privates, 15 officers, including the commandants of the garrison, a banner, over 500 guns and stocks of flour requisitioned in nearby villages. Enemy weapons were immediately distributed to the inhabitants of Vereya and the peasants, to whom Dorokhoval appealed, urging them to "arm themselves to exterminate the villains."

Dorokhov's report to Kutuzov was brief: "By order of Your Lordship, the city of Vereya was taken by storm this date." Kutuzov announced this "excellent and brave feat" in an order for the army. Later, Dorokhov was awarded a gold sword, decorated with diamonds, with the inscription: "For the liberation of Vereya."

Upon his return to the Tarutino camp, he was given the task of operating in the area of ​​the New Kaluga road, protecting the left wing of the Russian army, and on October 9 he reported to Kutuzov about the appearance of enemy detachments on this road. Dokhturov's corps was advanced in front of them. In the battle that followed a few days later near Maloyaroslavets, when the battle had already subsided, Dorokhov was wounded by a bullet in the leg. The wound was so severe that he never returned to duty.

At the beginning of 1815, Dorokhov died in Tula and, according to his will, was buried in the Nativity Cathedral in the city of Vereya, on the square of which a monument was erected to him.

V. Madatov

At the beginning of the last century, Madatov was glorified as one of the most brilliant cavalry commanders. According to a contemporary, he was in the Russian army what Marshal Murat was in the Napoleonic army.

He was born in Karabakh, the eastern outskirts of Armenia, in the family of a petty sovereign prince. One of the Karabakh elders took the teenager Madatov with him to St. Petersburg, where he went to ask for the protection of the Christian population of Karabakh from the raids of Muslim neighbors. In St. Petersburg, Madatov expressed a desire to join the Russian military service, but his request was not immediately granted. He had already set off with his patron on a long return trip, when, by a lucky chance, Paul I remembered the young mountaineer who wanted to serve in the Russian troops, and ordered him to be returned to the capital.

Fifteen-year-old Madatov was enrolled as a sword-ensign in the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, but was soon transferred to the Pavlovsk Grenadier, and then to one of the army infantry regiments. Deprived of influential connections, Madatov had no chance to advance. For more than 10 years he served in junior officer ranks.

By the beginning of World War II, Madatov commanded a battalion of the Alexandria Hussars, transferred from the banks of the Danube to Volhynia and became part of the 3rd Western Army. In the first battle near Kobrin, Madatov, at the head of a separate cavalry detachment, defeated the Saxon cavalry, who were forced to lay down their arms. In all subsequent battles in this theater of operations, he invariably led the forward detachments during the offensive and covered our infantry rearguard during the withdrawal.

When the flight of the Napoleonic army from Russia began, Madatov and his Alexandrians took an active part in the pursuit and extermination of the enemy. After the French had crossed the Berezina, he was ordered to get ahead of the enemy columns, to destroy the bridges in the way of their flight, and to slow down their movement in every possible way. Madatov brilliantly fulfilled this task, capturing hundreds and thousands of prisoners daily and tirelessly pursuing the enemy all the way to Vilna. For these battles, he was promoted to colonel and awarded a gold saber adorned with diamonds with the inscription: "For bravery."

Among other advanced units of the Russian army, Madatov's regiment crossed the Neman at the end of December and took part in the battle of Kalisz. The Saxon troops were defeated, and Madatov, who captured the column of General Nostitz, was awarded the St. George Cross of the 3rd degree.

Madatov was promoted to major general after the battle near Leipzig, during which, wounded in the arm, he did not dismount until the end of the battle. The whole army knew about his courage and extraordinary speed of action. Denis Davydov, who knew a lot about such things, called Madatov, with whom he happened to fight side by side on the fields of Germany, "an unbelievably fearless general."

Still not fully recovered from his wound, Madatov returned to the army at the time of the solemn entry of Russian troops into Paris. Appointed commander of the hussar brigade, he was left in France in 1815 as part of the Russian occupation corps, but was soon recalled and appointed to the Caucasus as the head of the troops stationed in the Karabakh khanate, and then the troops stationed in the neighboring Shirvan and Nukhin khanates.

In 1826 Madatov was promoted to lieutenant general. He finished his military activity where he started - on the Danube, where he was transferred in the spring of 1828. Commanding separate detachments, he forced the surrender of the Turkish fortresses of Isakcha and Girsovo and undertook reconnaissance operations in the foothills of the Balkans. When Varna fell, its garrison received permission to leave without weapons for the Balkans. Exhausted by a long siege, hungry, dressed in rags, the Turks were drawn in crowds along the autumn roads to the south and died by the hundreds on the way. Madatov ordered fires to be made on the roads at night, sent teams to pick up the sick and weakened; the soldiers of his detachment shared bread with them. The last brilliant military feat of Madatov was an attack on horseback and the capture of Turkish redoubts near Shumla.

In the summer of 1829, Russian troops began to cross the Balkans, but Madatov did not have to participate in them - the 3rd corps, whose cavalry he commanded, was left under the besieged Shumla to monitor its garrison.

After the occupation of Andrianople by Russian troops, Turkey recognized itself as defeated. On September 2, a peace treaty was signed, and on September 4, Madatov died - he died of a long-standing pulmonary disease, which sharply worsened due to overwork and hardships of camp life. The garrison of Shumla, which remained in the hands of the Turks, opened the gates of the fortress to make it possible to bury Madatov in the city's Christian cemetery. A few years later, the ashes of Madatov were transported to Russia.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

G. Astrakhan "Secondary school No. 27"

research project

Kutlambetova Camilla

Nasanbayeva Elvira

Abakumova Xenia

Head: Menalieva Olga

Alexandrovna

Content

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Main part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eight

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eight

Vasilisa Kozhina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven

Praskovya the Lacemaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova. . . . . . . . . .fourteen

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Introduction

The history of Russia is rich in significant events. The Patriotic War of 1812 is a war between Russia and the army of Napoleon Bonaparte that invaded its territory. The war ended with the complete annihilation of the Napoleonic army. The main role in the victory over the invaders was played by the Russian people, who defended the Fatherland with their breasts.

In this regard, my teacher and I decided to find out if our peers know about it. To do this, we used one of the methods of collecting information - questionnaires. In total, 69 fourth-graders and third-graders participated in the survey.

The conducted survey revealed the following results:

Do you know anything about the War of 1812?

Out of 69 students, only 27 people answered this question in the affirmative.

Then we asked these guys to answer the following question:

From what sources do you know this information:

Fiction

mass media

Parents

Three children learned about it from the literature (11.1%). 10 people - from the media (37%), and the remaining 14 people - from their parents (51.8)

The next question was addressed to all students. He was like this:

What are the Russian generals participating in the war of 1812?

They know (17 people - 24.6%), do not know (42 people - 75.4%)

Of the 17 people, only 12 wrote the correct names.

The answers to the proposed questions were deplorable. But we, the younger generation, should know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.

The first thing we decided to do after the survey was to help our teachers to spend the class hour..

From this class hour, we learned that this victory was over a worthy opponent, over the strongest army in the world, led by the generally recognized military genius of all times and peoples, NapoleonBonaparte Emperor of the French. Napoleon was born in 1769. Since childhood, he was considered a strong-willed and strong-willed person, as well as very developed and capable. His military career began quite early: at the age of 27, he was appointed to the post of commander in chief of the Italian army. Before Bonaparte became emperor, he made a coup in the country and became consul at the age of 30. Being in this position, he also served the people a lot: he established merchant shipping, social relations between France and the allied countries, with which he successfully established economic relations. France got stronger, people began to look to the future with confidence.

The defeat of Napoleon's troops in the war of 1812 against Russia marked the beginning of the collapse of the empire of Napoleon I. Soon, the entry of troops of the anti-French coalition into Paris in 1814 forced Napoleon I to abdicate. However, later (in March 1815) he again took the French throne. After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time (June 22, 1815) and spent the last years of his life as a prisoner on the island of St. Helena.English.

And from the speeches of our classmates, we learned about the great strategists - the commanders of the war of 1812. Such as Mikhail Illarionovich - Kutuzov (Golenishchev), Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barkley - de - Tolly.

At the end of the class hour, the teacher suggested that we read books about the war of 1812.

While rereading the literature about the war of 1812, Irina Strelkova's book "To the Glory of the Fatherland" fell into our hands. Leafing through the pages of this book, we were more and more surprised. Our surprise was due to the fact that war, in our view, has always been considered a masculine affair, and here from the pages of the book, the sweet female, still childish, face of Nadezhda Durova looked at us. We wondered why this very young girl took up arms? Who else among the women, just like Nadezhda Durova, stood up to defend their homeland?

In this regard, we have chosen the topic of our research work - "Women - heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812".

Object of study : women who took an active part in the war of 1812.
Subject of study : Rrole of women in the war of 1812, their contribution to the victory of the Russian people over Napoleon's army.

The research is based onhypothesis: Is it only with the unity of the whole people against the enemy that victory comes.

Objective: nfind information about the legendary women participating in those distant events of 1812, and tell your friends and classmates about them.

To achieve this goal, the followingtasks:

1) analyze the studied literature on the topic;

2) find out the names of women - participants in the war;

3) provide information on this topic in the form of a presentation.

We believe that the topic of our study is relevant. After all, along with the heroes who commanded the armies, whose names were now known to us, there were other legendary heroes - women,which played an important role in Russian history.

Main part

« Women make history, although history remembers only the names of men ... "wroteHeinrich Heine.

The poet sincerely admired the courage and selflessness of women who are able to act in a critical situation in a collected and independent manner. Indeed, Russian women are able to protect not only the well-being of their family hearth, but also their homeland. There are many examples of this in Russian history.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

The childhood years of Nadezhda were not carefree. The mother really wanted her son, but on September 17, 1783, a girl was born and she disliked her daughter. The father entrusted the upbringing of his daughter to servants. So the retired hussar Astakhov became a nanny for little Nadia, he could not captivate the girl with anything, but only with the romance of military service. From early childhood, Nadenka fell in love with the beauty and freedom of military service, got used to horses, took care of them with pleasure, felt weapons.

At the age of 12, her father gave Nadia a horse. Nadia fell in love with him so much that she was ready to spend every minute with him. Alkid, as the horse was called, obeyed the girl in everything. Her father began to take her on long rides on horseback. « I will become, father, your real son. I will become a warrior and prove that the fate of a woman can be different ... ”- once she promised her father.

In 1806, on her birthday, Nadezhda finally decided to change her fate. She cut off her hair, took an old Cossack dress prepared in advance, removed her father's saber from the wall and at night, with her Alkid, she fled from her home. Once in the Cossack regiment, she called herself the noble son Alexander Sokolov, who is not allowed to go to war. Under the name of Alexander Sokolov, in 1807 she joined the Konnopolsky Ulanovsky Regiment and joined him on a campaign in Prussia.

Alexander Sokolov, despite his youth, showed excellent success on the battlefield, entered the battle first and got out of all sorts of military alterations safe and sound.

The father, worried about the fate of his daughter, submits a petition to the highest name of the emperor with a request to find his daughter and return her home.

Emperor AlexanderIhe himself was surprised by such an act and ordered to send a courier to Prussia to deliver this Alexander Sokolov, without disclosing his name to anyone. Ulan was taken to Petersburg. In his service record, the emperor was surprised to read about the excellent fighting qualities of the young officer. Conversing with this young lancer,

At first, Alexander thought to return Nadezhda to his native home, but surprised by her ardent desire, the emperor changed his mind.

Russian Emperor AlexanderIpersonally awarded Nadezhda Durova with the St. George Cross for saving the life of an officer on the battlefield. He ordered to be called by his name Alexandrov.

Soon the thunder of the Patriotic War of 1812 broke out, the French troops under the command of Napoleon invaded Russia. Departing with battles, the Russian army moved towards Moscow. The regiment in which Nadezhda served, among the best cavalry regiments, covered the retreating army. Cornet Alexandrov takes part in the battles near Mir, Romanov, Dashkovka, in a horse attack near Smolensk.

August 26, 1812 the village of Borodino (110 km from Moscow). Here the decisive battle took place between the French army of Napoleon I and the Russian army under the command of M. I. Kutuzov. The battle was fierce and bloody.

During the Battle of Borodino, Alexandrov was at the forefront, rushing into the thick of the battle. In one of the battles, a bullet scratched his shoulder, and fragments of a shell hit his leg. The pain was unbearable, but Durova remained in the saddle until the end of the battle.

Kutuzov noticed the efficient lieutenant, he had heard about the exploits of the lancer and knew that a brave woman was hiding under this name, but did not show that he knew this secret. And Nadezhda began a new service in the role of orderly Kutuzov. Several times a day, under enemy fire, she hurried to the commanders. Kutuzov could not get enough of such an orderly.

The wounds of the Battle of Borodino constantly worried Nadezhda, prevented her from serving. Durova takes a vacation for treatment, and spends it in her home. After the end of her vacation, Nadezhda and her regiment took part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army.

In 1816, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova retired with honors and awards.

Durova spent the rest of her life in a small house in the city of Yelabuga, surrounded by her beloved animals. Nadezhda Durova died in 1866 at the age of 83. She was buried in a man's dress with military honors.

Vasilisa Kozhina

A common misfortune brings people together. The entire population of Russia rallied in the fight against the enemy. The Russian people, when the enemy appeared, rose voluntarily, and the peasants everywhere waged a guerrilla war, fought with amazing courage. The organizers of the partisan movement were both officers of the Russian army and ordinary people, and ordinary Russian women did not stand aside. One of those not indifferent to the misfortune of the people was Vasilisa Kozhina.

After the death of the headman of the village of Sychevka, Porechensky district, Dmitry Kozhin, the villagers unanimously chose his wife Vasilisa.

Vasilisa was an inventive and cunning woman. When the French appeared in the village, she invited them into the house, fed and watered them. But as soon as the unexpected guests went to bed, she burned down the house with them.

Vasilisa organized a detachment of partisans from teenagers and women. They armed themselves with pitchforks, scythes, axes, destroyed and captured Napoleonic soldiers and officers during their retreat from Russia.

For heroism, Vasilisa was awarded a cash prize and was awarded the medal "In memory of the Patriotic War."There were rumors that the Most Serene Prince Kutuzov himself met with her.

History has immortalized the name of a simple Russian woman, the great daughter of Russia.In honor of Vasilisa Kozhina, one of the Moscow streets, located in the western part of Moscow, is named.

Praskovya the Lacemaker

Spontaneously created peasant detachments provided very significant assistance to the army in the field. These detachments consisted mainly of peasants who were not familiar with military affairs, they were used to being controlled with scythes, pitchforks and axes.

We found information about another heroine of the Patriotic War - Praskovya the lace maker, it's a pity that we could not find out the name of this woman.

In the small village of Sokolovo, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk province, the twenty-year-old beauty Praskovya lived.

A French detachment appeared in this village, which robbed the inhabitants of everything that they liked. Two Frenchmen entered Praskovya's house, the girl was not at a loss, grabbed an ax and hacked them both. Then she gathered the villagers and went with them into the forest. “It was a terrible army: 20 strong, young guys armed with axes, scythes and pitchforks, and at the head of them was the beautiful Praskovya.”

At first they guarded the French along the road and attacked them when they saw no more than ten or twelve people, but soon scythes and axes were replaced by their guns and sabers.

Praskovya herself showed an example of courage, and they, daring day by day, began to attack the armed detachments, and once recaptured the convoy from the French.

The rumor about Praskovya and her assistants spread throughout the county, and guys from neighboring villages began to come to her. She accepted the choice, and soon she formed a detachment of 60 selected fellows, with whom Praskovya reached almost all the way to Smolensk.

With amazement and fear, the French general, who had been appointed governor in Smolensk, thought about Praskovye. A large sum was assigned for the head of Praskovya, who had recaptured a fair share of French equipment and provisions with her detachment.

But they could not catch Praskovya, although a large reward was placed on her head. Praskovya was awarded a medal for courage and bravery."In memory of the Patriotic War." The further fate of this amazing woman is not known. But in the memory of the descendants, "Praskovya's lace" forever remained as a symbol of a Russian woman.

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova

Devotion to their Motherland was proved by one of the best daughters of Russia, Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova. She was a faithful companion of the worthy defender of the Fatherland, General A. A. Tuchkov.

Margarita is the eldest daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Petrovich Naryshkin from her marriage to Princess Varvara Alekseevna Volkonskaya. She received her name in honor of her maternal grandmother, Margarita Rodionovna Volkonskaya. In addition to her, the family had five more daughters and two sons.

Margarita from an early age was distinguished by a passionate, nervous and receptive character, loved reading and music and was gifted with a wonderful voice. She was tall and very slender, but her features were irregular, and her only beauty consisted in the striking whiteness of her skin and the lively expression of her green eyes.

At the age of 16, Margarita Naryshkina married Pavel Mikhailovich Lasunsky. The marriage was short-lived: two years later, Margarita divorced her husband, a reveler and a player. The young Lasunsky's reputation was already so well known that a divorce was obtained easily.

Margarita Mikhailovna met Alexander Tuchkov at the time of her first unhappy marriage. Young people fell in love with each other. Upon learning of the divorce, he was not slow to woo, but the Naryshkins were so frightened by the failure of their daughter's first marriage that they refused. They did not agree to her second marriage for a long time. The wedding took place only in 1806, and for the 25-year-old Margarita Mikhailovna, short years of complete happiness of marriage began.

She was proud of the beauty of her husband, who was compared in society with Apollo, his courage and valor. Margarita Mikhailovna accompanied her husband on the Swedish campaign and shared with him all the difficulties of military life, accompanying him more than once on horseback in the form of a batman, hiding her scythe under her cap, since wives were forbidden to be with the army on a campaign. In her face, for the first time in the Russian army, a sister of mercy appeared. She created food points for the starving population in areas covered by battles. In the Finnish campaign, she lived in a fierce cold in a tent, she had to make her way with the troops among the snowdrifts, cross rivers waist-deep in icy water.

In 1812, Margarita Mikhailovna could not follow her husband. At this time, their young son needed her more. It was decided that she would accompany her husband to Smolensk and go to her parents in Moscow. From Moscow, the Naryshkins left for their Kostroma estate, Margarita Mikhailovna wished to stay in the county town of Kineshma, where on September 1, 1812 she learned from her brother Kirill Mikhailovich about the death of her husband, who was killed in the battle of Borodino.

Kirill Mikhailovich Naryshkin was Barclay de Tolly's adjutant, he was on his way to the army and stopped by his sister to report her husband's death. For several years, Margarita Mikhailovna could not see her brother, so as not to remember their meeting in Kineshma, she felt sick every time he appeared.

Margarita went to the battlefield to look for her husband's body: from a letter from General Konovnitsyn, she knew that Tuchkov died in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe Semyonovsky redoubt. Searches among the tens of thousands of the fallen yielded nothing: the body of Alexander Tuchkov was never found. She was forced to return home.

The horrors she endured affected her health so much that for some time the family feared for her sanity. Having recovered a little, she decided to build a church at her own expense on the site of her husband's death. Margarita Mikhailovna sold her diamonds and, with the assistance of Empress Maria Feodorovna, bought three acres of land, where in 1818 she began to build the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Watching the construction of the church, Tuchkova lived with her son Nikolai and his French governess in a small gatehouse.

Initially, Tuchkova intended to build only a small chapel, but "Alexander I granted her 10 thousand rubles, with these funds a stone church-temple was built and consecrated in 1820" , pilgrims from all over Russia came here. Margarita herself lived for a long time on the Borodino field, in a small, specially built house.

Tuchkova decided to dedicate her life to the memory of her husband and the upbringing of her only son Koko, so affectionately she called him. Nikolai Tuchkov was enrolled in the Corps of Pages, but due to poor health, he lived with his mother. He grew up not knowing noisy and frisky games, everyone loved him for his cordial gentleness and kindness. Margarita Mikhailovna could not get enough of her son, but she was worried about his poor health, the doctors assured him that he would grow stronger over the years, that he was exhausted by growth. In 1826, Nikolai Tuchkov caught a cold, he was treated by the best doctors, the famous doctor Mudrov was invited to the consultation, who confirmed that there was no danger, he would definitely recover. The reassured Margarita Mikhailovna saw off the doctors, and a few hours later her 15-year-old boy died unexpectedly. He was buried in the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands.

The exile of his brother Mikhail, a Decembrist, to Siberia, the death of his father in 1825 and his son finally defeated Tuchkova. Now there was nothing holding her back in the world. She moved forever to her lodge on the Borodino field. About her life at that time, she wrote to a friend: “A day is like a day: matins, mass, then tea, a little reading, dinner, vespers, insignificant needlework, and after a short prayer - night, that's all life. It is boring to live, it is terrible to die. Mercy of the Lord, His love - this is my hope, so I will end!

In her broken life, Tuchkova sought solace in helping the unfortunate and poor: she helped the surrounding population, treated the sick and attracted those who wanted to share her labors for the benefit of her neighbor. She devotes herself to the main cause of her entire subsequent life - the construction of a new convent.

In 1838 Tuchkova takes small tonsure under the name of nun Melania. The Spaso-Borodino community, by the Highest Command, became the Spaso-Borodino dormitory monastery of the 2nd class in 1839. During the grand opening of the Borodino monument in 1839, Emperor Nicholas I visited the monastery and Tuchkova's cell. She, who endured so much suffering, made a strong impression on the sovereign. He granted her the forgiveness of her brother Mikhail, and in 1840 summoned her to St. Petersburg to be the successor to the wife of the heir, Maria Alexandrovna, with whom she corresponded until her death.

The tonsure of nun Melania into a mantle with the adoption of the name of Mary took place on June 28, 1840. The next day, Maria became abbess of the Spaso-Borodino Monastery. The elevation to the abbess was carried out according to the rite of ordination to the deaconess. The name of Mary was chosen “in memory of an incident that happened to her on the day of her second wedding: a holy fool ran towards the newlywed, shouting: “Mary, Mary, take the staff!” Under her kamilavka and monastic robes, Tuchkova remained a completely secular woman and, with her rare appearances in society and at court, captivated everyone with her brilliant speech and grace of receptions.

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova died on April 29, 1852 and was buried in the Spassky Church of the monastery, next to her husband and son.Conclusion

In the process of researching this topic, we came to the conclusion that Russian women, the fair sex, never stayed away from those significant events that worried Russian society, the Russian state. Despite the difference in social classes, hatred for the invaders, love for the Motherland and faith in victory over the enemy lived in the heart of every Russian woman.

February 5, 1813 Emperor AlexanderIestablished the medal "In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812" to reward combatants. They were received not only by men, but also by women who fought with the enemy on an equal basis with men and those women who worked in hospitals and cared for wounded soldiers.

We learned that on August 1, 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a series of commemorative coins dedicated to the anniversary of the victory in the Russian-French War. The coins depict well-known and distinguished participants in the Patriotic War of 1812. There are 16 coins in the series, each worth 2 rubles: two of which bear girls (Nadezhda Durova, Vasilisa Kozhina).

The material collected by us can be used in lessons, class hours. Exploring this topic, we realized how interesting it is to know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.

Literature

1. Alekseev S.P. Battle of Borodino: Stories. - M .: Bustard, 1998

2. Antonov V.S. A book to read on the history of the USSRXIXcentury. - M.: Enlightenment, 1989

3. Ishimova I. History of Russia for children. - M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2001

4. Nadezhdina N.A. No wonder the whole of Russia remembers. - M .: Malysh, 1986

5. Strelkova I.I. For the glory of the Fatherland. - M .: Malysh, 1990

6. Srebnitsky A. Dashing century cavalryman - girls. Sports life in Russia. 1997. No. 5.

7. Pokrovskaya N. Lacemaker Praskovya. Moscow truth. 10.10.2011

8. How was the fate of the cavalryman - the maiden Nadezhda Durova? [Electronic resource] // URL: http://militera.lib.ru/bio/pushkin_kostin/04.html (date of access: 21.12.2012)

12.A. E. Zarin Praskovya-lace. [Electronic resource] // URL: (date of access: 01/17/2013)

Museums section publications

Generals of 1812 and their lovely wives

On the anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, we remember the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, look at their portraits from the Hermitage Military Gallery, and also study what beautiful ladies were their life companions. Sofia Bagdasarova reports.

Kutuzovs

Unknown artist. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov in his youth. 1777

George Doe. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.1829. State Hermitage

Unknown artist. Ekaterina Ilyinichna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova. 1777. GIM

The great commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is painted in full length in Dow's portrait from the Military Gallery. There are few such large canvases in the hall - Emperor Alexander I, his brother Constantine, the Austrian emperor and the Prussian king were awarded such an honor, and only Barclay de Tolly and the Briton Lord Wellington were among the commanders.

Kutuzov's wife's name was Ekaterina Ilyinichna, nee Bibikova. In paired portraits commissioned in 1777 in honor of the wedding, Kutuzov is hardly recognizable - he is young, he has both eyes. The bride is powdered and rouged in the fashion of the 18th century. In family life, the spouses adhered to the mores of the same frivolous century: Kutuzov drove women of dubious behavior in the convoy, his wife had fun in the capital. This did not prevent them from tenderly loving each other and their five daughters.

Bagrations

George Doe (workshop). Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage

Jean Guerin. Wounding of Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration in the Battle of Borodino. 1816

Jean-Baptiste Isabey. Ekaterina Pavlovna Bagration. 1810s Army Museum, Paris

The famous military leader Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was seriously wounded on the Borodino field: the cannonball crushed his leg. He was taken out of the battle in his arms, but the doctors did not help - after 17 days he died. When, in 1819, the English painter George Doe undertook a huge order - the creation of the Military Gallery, the appearance of the dead heroes, including Bagration, he had to recreate from the works of other masters. In this case, engravings and pencil portraits came in handy.

In family life, Bagration was unhappy. Emperor Pavel, wishing him only the best, in 1800 married him to the beautiful, heiress of the Potemkin millions, Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. The frivolous blonde left her husband and left for Europe, where she walked in translucent muslin, indecently fitting her figure, spent huge sums and shone in the light. Among her lovers was the Austrian Chancellor Metternich, to whom she gave birth to a daughter. The death of her husband did not affect her lifestyle.

Raevsky

George Doe. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage

Nikolay Samokish-Sudkovsky. The feat of Raevsky's soldiers near Saltanovka. 1912

Vladimir Borovikovsky. Sofia Alekseevna Raevskaya. 1813. State Museum of A.S. Pushkin

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky, who raised a regiment on the offensive near the village of Saltanovka (according to legend, his two sons, 17 and 11 years old, went into battle next to him), survived the battle. Dow most likely painted it from nature. In general, there are more than 300 portraits in the Military Gallery, and although the English artist “signed” them all, the main array depicting ordinary generals was created by his Russian assistants - Alexander Polyakov and Wilhelm Golike. However, Dow still portrayed the most important generals himself.

Raevsky had a large loving family (Pushkin recalled for a long time his journey through the Crimea with them). He was married to Sofya Alekseevna Konstantinova, the granddaughter of Lomonosov, together with his adored wife, they experienced many misfortunes, including disgrace and an investigation into the Decembrist uprising. Then Raevsky himself and both of his sons were under suspicion, but later their name was cleared. His daughter Maria Volkonskaya followed her husband into exile. Surprisingly, all the Raevsky children inherited a huge great-grandfather Lomonosov's forehead - however, the girls preferred to hide it behind curls.

Tuchkovs

George Doe (workshop). Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage

Nikolay Matveev. The widow of General Tuchkov on the Borodino field. State Tretyakov Gallery

Unknown artist. Margarita Tuchkova. 1st half of the 19th century. GMZ "Borodino field"

Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov is one of those who inspired Tsvetaeva to write poems, which later turned into Nastya's beautiful romance in the film "Say a Word About the Poor Hussar". He died in the Battle of Borodino, and his body was never found. Dow, creating his posthumous portrait, copied a very successful image by Alexander Warneck.

The picture shows how handsome Tuchkov was. His wife Margarita Mikhailovna, nee Naryshkina, adored her husband. When the news of her husband's death was delivered to her, she went to the battlefield - the approximate place of death was known. Margarita searched for Tuchkov for a long time among the mountains of dead bodies, but the search turned out to be fruitless. For a long time after these terrible searches, she was not herself, her relatives feared for her mind. Later, she erected a church on the indicated place, then a convent, of which she became the first abbess, having taken tonsure after a new tragedy - the sudden death of her teenage son.