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Self-regulation- this is a property of biological systems to automatically establish and maintain biological indicators at a certain, relatively constant level. …
The process of self-regulation can be cyclical.
Very widely in biological systems self-regulation is used according to the principle feedback. Feedback can be positive (when one parameter changes, the system promotes further change in the same direction) and negative (when a parameter changes, the system prevents further change in the same direction).
Self-regulation in biology- the property of biological systems to automatically establish and maintain certain physiological and other biological indicators at a certain, relatively constant level.
The body is a complex system capable of self-regulation.Self-regulation allows the body to effectively adapt to environmental changes. Ability to self-regulate strongly expressed in higher vertebrates, especially in mammals. This is achieved due to the powerful development of the nervous, circulatory, immune, endocrine, digestive systems.
Changing conditions inevitably entail a restructuring of their work. For example, a lack of oxygen in the air leads to an intensification of the circulatory system, the pulse quickens, and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood increases. As a result, the body adapts to the changed conditions.
The constancy of the internal environment under systematically changing environmental conditions is created by the joint activity of all body systems. In higher animals, this is expressed in maintaining a constant body temperature, in the constancy of the chemical, ionic and gas composition, pressure, respiratory rate and heart rate, in the constant synthesis of the necessary substances and the destruction of harmful ones.
Metabolism- a prerequisite and a way to maintain the stability of the organization of the living. Without metabolism, the existence of a living organism is impossible. The exchange of matter and energy between the organism and the external environment is an integral property of the living.
The immune (protective) system plays a special role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis). Russian scientist I.I. Mechnikov was one of the first biologists who proved its great importance. Cells of the immune system secrete special proteins antibodies- which actively detect and destroy everything alien to a given organism.
Examples of self-regulation at the cellular level - self-assembly of cell organelles from biological macromolecules, maintaining a certain value of the transmembrane potential in excitable cells and a regular temporal and spatial sequence of ion flows during excitation of the cell membrane.
At the supracellular level - self-organization of heterogeneous cells into ordered cell associations.
Most organs are capable of intraorganic self-regulation of functions; for example, intracardiac reflex arcs provide regular pressure ratios in the cavities of the heart.
The manifestations and mechanisms of self-regulation in populations (preservation and regulation of the species level) and biocenoses (regulation of the population size, sex ratio in them, aging and death of individuals) are diverse. Large communities are stable systems, some of them exist without noticeable changes for hundreds and thousands of years. But the community itself is not just the sum of its constituent species. Interspecific interactions regulate the number of different species that make up the community. All together constitutes self-regulation.
All together constitutes self-regulation.
Autogenic training- (from other Greek αὐτός - "self", γένος - "origin") - a psychotherapeutic technique aimed at restoring the dynamic balance of the homeostatic mechanisms of the human body, disturbed as a result of distress.
The method of autogenic training (autotraining, AT) is based on the use of muscle relaxation, self-hypnosis and autodidactics (self-education). Being a "relative" of hypnotherapy, AT compares favorably with the latter in that the patient is actively involved in the therapy process, in contrast to the patient's passive role in hypnosis treatment. As a therapeutic method, AT was proposed by the German physician Johann Schulz ( Schultz, J.H.) in 1932. In Russia, it began to be used in the late 50s of the XX century.
The therapeutic effect of AT is due to the trophotropic reaction resulting from relaxation, accompanied by an increase in the tone of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which in turn helps to neutralize the negative stress response of the body. Some researchers (eg Lobzin VS, 1974) associate the action of AT with a weakening of the activity of the limbic and hypothalamic regions of the brain.
According to Dr. Schultz's classification, which is still used today, AT is divided into a "lower" stage, which includes exercises for relaxation and self-hypnosis, and a "higher" one, aimed at introducing the patient into trance states of varying depth and intensity. For the first time in Russia, the highest level of AT was developed and described in detail by M.S. Shoifet (Self-hypnosis. Psychophysical self-regulation training. St. Petersburg, 2003)
The main property of living systems is the ability to self-regulate, to create optimal conditions for the interaction of all elements of the body and ensure its integrity.
The surrounding world and the situation in which a person is located is changing literally every minute. To maintain health and maintain normal functioning, the body must quickly adapt to them. Self-regulation of the body is scientifically called homeostasis. If some organ or area begins to work incorrectly, a signal is sent to the brain about a malfunction. Having processed the received information, the brain sends a response order to normalize the work, thus the so-called “feedback” is carried out, that is, the body self-regulates. It is possible thanks to the autonomic (autonomous) nervous system.
Scheme of self-regulation of homeostasis with an increase in body temperature. Primary afferent:
Legend: 1 - Spinal cord (segment)
2 - Skin
3 - Blood vessels
4 - Sweat glands
5 - Internal organ (interoreceptors)
6 - Afferent pathways of information (sensitive)
7 - Efferent paths of information (motor)
It is this system that supports self-regulation and is responsible for the proper functioning of the blood vessels of the heart, respiratory organs, the digestive system and urination, and the vegetative system also normalizes the activity of the glands of the endocrine system, in addition, it is responsible for nourishing the central nervous system and skeletal muscles. The hypothalamus is responsible for the proper functioning of the autonomic nervous system, it is there that the so-called “control centers” are located, which also obey a higher authority - the cerebral cortex. The autonomic nervous system is divided into 2 parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
The first actively works in extreme situations when a very fast response is required. Under stress, dangerous situations, strong irritation, the sympathetic system sharply activates its functions and launches self-regulation mechanisms. The process of its activity can be seen with the naked eye: the heartbeat quickens, the pupils become wider, the pulse increases, at the same time, the activity of the digestive organs is quickly inhibited, the whole body comes into a state of “combat readiness”.
The parasympathetic nervous system, on the contrary, works in conditions of complete calm, rest, activates the digestive tract, dilates blood vessels.
Under optimal conditions, both systems work well in a person, they are in harmony. If the balance of the systems is disturbed, a person feels unpleasant consequences: nausea, headache, spasms, dizziness.
Mental processes take place in the cerebral cortex, they can greatly affect the activity of organs, and disturbances in the functioning of organs can affect mental processes. A prime example is the change in mood after a good meal. Another example is the dependence of the general state of the body on the metabolic rate. If it is high enough, mental reactions proceed instantly, and if it is low, a person feels tired, lethargic and cannot concentrate on work.
The hypothalamus controls the autonomic system, it is in this area that all alarm signals about changes in the activity of body systems or its individual organs come, it is the hypothalamus that sends signals to change work to bring the body back to its usual state, and includes self-regulation mechanisms. For example, during heavy physical exertion, when a person “does not have enough air”, the hypothalamus causes the heart muscle to contract more often, so the body receives the necessary oxygen faster and in full.
Basic principles of self-regulation
1. The principle of non-equilibrium or gradient is the property of living systems to maintain a dynamic non-equilibrium state, asymmetry relative to the environment. For example, the body temperature of warm-blooded animals may be higher or lower than the ambient temperature.
2. The principle of closed control loop. Each organism not only responds to irritation, but also evaluates the correspondence of the response to the acting stimulus. The stronger the stimulus, the greater the response. The principle is carried out due to positive and negative feedback in the nervous and humoral regulation, i.e. the regulation circuit is closed in a ring. For example, a back afferent neuron in motor reflex arcs.
3. The principle of forecasting. Biological systems are able to predict the outcome of a response based on past experience. For example, avoidance of already familiar pain stimuli.
4. The principle of integrity. For the normal functioning of the body, its integrity is necessary.
The doctrine of the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body was created in 1878 by Claude Bernard. In 1929, Cannon showed that the ability to maintain the body's homeostasis is a consequence of the work of its regulatory systems and proposed the term homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the constancy of the internal environment (blood, lymph, tissue fluid). This is the stability of the physiological functions of the body. This is the main property that distinguishes living organisms from non-living. The higher the organization of a living being, the more it is independent of the external environment. The external environment is a complex of factors that determines the ecological and social microclimate that affects a person.
Homeokinesis is a complex of physiological processes that maintain homeostasis. It is carried out by all tissues, organs and systems of the body, including functional systems. Homeostasis parameters are dynamic and change within normal limits under the influence of environmental factors. Example: Fluctuating blood glucose.
Living systems do not just balance external influences, but actively counteract them. Violation of homeostasis leads to the death of the body.
Biology Self-regulation of vital functions of organisms
The concept of self-regulation. Self-regulation (auto-regulation)- the ability of living organisms to maintain the constancy of their structure, chemical composition and intensity of physiological processes. For example, chloroplasts are capable of independent movement in cells under the influence of light, since they are very sensitive to it. On a bright sunny day with high light intensity, chloroplasts are located along the cell membrane, as if trying to avoid the action of strong light. On cloudy cloudy days, chloroplasts are located on the entire surface of the cytoplasm of the cell in order to absorb more sunlight (Fig.). The transition of chloroplasts from one position to another under the influence of light occurs due to cellular regulation.
Self-regulation is carried out according to the feedback principle, just as, for example, a constant temperature is maintained in a thermostat. In this device, there is the following causal dependence of thermoregulation:
Switch - heating - temperature.
You can adjust the temperature manually by turning it on and off. In a thermostat, this is done automatically, through a temperature-measuring regulator, which turns the heating on or off in accordance with the readings. The temperature affects the switch through the regulator and feedback is established in the system:
Switch - heating - temperature -
regulator
A signal for turning on one or another regulatory system can be a change in the concentration of a substance or the state of a system, the penetration of a foreign substance into the internal environment of the body, etc.
Regulation of metabolic processes. The formation and concentration of any metabolic product in a cell is determined by the following causal relationship:
DNA is an enzyme product.
DNA triggers the synthesis of enzymes in a certain way. Enzymes in turn catalyze the formation and transformation of the product. The resulting product can influence the chain of reactions through nucleic acids (gene regulation) or through enzymes (enzymatic regulation):
DNA - enzyme - product
DNA - enzyme - product.
We have already considered the regulation of transcription and translation processes (see § 33), which is an example of self-regulation.
Or another example. As a result of energy-consuming reactions (synthesis of various various syntheses of substances, absorption of substances from the environment, growth, cell division, etc.), the concentration of ATP in cells decreases, and ADP increases accordingly (ATP - ADP + F). Accumulation of ADP activates the work of respiratory enzymes and respiratory processes in general, and thus, increased energy generation in the cell (Fig.).
regulation of functions in plants. The functions of the plant organism (growth, development, metabolism, etc.) are regulated with the help of biologically active substances - phytohormones (see § 8). In small quantities, they can accelerate or slow down various vital functions of plants (cell division, seed germination, etc.). Phytohormones are formed by certain cells and transported to their site of action through conductive tissues or directly from one cell to another.
Plants are able to perceive changes in the environment and respond to them in a certain way. Such reactions are called tropisms and nastyas.
Tropisms(from Greek. tropos - turn, change of direction) - these are growth movements of plant organs in response to a stimulus that has a certain direction. These movements can be carried out both in the direction of the stimulus, and in the opposite direction. . Οʜᴎ are the result of uneven cell division on different sides of these organs in response to the action of growth phytohormones.
Nastia(from Greek. infusion - compacted) is the movement of plant organs in response to the action of a stimulus that does not have a specific direction (for example, a change in light, temperature). An example of nastia is the opening and closing of the corolla of a flower depending on the light, folding the leaves when the temperature changes. . Nastia are caused by stretching of organs due to their uneven growth or a change in pressure in certain groups of cells as a result of changes in the concentration of cell sap.
Regulation of the vital functions of the animal organism. The vital functions of the animal organism as a whole, its individual organs and systems, the consistency of their activities, the maintenance of a certain physiological state and homeostasis are regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems. These systems are functionally interconnected and influence each other's activities.
Nervous system regulates the vital functions of the body with the help of nerve impulses, having an electrical nature. Nerve impulses are transmitted from receptors to certain centers of the nervous system, where they are analyzed and synthesized, and appropriate reactions are formed. From these centers, nerve impulses are sent to the working organs, changing their activity in a certain way.
The nervous system is able to quickly perceive changes occurring in the external and internal environment of the body, and quickly respond to them. Recall that the reaction of the body to stimuli of the external and internal environment, carried out with the participation of the nervous system, is called reflex(from lat. reflexus- turned back, reflected). Consequently, the nervous system is characterized by a reflex principle of activity. The complex analytical and synthetic activity of the nerve centers is based on the processes of the emergence of nervous excitation and its inhibition. It is on these processes that the higher nervous activity of man and some animals is based, which ensures perfect adaptation to changes in the environment.
Leading role in humoral regulation vital functions of the body endocrine gland system. These glands are developed in most groups of animals. Οʜᴎ are not connected spatially, their work is coordinated either due to nervous regulation, or the hormones produced by some of them affect the work of others. In turn, the hormones secreted by the endocrine glands affect the activity of the nervous system.
A special place in the regulation of the functions of the organism of animals belongs to neurohormones- biologically active substances produced by special cells of the nervous tissue. Such cells have been found in all animals with a nervous system. Neurohormones enter the blood, intercellular or cerebrospinal fluid and are transported by them to those organs whose work they regulate.
In vertebrates and humans, there is a close relationship between the hypothalamus (a part of the diencephalon) and the pituitary gland (an endocrine gland associated with the diencephalon). Together they make hypothalamic-pituitary system. This connection essentially consists in the fact that the neurohormones synthesized by the cells of the hypothalamus enter through the blood vessels into the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. There, neurohormones stimulate or inhibit the production of certain hormones that affect the activity of other endocrine glands. The main biological significance of the hypothalamic-pituitary system is the implementation of a perfect regulation of the vegetative functions of the body and reproduction processes. Thanks to this system, the work of the endocrine glands can quickly change under the influence of environmental stimuli, which are perceived by the senses and processed in the nerve centers.
Humoral regulation can also be carried out with the help of other biologically active substances.
Self-regulation in biology
For example, a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood affects the activity of the respiratory center of the brain of terrestrial vertebrates, and calcium and potassium ions affect the work of the heart.
Regulatory systems continuously monitor the state of the body, automatically maintaining its parameters at an almost constant level, even under adverse external influences. If, under the influence of any factor, the state of a cell or organ changes, then this amazing property helps them return to their normal state again. As an example of the mechanism of operation of such regulatory systems, let us consider the reaction of the human body to physical activity.
response to physical stress. During intense physical activity, the nervous system sends signals to the medulla adrenal glands- endocrine glands lying above the kidneys. These glands secrete the hormone adrenaline into the blood.
Driven by adrenaline spleens a certain amount of blood deposited in it enters the vessels, as a result of which the volume of peripheral blood increases. Adrenaline also dilates the capillaries of the skin, muscles, and heart, increasing their blood supply. During exercise, the heart must work more intensively, pumping more blood; muscles must move the limbs; the skin should release more sweat to remove excess heat generated as a result of intensive muscle work. Adrenaline also causes narrowing of the blood vessels in the abdominal cavity and kidneys, reducing their blood supply. This redistribution of blood allows you to maintain blood pressure at a normal level (with an expanded bloodstream, this is not enough).
Adrenaline also increases the frequency of respiration and contractions of the heart. As a result, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed from it faster, blood moves through the vessels also faster, delivering more oxygen to intensively working muscles and accelerating the removal of end metabolic products.
During exercise, muscles release more carbon dioxide than usual, and this in itself has a regulatory effect. Carbon dioxide increases the acidity of the blood, which entails an increase in the supply of oxygen to the muscles and expansion of the blood vessels of the muscles, and also stimulates the nervous system to increase the release of adrenaline, which in turn increases the frequency of respiration and pulse (Fig.).
At first glance, all these adaptations to physical activity should change the state of the body, but in reality they ensure the preservation of the same composition of the extracellular fluid that bathes all the cells of the body, and especially the brain, as it would be without exercise. In the absence of these adaptations, physical activity would lead to an increase in the temperature of the extracellular fluid, to a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in it, and to an increase in its acidity. With extremely heavy physical exertion, all this happens; acid accumulates in the muscles, causing cramps. The convulsions themselves also have a regulatory function, preventing the possibility of further physical work and allowing the body to return to its normal state.
s 1. What regulatory systems exist in a living organism? 2. How is the regulation of vital functions carried out in body? 3. What is homeostasis and what mechanisms do you know to maintain it? 4. What is common and different between nervous and humoral regulation? 5. What is the connection between the nervous system and the system of endocrine glands? 6. What changes occur in the circulatory system of the human body during physical exertion? How are these changes managed? 7. Remember from the 9th grade biology course what possible disruptions in the functioning of the human body as a result of a violation of the relationship between the nervous system and the system of endocrine glands?
§ 35. Immune regulation
The immune system plays an important role in the life of the body. As you already know, immunity(from lat. immunitas- immunity) - the ability of the body to protect its own integrity, its immunity to pathogens of certain diseases. Specific and non-specific mechanisms are involved in the creation of immunity.
To nonspecific mechanisms of immunity include the barrier function of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes of internal organs; bactericidal action of certain enzymes (for example, some enzymes of saliva, lacrimal fluid, hemolymph of arthropods) and acids (excreted with the secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands, glands of the gastric mucosa). This function is also performed by cells of different tissues, capable of neutralizing particles and microorganisms alien to a given organism.
Specific mechanisms of immunity provided by the immune system, which recognizes and neutralizes antigens (from Greek. anti- against and genesis - origin) - chemicals produced by cells or part of their structures, or microorganisms that are perceived by the body as foreign and cause an immune response on its part.
:1- increased motor activity in a strong emotional state. An agitated person does not find a place for himself, constantly moves, "pouring out his soul" in a conversation with a stranger; |
What are examples of self-regulation of physiological processes in the body?
It arises not from improper breathing, but from incorrect thinking, the suppression of emotions inside the body and the development of a corresponding tension, which already increases the frequency of breathing, and consequently the washing out of carbon dioxide from the body. I described the cause, Buteyko is the consequence of this cause./). This is how "emotional garbage" (the poison of imperil), formed from the corresponding emotions and accumulating in the corresponding places of the body, causes tissue degeneration due to a decrease in metabolic processes, a perversion of the structure of the field life form. Yang does not turn into Yin according to the natural type of reactions, suppresses itself and still turns into Yin, but already according to the pathological type of reactions. The American scientist E. Jacobson studied the body states associated with complete muscle relaxation in order to study the possibility of diagnosing human emotions by the nature of the distribution of tense muscle groups. He managed to establish that during emotional reactions in healthy and sick people, tension of skeletal muscles with different, strictly defined localization for each emotion. In a person who has received a lot of emotional impressions of an unpleasant nature during the working day and suppressed them, a lot of unextracted energy accumulates in the body, which causes muscle tension (the so-called "residual tension"). Lying down in bed, such a person cannot relax, and the undiscovered informational part of emotions constantly "emerges" in the form of a particular picture, action, scrolling repeatedly. As a result, a person cannot fall asleep, tossing and turning, suffering, not resting in a dream. Here are some causes of insomnia, weakening of the body, predisposition to various pathological conditions, early old age, impotence. 
Rice. The result of ignoring the first type of self-regulation: on the left - a normal release of energy during an emotional outburst: vocal and motor reflexes are turned on, removing "emotional garbage"; as a result, the body is clean and healthy; on the right - "squeezing" of emotion and stagnation of energy in the field form of a person; compaction and stagnation of energy cause an increase in the heartbeat; increased breathing rhythm, washing out carbon dioxide from the body, lowering the activity of all enzymatic systems; as a result, a person becomes chronically ill with a mass of diseases, so for many people it is far from enough to properly cleanse, nourish and train their own body, they also need to think correctly and properly maintain their general emotional state, that is, observe the culture of thinking - to be a truly reasonable person. Thus, depressive states are accompanied by tension in the respiratory muscles (and then asthma may develop), emotions of fear cause tension in the speech muscles of the motor apparatus (which can lead to cancer of the larynx) and occipital muscles. Example. In 1982 I had an abortion. It was not done cleanly. I fell ill with inflammation of the uterus with a temperature of 40 and terrible shaking. While I was in gynecology, the infection caused a complication in the nervous system. My stomach and heart ached, I had a feeling of fear, endless running to the toilet. From the side of gynecology, I was cured, but I was ill with a nervous disease for another 5 months. The main painful symptoms disappeared, but there was one sensation that was impenetrable until 1990: when I needed to go to the toilet in a small way, it was felt not in the bladder, but in the back of the head. The head begins to hurt in different places, and the back of the head burns. And it is still. Over the years, from 1982 to 1990, my condition worsened, because there was a lot of work, I got tired, I had to be nervous. In the back of the head, everything grew and grew heaviness and burning. At the time, I didn't really understand what was happening to me. I went to neurologists, but they didn't help me until I had a stroke in January 1991. I lay in bed for a whole month, hardly getting up. My head and neck hurt terribly… Little by little, my condition improved very slowly, but three months later my mother suddenly died. It is impossible to describe here what I then felt, what I experienced. I fell ill with renewed vigor and am still sick ...... .. The doctor prescribed treatment with pills, take a warm shower three times and go to the pool, which I do. But there are almost no improvements. I am incredibly weak……. In intimate relations with her husband, too, a complete failure, she ceased to experience sexual sensations. At present, almost every person suffers from nervousness, because we are emotionally restrained, constrained in their manifestations due to improper upbringing, prejudices, etc. For example, when in the Middle Ages many relationships between men and women began to be considered vicious and persecuted, many psychoses arose on this basis. Emotional energy accumulating in the body destroys the field form of life, which is expressed in a general decrease in energy and passivity. Therefore, it is not surprising that a person suffering from a neurosis feels tired and general weakness.
The tightness of emotions and thoughts inside the body leads to the fact that they are constantly projected by the mind in the form of certain pictures, states, thought processes. In other words, there is so much of a certain emotional energy in the body that it crowds out others, completely "loading" the mind with itself. Emotional energies that have not been withdrawn cause an increase in muscle tone in the corresponding parts of the body, and in these places hardness, petrification is observed. If a person manages to relax precisely those muscles that, with appropriate mental associations, are involuntarily tense, his condition improves significantly (which means release from stagnant energy). Thus, with the help of relaxation, and preferably a special type of physical activity, one can remove "emotional garbage" and eliminate the negative background inherent in neurotics and achieve a stable improvement in health without drugs (note to neurotics). You see how simple everything is with neuroses, the scourge of our time, if you know the mechanism of their formation, and on its basis develop preventive programs that neutralize them. Recommendations: persons with a pronounced "Biliary" constitution "turning on from half a turn" should know this mechanism of destruction of the body and control themselves, or dump emotions on a boxing bag. The positive side of this phenomenon lies in the fact that people immobilized by the disease can, by "inflating" their own emotional state (for example, like Yu. Vlasov), charge themselves energetically, which speeds up their recovery. For example, mentally imagining that you are very tense while performing an imaginary physical exercise, you energetically feed the muscles, nervous system, and the whole body.
What else you should know with this type of self-regulation is that you are giving energy outward downgrade mental activity, calm down and relax. The second type of self-regulation carried out by "changing the influx of nerve impulses." Physiologists have established that skeletal muscles are powerful source of nerve impulses, which, entering the brain, is capable of changing the level of wakefulness over a wide range. At the same time, muscle tension "energizes" the central nervous system, improves the functioning of the sense organs.
This is a strictly scientific version of "recharging" the body due to nerve impulses coming from the periphery. Yin creates its opposite, Yang. But this is only a consequence, the main reason for energization in this case is the conscious activation of the will to unwind the chakras. Let's explore this underlying mechanism. If in the first case of self-regulation, a surge of energy occurs bypassing the analytical mind, from the levels of primary consciousness, under the influence of an unexpected impulse, and our task is to direct this flow of energy into a safe channel. In the second case of self-regulation, we consciously, with the help of the mind, by an effort of will, launch this deep mechanism of primary consciousness in order to generate energy. As a result of this, we gradually fill our body with energy, which ultimately leads to an increased mental tone. In other words, in the first case, we strive to reduce the excess of mental activity (so as not to harm ourselves), and in the second case, we strive to increase mental activity (in order to be in a normal mental tone).
No less powerful source of nerve impulses is breathing pattern. Here is the same mechanism consciously, we can change the rhythm and depth of breathing, focusing either on inhalation, or on exhalation, or on retention. The conscious selection of one or another cycle of the respiratory process affects our body in different ways. So the physiologist A.I. Roitbak showed that impulses from the respiratory center, propagating along special nerve pathways to the cerebral cortex, significantly change its tone: inhalation - raises and exhale - reduces his. This is one of the secondary reasons that a person can make the maximum effort at the moment of holding the breath while inhaling. Besides, active inspiration during spontaneous, passive exhalation, it activates the sympathetic section of the autonomic nervous system, which: enhances metabolic processes in the body, increases the content of red blood cells, sugar and hormones in the blood, stops the development of inflammatory processes and allergic reactions (adrenal corticoids have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect), raises arterial pressure, dilates the bronchi. In other words, this way of breathing activates the body for self-healing and healing. Many psychotechniques of the world - rebirthing, holotropic therapy, breathing according to Strelnikova - use a similar method of breathing. In this case, not only the nervous system is toned, the body is healed due to the described mechanisms of stimulating the sympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system, "pumping" the body with energy, but also by the fact that due to the constant volitional effort aimed at maintaining the proper intensity of the described breathing, the human body begins production natural opiates- endorphins. Doing more and more, they themselves cause and maintain a state of euphoria. Endorphins, causing sthenic emotions, additionally activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, stimulating the body's defenses and providing it with energy. It's a miracle drug!
And vice versa, holding the breath (i.e. neither inhalation nor exhalation is seen or heard), as Buteyko recommends and many meditative techniques of the world, as well as a small inhalation, a long and smooth exhalation with a breath hold on inhalation (moderate delay, and not up to refusal, because such a delay stimulates the activity of the body, too strong Yin generates its opposite Yang) allows you to most fully relax the muscles, reduce the tone of the central nervous system, lower blood pressure, slow down the pulse, cause a drowsy state. However, it is necessary to know the following feature, in order to maintain a high concentration of attention for complete relaxation of the muscles and inhibition of distracting thoughts and images, it is necessary to maintain and maintain a high tone of the nervous system. This is what is done in the methods of rebirthing and holotropic therapy using breathing - an active quick inhalation and a passive exhalation, driving air through the nose, where energy is removed and the brain is activated through the olfactory bulbs.
The activity of the nervous system is well stimulated by "loading" the sense organs. For example, bright flashes of light, loud music, pungent odors, strong tingling of the skin, vigorous rubbing of the body, etc. sharply activates the level of wakefulness. And vice versa, the absence of impulses coming from the sense organs causes a drowsy state in a person, the appearance of various hallucinations. Therefore, some people like to be in an environment moderately saturated with noises (music), smells, etc. to increase their own level of wakefulness. Recommendations: in a situation requiring an urgent increase or maintenance of mental tone, it is necessary to voluntarily strongly strain the muscles, breathe quickly with an emphasis on inhalation (like Strelnikova), rub the neck, shoulders and scalp strongly.
The recommendations of the second type of self-regulation are very suitable for persons with a pronounced “Slizi” constitution. As for persons with a pronounced "Wind" constitution, the opposite is suitable for them: smooth movements in a calm manner, stretched breathing on exhalation, being in a calm environment. If you are agitated, then use muscle relaxation techniques combined with a calming type of breathing and being in a quiet environment.
With the help of this type of self-regulation, you can consciously increase or decrease your own mental activity. The third type of self-regulation carried out by changing the conditions of the external environment. This type includes the situation, the conditions of the work performed, mutual understanding. If all this is well chosen, then the person feels comfortable, if not, he feels excited or depressed. The microclimate in the family and at work is of great importance for human health. So make it positive. In conclusion of this section, we highlight four features that need to be paid attention to on a daily basis. 1.Reducing the systematic load on the muscular system, inevitable with the intensive technization of society. Systematic underloading of the muscular apparatus (there is no volitional effort of the appropriate quality) deprives the emotional centers of a positive charge that a person needs to overcome critical life situations. Under these conditions, many of the negative influences of our lives acquire a super-strong character and act in a neurotic way. Constantly reduced vitality and apathy are combined with explosiveness, an unrestrained reaction to the most insignificant household irritations of a negative nature. 2. Changing the load range in the sensory system. The technization of society maintains a tendency to increase the informative load (especially of a logical nature to the detriment of the figurative) on the senses in the range of signals of greater and medium strength, and eliminates the need to use signals of weak and very weak power, which were widely used by a person who lived in natural conditions. This leads to a gradual decrease in visual acuity, hearing, smell. As a result, the nervous system is deprived of the activating part of weak signals. As a result, its tone decreases, adverse changes occur in the emotional sphere. And strong influences (loud sounds, flashes of light, saturated smells) quickly overexcite a person and lead to general fatigue. 3. For the normal functioning of the body and psyche, a person periodically needs to remain completely alone and in silence. In this case, internal conditions of rest and balance are created, which are necessary for the assimilation of previously received information, the formation and consolidation of new programs of behavior and activity. These conditions become essential when the body needs to restore the internal balance disturbed by the disease. 4. Take into account the intimate connection of a person with the nature around him. The more natural it is, the more healthy and balanced a person is. Artificial furnishings, synthetic furniture, floors, etc. violate and pervert the intimate ties of man with Nature. Having lost his roots, a person becomes a destroyer, regardless of anything or anyone, for the sake of satisfying his whims and ambitions. The impact on the person of the four described factors in industrialized countries has led to the fact that about half of hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from mental disorders, 40% of which are schizophrenics. Personality self-regulation. Learn to master the mechanisms of your own behavior and mood
Why you need to overcome critical life situations
Three main types of self-regulation
- home
- Human consciousness and its role in healing
- Field form of a person and its components
- The reason behind the formation of the field form of human life
- The components of the human personality, their features and influence on the human body
- Types of human consciousness and their role in the healing process
- Mental individuality of a person
- Human mental activity
- Emotions
- "Pollution" and distortions affecting the mental activity of a person
- Personal self-regulation
- How to break a bad habit and get a good one instead
- How to deal with critical life situations
- Three main types of self-regulation
- Relationships of personality
- Techniques for working with your own consciousness
- Transcendental Meditation
- Rebirthing
- Breath of happiness
- Holotropic Therapy
- General conclusion
- Creating your own health system
- Errors and difficulties arising in the process of implementing a health program
- What factors need to be considered
- Specific Recommendations
- Recommendations for persons with pronounced constitutions "Wind", "Bile", "Plime"
- Human Health Effects of Herbs, Minerals, Tissues, Foods, and Other Substances
- Herbs
- Bio-energy-informational resonance between flowers and people
- Bio-energy-information exchange between trees and people
- Bio-energy-information exchange between metals, minerals and people
Self-regulation in the system it is the internal regulation of processes with their subordination to a single stable order. At the same time, even in changing environmental conditions, a living system retains a relative internal constancy of its composition and properties - homeostasis(from the Greek homoios - similar, the same and stasis - state).
Man, as the highest representative of the animal kingdom, also maintains his internal homeostasis - thanks to the work of numerous control mechanisms. So, despite the change of day and night, winter and summer, our body temperature is maintained at the same level - about 37 degrees (36.6 degrees under the arm). Blood pressure varies within limited limits, as it is regulated due to the innervation of the walls of blood vessels. The salt composition of blood and intercellular fluids, the content of sugars and other osmotically active substances (which can cause an undesirable redistribution of water between body structures) are also maintained at optimal levels. Even a simple and seemingly spontaneous standing on two legs requires every second coordinated work of the vestibular apparatus and many muscles of the body.
The founder of the idea of physiological homeostasis, Claude Bernard (second half of the 19th century), considered the stability of physicochemical conditions in the internal environment as the basis for the freedom and independence of living organisms in a continuously changing external environment.
Self-regulation occurs at all levels of organization of biological systems - from molecular-genetic to biospheric (for levels of organization, see topic 1). Therefore, the problem of homeostasis in biology is interdisciplinary. Cytology and molecular biology study intracellular homeostasis, animal physiology and plant physiology study organismic homeostasis, and ecology studies ecosystemic homeostasis. Specific manifestations of these mechanisms will be discussed below. Here we note that to maintain homeostasis in all systems are used cybernetic principles of self-regulating systems. Cybernetics - the science of management - explains the principle of self-regulation of a system based on direct and feedback links between its elements. Recall that a system is a collection of interacting elements. Direct connection between two elements means the transfer of information from the first to the second in one direction, feedback - the transfer of response information from the second element to the first. The bottom line is that the information signal - direct or reverse - changes the state of the system that receives the signal. And here it is fundamentally important what sign the response signal will be - positive or negative. Accordingly, the feedback will be positive or negative.
In case of reverse positive connection, the first element signals the second about some changes in its state, and in response receives a command to consolidate this new state and even change it further. Cycle after cycle, the first element with the help of the second (control) element accumulates the same changes, its state changes stably in one direction (Fig.
The principle of self-regulation of the body
18 a). This situation is characterized as self-organization, development, evolution, and there is no need to talk about any stability of the system. This can be any growth (cells, organisms, populations), a change in the species composition in a community of organisms, a change in the concentration of mutations in the gene pool of a population, leading through selection to the evolution of species. Naturally, positive feedbacks not only do not support, but, on the contrary, destroy homeostasis.
Rice. eighteen
Reverse negative the connection stimulates changes in the regulated system with the opposite sign relative to those primary changes that gave rise to the direct connection. The initial shifts of the system parameters are eliminated, and it returns to its original state. The cyclic combination of direct positive and reverse negative connections can be, theoretically, infinitely long, since the system fluctuates around a certain equilibrium state (Fig. 18b). In this way, to maintain the homeostasis of the system, the principle of negative feedback is used. This principle is widely used in automation. This is how the temperature in the iron or refrigerator is regulated - with the help of a thermal relay, the level of steam pressure in the autoclave - with the help of an exhaust valve, the position of the ship, aircraft, spacecraft in space - with the help of gyroscopes.
In living systems, the universal negative feedback principle works in all cases where homeostasis is maintained.
SELF-REGULATION
(from Russian self-and lat. regulo - arrange, put in order) - English self regulation; German Eigenregulierung. 1. The property of systems of different levels to maintain internal stability due to their coordinated reactions, compensating for the influence of changing environmental conditions. 2. Activity aimed at achieving an arbitrary goal set by the subject and involving the creation of a model, as well as its adjustment in the course of activity.
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
Synonyms:See what "SELF-REGULATION" is in other dictionaries:
Self-regulation… Spelling Dictionary
Self-regulation is a concept used in various social sciences, in particular in psychology, associated with the provision of self-organization of various types of human mental activity. According to V. I. Morosanova, representing ... ... Wikipedia
self-regulation- (from Latin regulare to put in order, to establish) the expedient functioning of living systems of different levels of organization and complexity. Mental S. is one of the levels of regulation of the activity of these systems, expressing the specifics of those implementing it ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
In biology, the ability of biological systems (at any level of life organization) to automatically establish and maintain vital functions at a certain, relatively constant level. Control factors are formed in the biosystem itself. ... ... Ecological dictionary
Self-regulation, self-regulation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. self-regulation noun, number of synonyms: 2 self-regulation (2) … Synonym dictionary
In biology, property biol. systems automatically install and maintain at a certain, relatively constant level, certain fiziol. or other biol. indicators. At C, the control factors do not affect the regulated system from the outside, but ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
One of the mechanisms for maintaining the vital activity of the body at a relatively constant level. C. physiological functions is inherent in all forms of organization of life and arose in the process of evolution as a result of adaptation to action ... ... Emergencies Dictionary
self-regulation- Self regulation... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations
SELF-REGULATION- (from lat. regulare to put in order, to establish) the expedient functioning of living systems of different levels of organization and complexity. Mental self-regulation is one of the levels of regulation of the activity of these systems, expressing the specifics of ... ... Dictionary of Career Guidance and Psychological Support
self-regulation- ANIMAL EMBRYOLOGY SELF-REGULATION - the ability of a cell to regulate life processes in time (mitotic cycle) and space (ATP synthesis in mitochondria) ... General Embryology: Terminological Dictionary
Books
- Self-regulation and individuality of a person, V. I. Morosanova. The monograph is devoted to the study of the phenomenon and mechanisms of self-regulation of human voluntary activity. Theoretical and applied aspects of the problem of the relationship between self-regulation and…
- Self-regulation of the organism and biorhythms of life. Methods for diagnosing acquired and hereditary diseases, Volcanescu V. In his autobiography, V.V. Volcanescu tells what miraculous circumstances helped her determine her spiritual path, achieve inner harmony on it and reach that highest level, ...
We all know very well and knew more from history or personal experience that man is a rather complex biological mechanism which, for normal life and functioning, needs to satisfy its own needs. To satisfy needs, a person needs to perform actions, in simple terms, he needs to work.
What is self-regulation?
For effective work, and life in general, he a healthy state of the body(physiological, psychological). So, it turns out that this state may not always be adequate, normal, effective. In such situations, we come to such a term as self-control or self-regulation. So what is self-regulation?
Self-regulation is a scientific term that can be found in various scientific articles and books, has a related meaning, refers to psychology, biology and other sciences, and therefore has many interpretations. This article will fully explore its psychological significance.
Self-regulation, first of all, if you read literally, the regulation of oneself from lat. Regulare - to put in order. You can also remember this term from biology lessons at school. Then at the lessons this definition sounded something like this: “Self-regulation is the purposeful work of biological systems of different levels of organization and complexity, aimed at maintaining homeostasis” (homeostasis is the desire of a living organism, under the influence of the environment, to restore the standard state, return to equilibrium). For example, a unicellular living organism, under the influence of the environment, is able to restore its original state.
Levels
In psychology, self-regulation can be divided into the following levels:
- Conscious level - speech, actions, movements, in other words, these types of self-regulation are easily recognized and observed independently and without outside help;
- Subconscious level - emotions, experiences of internal images and other internal mental processes.
Speaking about the subconscious level, it is necessary to indicate what, for successful regulation, developed reflection, the ability to look and study oneself independently is necessary. As psychological practice shows, the subconscious level is not available to everyone, especially without preparation. And this level requires introducing a person into a reduced state of brain activity and relaxation, followed by focusing on the problem. In addition to the above, it should be noted that the most important element of self-control is feedback.
Structure
Despite the large number of interpretations, self-regulation has a common structure:
- First of all, you need to decide for what and for what activity it is needed.
- Having chosen an activity, it is necessary to highlight the basic conditions and characteristics of the psyche or physiology necessary for effective activity.
- Prepare a sequence of actions to form the necessary conditions for activity, for adjustment.
- Present a reference version of operating conditions to compare actual conditions.
- Analyze actual results.
- Compare results with benchmark.
- Deciding on the need and method of self-regulation of activities.
Different areas of psychology have different attitudes towards self-regulation. For example, the school of existential psychology believes that self-regulation is a sign of a person's maturity and effective activity, and the inability to regulate and subjugate their mental manifestations is considered infantilism, whose behavior is rather based on feelings and drives.
Behaviorism, on the other hand, claims that this is self-deception, fiction, a person is very dependent on the environment in which he is and cannot fully control the influence of the environment on his own. Conflictology claims that the effectiveness of self-regulation methods determines how adequately a person will behave in a conflict situation.
Basic and additional methods of self-regulation
The main methods of self-regulation are:
- muscle relaxation;
- training (autogenic, ideomotor);
- reproduction of images or, in other words, visualization and imagination, which is the creation of images and thoughts in the human mind, through the use of hearing, touch, smell and their combination;
- self-hypnosis;
- neurolinguistic programming.
Additional methods are the following:
- suggestion;
- music therapy (other types of art therapy);
- physical exercises.
Statistical studies conducted by psychologists have indicated that self-regulation causes rejuvenation of the human body. A person receives significant control over his psycho-emotional processes, behavior.
The main results of self-regulation are the calming of the psyche, in other words, emotional stress is relieved, the level of fatigue is reduced - rest, the mental and physiological reaction improves.
The most famous natural methods of self-regulation are, of course, sleep, eating, walking in the air, nature, interacting with animals, movement, dancing, contrast showers, massage and much more. Although these methods are not always available. For example, a person is at work and cannot afford to sleep.
Despite this, it is the timeliness of self-regulation that has the most effective impact on the human psyche. Human health in most cases deteriorates due to overvoltage, and specifically because of ignoring this overvoltage. For example, visual impairment due to uncontrolled time spent reading books, watching TV, computer monitor screen. From a simple type of self-regulation, another hobby can be distinguished. After all, a hobby is needed to restore strength, switch attention, distract from the stress of everyday life..
At any given moment it is necessary specific self-regulation for a specific area and depending on this, we can distinguish: motivational associated with the motivation of a person to action; corrective- aimed at correcting the necessary characteristics; emotional-volitional.
Emotional-volitional:
- suggestion or suggestion to oneself;
- self-confession - awareness of one's results and roles in various situations in life, analysis of mistakes, actions, deep personal experiences;
- Self-persuasion - an approach that focuses on cold logic and reasoning in the analysis of problems and obstacles;
- self-order - the creation of a reflex between words and deeds.
In the general case, psychological self-regulation is a conscious change in the work of the psyche and physiology, behavior, for this you need gain the ability to control consciousness over activity.
So, the inability to manage oneself, one’s emotional states, exposure to uncontrollable moods is an obstacle to normal and productive work and life of a person, all this affects relationships between people, family stability and also prevents the achievement of goals, and as a result, obtaining the results necessary for this. . First of all, it is necessary to localize the problem, and then, with the help of tools and methods, begin to solve it. Help in this process can be specific methods of self-regulation, sharpened specifically for each situation and area of action.
The most important thing is not to bring negative emotions and behavior to a peak, but to start dealing with negative emotions or behavior as early as possible. For this, a psychologist is not always necessary, you can even use the simplest methods of self-regulation such as: imagining something pleasant, listening to an interesting musical composition or talking to a nice person, looking at yourself from the outside.
Self-regulation is built into every living organism, you just need to learn to listen to it. Breathing techniques, for example, are built on this principle. It just happens that in business a person even forgets how to breathe properly.
Having read all the above information, you now know exactly what the term "self-regulation" is.
THE CONCEPT OF SELF-REGULATION OF LIVING SYSTEMS
Self-regulation - in biology, the property of biological systems to automatically establish and maintain certain physiological or other biological indicators at a certain, relatively constant level. In self-regulation, the control factors do not affect the regulated system from the outside, but are formed in it itself. "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary"
Self-regulation in the system is the internal regulation of processes with their subordination to a single stable order. (slide 2)
At the same time, even in changing environmental conditions, a living system retains the relative internal constancy of its composition and properties - homeostasis (from the Greek homoios - similar, the same and stasis - state).
The founder of the idea of physiological homeostasis, Claude Bernard, considered the stability of physical and chemical conditions in the internal environment as the basis for the freedom and independence of living organisms in a continuously changing external environment.(slide 3)
Self-regulation occurs at all levels of organization of biological systems - from molecular genetic to biospheric (slide 4). Therefore, the problem of homeostasis in biology is interdisciplinary. To maintain homeostasis in all systems, the cybernetic principles of self-regulating systems are used. Cybernetics - the science of management - explains the principle of self-regulation of a system based on direct and feedback links between its elements. A system is a collection of interacting elements. Direct connection between two elements means the transfer of information from the first to the second in one direction, feedback - the transfer of response information from the second element to the first. The bottom line is that the information signal - direct or reverse - changes the state of the system that receives the signal. And here it is fundamentally important what sign the response signal will be - positive or negative. Accordingly, the feedback will be positive or negative. In the case of a positive feedback, the first element signals the second about some changes in its state, and in response receives a command to fix this new state and even change it further. Cycle after cycle, the first element with the help of the second (control) element accumulates the same changes, its state changes stably in one direction. (Fig. 1a). slide 5
This situation is characterized as self-organization, development, evolution, and there is no need to talk about any stability of the system. This can be any growth (cells, organisms, populations), a change in the species composition in a community of organisms, a change in the concentration of mutations in the gene pool of a population, leading through selection to the evolution of species. Naturally, positive feedbacks not only do not support, but, on the contrary, destroy homeostasis.
The negative feedback stimulates changes in the regulated system with the opposite sign relative to those primary changes that gave rise to the direct link. The initial shifts of the system parameters are eliminated, and it returns to its original state. The cyclic combination of direct positive and reverse negative connections can theoretically be infinitely long, since the system oscillates around a certain equilibrium state (Fig. 1b). In this way, to maintain the homeostasis of the system, the principle of negative feedback is used.
INTRACELLULAR SELF-REGULATION
In the cell, to maintain homeostasis, mainly chemical (molecular) regulatory mechanisms are used. Most important is the regulation of the genes on which the production of proteins, including numerous and diverse enzymes, depends.
The simplest model for demonstrating gene homeostasis is the regulation of the production of an enzyme to break down lactose in E. coli. For the breakdown and assimilation of lactose from a specific structural gene that is part of the lactose operon (the gene together with the regulatory region), messenger RNA and, further, an enzyme are synthesized. If there is no sugar in the medium, the enzyme is not produced, and when sugar is added, the gene is activated and the enzyme is synthesized. But once all the sugar has been used up by the cell, the gene stops working. How does the cell know about the presence of sugar and its consumption? How does he protect his genes from useless work and waste of energy? It turns out that the lactose operon in Escherichia coli works on the principle of negative feedback, where a special part of the operon, the operator, acts as a regulatory “valve”, and the food substrate itself, lactose, acts as a regulator. Lactose entering the cell itself opens the structural gene, using the operator region as a key for this. The disappearance of lactose automatically leads to the closure of the gene (slide 6).
In its simplicity, the system of gene regulation by substrate concentration is similar to simple technical regulators. However, in eukaryotes, the regulation of gene activity is more complex.
Another example of simple self-regulating systems using negative feedback are enzymatic chains that are inhibited by the end product. The essence of regulation is that the final product has an affinity for the first enzyme. By binding to the enzyme, the product inhibits (suppresses) its activity, as it completely distorts its tertiary structure. The next regulatory cycle is running. With an increase in the concentration of the final product above the required level, its excess inhibits the enzyme chain (for this, it is enough to stop the very first enzyme). Fermentation stops, and the free product is spent on the needs of the cell. After some time, there is a shortage of the product, the block from the enzymes is removed, the chain is activated, and the production of the product grows again. (slide 7)
The third example is the maintenance of intracellular osmotic homeostasis. In the mechanism of occurrence of nerve impulses, an important role is played by sodium ions, the concentration of which outside the cell must be maintained at a higher level than inside. Thanks to the sodium pumps built into the cell membrane, the desired ion gradient is maintained. As soon as the cell receives an excess of sodium, the sodium pump (its enzyme that breaks down ATP and provides energy) is activated. Sodium is pumped out, its concentration in the cell drops, which serves as a signal to turn off the pump. (slide 8)
Note, however, that the adjustable parameters are not absolutely constant, they are maintained within acceptable limits. In each case, these are their physiological boundaries, allowing normal cellular functions.
SELF-REGULATION OF A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
In multicellular organisms, an internal environment appears in which the cells of various organs and tissues are located, the mechanisms of homeostasis become more complex and improve. In the course of evolution, specialized organs of blood circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, etc. are formed, which are involved in maintaining homeostasis.
The most perfect homeostasis in mammals, which contributes to the expansion of their adaptation to the environment. In mammals, as well as in birds, body temperature is regulated within narrow limits - they are called warm-blooded animals.
The main role in maintaining the body's homeostasis is played by the nervous and hormonal regulatory systems (slide 9).
The most important integrating function is performed by the central nervous system, especially the cerebral cortex. The autonomic nervous system, in particular its sympathetic department, is also of great importance. Hormonal regulation is provided by the endocrine gland system. The central endocrine gland - the pituitary gland has a direct connection with the brain (through the hypothalamus), and its hormones through the blood act on all local endocrine glands.
The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands with the blood stream (humorally) spread to all target organs and participate in the regulation of their growth and functioning. Thus, in fact, due to the connection of the nervous and endocrine systems, a single neurohormonal self-regulation of the body is carried out. (slide 10)
The regulation of feeding behavior in vertebrates and humans is interesting and indicative. The hypothalamus contains the hunger and satiety centers. In the blood of a hungry animal (or person) there is a lack of glucose. A low concentration of glucose in the blood leads to irritation of the center of hunger. Commands are sent along the nerve fibers to the brain, to the muscles, and the search for food is organized. When food is found, the mechanisms of nutrition, digestion and absorption of products into the blood are switched on. The concentration of glucose in the blood rises, which leads to irritation of the satiety center, further to suppression of appetite and cessation of nutrition. When glucose is consumed, its concentration in the blood decreases again, which irritates the center of hunger. The cycle is repeated. Since the hypothalamus is connected both with the nerve centers and with the entire endocrine system, the cycle of eating behavior is also synchronized with the neuro-reflex and humoral regulation of the glands of the digestive tract: saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic and intestinal enzymes are released, and peristalsis is mobilized. (slide 11)
The negative feedback mechanism is involved in maintaining a constant number of cells in renewing tissues such as blood, intestinal or skin epithelium. (slide 12)
In these tissues there is a reserve of undifferentiated cells (for example, red bone marrow for blood), which repeatedly divide, differentiate, work, grow old and die. It is believed that mature cells secrete substances that inhibit young dividing cells. A chain of interdependent reactions is built up: with an excess of mature cells, inhibitor production is high and cell reproduction is suppressed; a decrease in the number of mature cells as a result of their natural death is accompanied by a decrease in the inhibitor concentration in the medium; the block of cell divisions is removed; reproduction of young cells is enhanced; the number of mature cells is restored. Further, inhibitor production increases again and the cycle repeats. The total number of mature cells in the tissue fluctuates around a certain average level, does not sharply decrease or increase. According to the mechanism of signal transmission, here we have a humoral system, the inhibitor works as an interstitial “hormone”.
Among the regulatory systems that ensure the internal constancy of the body, in addition to the nervous and endocrine, should include the immune system,(slide 13) which monitors and maintains the genetic purity of the internal environment and tissues of the body, eliminating invading viruses, microbes or its own mutant cells. As in the case of intracellular regulation, we must note that the homeostasis of the body is not absolute. Any parameters: body temperature, blood pressure, eating behavior, heart rate, number of cells in the tissue, and many others - are in oscillatory mode. This follows from the very nature of the mechanism of regulation - direct and feedback are closed in a cycle, the turn of which requires a certain time. During this time, the regulated system has time to change in one direction or another, which is expressed in the fluctuation of its parameters. But the average level of the parameter should correspond to the norm, and the corridor of its fluctuations should not go beyond the physiological limits.
Normal fluctuations in the functional characteristics of the body occur constantly and are called biorhythms. (slide 14) The rate of protein synthesis in the cell fluctuates in a circa-hour (1.5 - 2 hours) rhythm, most organismal rhythms have a circadian periodicity, there are monthly, annual and even long-term rhythms. The vast majority of biorhythms are induced, they are formed under the influence of abiotic (non-biological) rhythms of the environment. In general, the oscillatory state of the system is the most stable. That is why the oscillatory state of the internal environment of the body acts as an important factor in maintaining homeostasis.
SELF-REGULATION IN ECOSYSTEMS
The concept of ecosystem homeostasis in ecology was developed by F. Clements (1949) (slide 15). Equilibrium in ecosystems by processes with feedback. Homeostasis is the ability of a population or ecosystem to maintain a stable dynamic balance in changing environmental conditions. In the homeostasis (stability) of living systems, there are:
Endurance (survivability, tolerance - the ability to endure changes in the environment without violating the basic properties of the system.
Elasticity (resistance, resilience) - the ability to quickly independently return to a normal state from an unstable state that arose as a result of an external adverse effect on the system.
The homeostasis of a population is determined by the maintenance of spatial structure, density, and genetic diversity. At the level of ecosystems, homeostasis is manifested in the most stable forms of interaction between species, which is expressed in adaptability to the characteristics of the environment and the maintenance of nutrient cycles. One can even consider the homeostasis of the biosphere, in which the interaction of various organisms maintains the constancy of the gas composition of the atmosphere, the composition of soils, the composition and concentration of salts in the world ocean, etc.
Homeostasis is ensured by the work of regulatory mechanisms operating on the principle of negative feedback. Abrupt changes in the characteristics of the environment, in which they (or one of them) go beyond the limits of the permissible, are called environmental stress.
In ecosystems, as a result of the interaction of the circulation of substances, energy flows and feedback signals from subsystems, a self-regulating homeostasis arises. Control mechanisms at the ecosystem level include, for example, subsystems such as microbial populations that regulate the accumulation and release of nutrients.
The "predator-prey" subsystem also regulates the density of both predator and prey populations. Consider the simplest ecosystem: hare-lynx, consisting of two trophic levels. (slide 16) When the number of hares is small, each of them can find enough food and comfortable shelters for themselves and their cubs. Those. environmental resistance is low, and the number of hares is increasing despite the presence of a predator. The abundance of hares makes it easier for the lynx to hunt and feed the young. As a result, the number of predators also increases. This is a positive feedback. However, with an increase in the number of hares, the amount of food, shelters decreases, and predation intensifies, i.e. the resistance of the environment increases. As a result, the number of hares is reduced. It becomes more difficult for predators to hunt, they experience a shortage of food and their numbers are falling. This manifests a negative feedback that compensates for deviations and returns the ecosystem to its original state.
Such fluctuations occur periodically around a certain average level. Growth, decline and constancy of the population depends on the relationship between the biotic potential and environmental resistance. The principle of population change: it is the result of an imbalance between the biotic potential and the resistance of its environment. Such an equilibrium is dynamic, because environmental resistance factors rarely remain unchanged for a long time. (slide 17)
The balance in ecosystems is ensured by the redundancy of organisms that perform the same functions. For example, if there are several plant species in a community, each of which develops in its own temperature range, then the rate of ecosystem photosynthesis can remain almost unchanged for a long time. When stress increases, the system may not be able to return to its previous level, although it remains manageable. For ecosystems, not one, but several states of equilibrium are possible. After stressful influences, they often return to another, new, state of equilibrium.
For example, a huge amount of CO 2 , entering the atmosphere as a result of human activity is absorbed by the buffer carbonate system of the ocean and autotrophs: (slide 18)
SO 2 + CaCO 3 + H 2 O=Ca(HCO 3 ) 2
Light
SO 2 + H 2 O = ( CH 2 O) n + O 2.
As the influx of CO 2 the buffer capacity of the biosphere may turn out to be insufficient, and a new balance will be established in the atmosphere between
SO 2 and about 2. In this case, even small changes can have far-reaching consequences: evolutionary adjustment must occur in order for reliable homeostatic control to reappear. In addition to those considered, there are many other mechanisms that ensure the stability and homeostasis of ecosystems. For example, the ability of a population to adapt to new environmental conditions depends on the degree of heterozygosity. Competition is also a mechanism of homeostasis.
Equilibrium is a relative concept. Equilibrium in natural ecosystems depends on population density. If the population density increases, the resistance of the environment increases, in connection with which the mortality rate increases and the population growth stops. And, conversely, with a decrease in population density, the resistance of the environment weakens and the former number is restored. Human impact on nature often leads to the extinction of the population, because. does not depend on population density.
The stability of ecosystems in ecology means the property of any system to return to its original state after it has been brought out of equilibrium. Stability is determined by the resistance of ecosystems to external influences. There are two types of stability: resistant and elastic.
Resistant resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to resist disturbance while maintaining its structure and function unchanged.
Elastic stability is the ability of a system to recover quickly after a violation of structure and function.
It is difficult for a system to simultaneously develop both types of stability: they are inversely connected and sometimes mutually exclusive. For example, a Californian redwood forest is resistant to fire (high resilience), but if it burns, it regenerates very slowly or not at all (low resilience). Heather thickets easily burn out (low resistance resistance), but recover quickly (high elastic resistance)
Man is the most powerful being capable of changing the functioning of ecosystems. The human brain has so far relied mainly on positive feedback, controlling and dominating nature. This led to the development of technology and an increase in the exploitation of resources. But this process, in the end, will lead to a decrease in the quality of life and the destruction of the environment, if ways are not found to adequately manage it with the help of negative feedback.
The existence of mankind is possible only if the regulatory mechanisms that allow the biosphere to adapt to certain anthropogenic influences are preserved. In an effort to reduce the level of environmental pollution, a person should equally strive to preserve the mechanisms of self-regulation that support the natural life support systems of the planet, i.e. to the preservation of the ecological balance established in nature, which is not always achieved only by reducing the level of pollution and economical use of natural resources.
Conclusion(slide 19)
Self-regulation and maintenance of a stable state - homeostasis - is a mandatory property of living systems, regardless of their level of complexity. The relative constancy of the physicochemical parameters of the cell is regulated and maintained. The state of tissues and organs of a multicellular organism is maintained within the physiological norm. The composition of living communities in biocenoses is reproduced. The maintenance of homeostasis is based on the universal principle of negative feedback.
At the same time, living systems change directionally and irreversibly, self-organize, which is the essence of their development. Cells differentiate, work and die. Organisms grow, reproduce, age and die. Biocenoses undergo successions and also irreversibly change with climate change on Earth. A directed change in a biosystem is essentially the opposite of homeostasis; it occurs on the basis of positive feedback.
Stability, immutability of biosystems, on the one hand, and their gradual change, development, on the other hand, represent the dialectical unity of opposites, which is expressed by the concept of sustainable development.
Literature:
1.AP Anisimov The concept of modern natural science. Biology. Far Eastern State University, Pacific Institute of Distance Education and Technology, Vladivostok, 2000
2 Biological encyclopedic dictionary
