Peredelsky L.V., Korobkin V.I., Prikhodchenko O.E. Ecology - file n1.doc. Peredelsky, Lev Dmitrievich - Karachev V and Korokkin L Peredelsky

12th ed., supplement. and reworked. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2007. - 602 p.

The textbook is written in accordance with the requirements of the current state educational standard and the program recommended by the Russian Ministry of Education. It consists of two parts - theoretical and applied. In its five sections, the main provisions of general ecology, the doctrine of the biosphere, and human ecology are considered; anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere, problems of ecological protection and environmental protection. In general, the textbook forms a new ecological, noospheric worldview among students.

Intended for students of higher educational institutions. The textbook is also recommended for teachers and students of secondary schools, lyceums and colleges. It is also necessary for a wide range of engineering and technical workers involved in environmental management and environmental protection.

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CONTENT
Dear reader! ten
Preface 11
Introduction. ECOLOGY. DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY 13
§ 1. Subject and tasks of ecology 13
§ 2. History of development of ecology 17
§ 3. Importance of environmental education 21
Part I. THEORETICAL ECOLOGY
Section one. GENERAL ECOLOGY 26
Chapter 1. Organism as a living integral system 26
§ 1. Levels of biological organization and ecology 26
§ 2. Development of an organism as a living integral system 32
§ 3. Systems of organisms and biota of the Earth? 6
Chapter 2. Interaction of the organism and the environment 43
§ 1. The concept of habitat and environmental factors 43
§ 2. Basic ideas about the adaptations of organisms 47
§ 3. Limiting factors 49
§ 4. The importance of physical and chemical environmental factors in the life of organisms 52
§ 5. Edaphic factors and their role in the life of plants and soil biota 70
§ 6. Resources of living beings as environmental factors 77
Chapter 3. Populations 86
§ 1. Static indicators of populations 86
§ 2. Dynamic indicators of populations 88
§ 3. Life expectancy 90
§ 4. Dynamics of population growth 94
§ 5. Ecological survival strategies 99
§ 6. Regulation of population density 100
Chapter 4 Biotic Communities 105
§ 1. Species structure of biocenosis 106
§ 2. Spatial structure of the biocenosis 110
§ 3. Ecological niche. The relationship of organisms in the biocenosis 111
Chapter 5 Ecological Systems 122
§ 1. Ecosystem concept 122
§ 2. Production and decomposition in nature 126
§ 3. Ecosystem homeostasis 128
§ 4. Ecosystem energy 130
§ 5. Biological productivity of ecosystems 134
§ 6. Ecosystem dynamics 139
§ 7. System approach and modeling in ecology 147
Section two. LEARNING ABOUT THE BIOSPHERE 155
Chapter 6. Biosphere - the global ecosystem of the earth 155
§ 1. The biosphere as one of the shells of the Earth 155
§ 2. Composition and boundaries of the biosphere 161
§ 3. The cycle of substances in nature 168
§ 4. Biogeochemical cycles of the most vital nutrients 172
Chapter 7. Natural ecosystems of the earth as chorological units of the biosphere 181
§ 1. Classification of natural ecosystems of the biosphere on a landscape basis 181
§ 2. Terrestrial biomes (ecosystems) 190
§ 3. Freshwater ecosystems 198
§ 4. Marine ecosystems 207
§ 5. The integrity of the biosphere as a global ecosystem 213
Chapter 8. The main directions of the evolution of the biosphere 217
§ 1. V. I. Vernadsky’s teaching about the biosphere 217
§ 2. Biodiversity of the biosphere as a result of its evolution 223
§ 3. 0 regulatory impact of biota on the environment 226
§ 4. Noosphere as a new stage in the evolution of the biosphere 230
Section three. HUMAN ECOLOGY 234
Chapter 9. Biosocial nature of man and ecology 234
§ 1. Man as a biological species 235
§ 2. Population characteristics of a person 243
§ 3. Natural resources of the Earth as a limiting factor in human survival 250
Chapter 10. Anthropogenic ecosystems 258
§ 1. Man and ecosystems 258
§ 2. Agricultural ecosystems (agroecosystems) 263
§ 3. Industrial-urban ecosystems 266
Chapter 11. Ecology and human health 271
§ 1. The influence of natural and environmental factors on human health 271
§ 2. The influence of social and environmental factors on human health 274
§ 3. Hygiene and human health 282
Part II. APPLIED ECOLOGY
Section four. ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE 286
Chapter 12. Main types of anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere 286
Chapter 13. Anthropogenic impacts on the atmosphere 295
§ 1. Air pollution 296
§ 2. Main sources of air pollution 299
§ 3. Ecological consequences of atmospheric pollution 302
§ 4. Ecological consequences of global atmospheric pollution 307
Chapter 14. Anthropogenic impacts on the hydrosphere 318
§ 1. Pollution of the hydrosphere 318
§ 2. Ecological consequences of pollution of the hydrosphere 326
§ 3. Depletion of underground and surface waters 331
Chapter 15. Anthropogenic impacts on the lithosphere 337
§ 1. Impacts on soils 338
§ 2. Impacts on rocks and their massifs 352
§ 3. Impacts on the subsoil 360
Chapter 16. Anthropogenic impacts on biotic communities 365
§ 1. The value of the forest in nature and human life 365
§ 2. Anthropogenic impacts on forests and other plant communities 369
§ 3. Ecological consequences of human impact on the plant world 372
§ 4. The value of the animal world in the biosphere 377
§ 5. Human impact on animals and the causes of their extinction 379
Chapter 17. Special types of impact on the biosphere 385
§ 1. Pollution of the environment by production and consumption waste 385
§ 2 Noise exposure 390
§ 3. Biological contamination 393
§ 4. The impact of electromagnetic fields and radiation 395
Chapter 18. Extreme impacts on the biosphere 399
§ 1. Impact of weapons of mass destruction 400
§ 2. The impact of man-made environmental disasters 403
§ 3. Natural disasters 408
Section five. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PROTECTION 429
Chapter 19. Basic principles of environmental protection and rational nature management 429
Chapter 20. Engineering environmental protection 437
§ 1. Principal directions of engineering protection of the environment 437
§ 2. Regulation of environmental quality 443
§ 3. Protection of the atmosphere 451
§ 4. Protection of the hydrosphere 458
§ 5. Protection of the lithosphere 471
§ 6. Protection of biotic communities 484
§ 7. Protection of the environment from special types of impacts 500
Chapter 21. Fundamentals of environmental law 516
§ 1. Sources of environmental law 516
§ 2. State authorities for environmental protection 520
§ 3. Environmental standardization and certification 522
§ 4. Ecological expertise and environmental impact assessment (EIA) 524
§ 5. Environmental management, audit and certification 526
§ 6. The concept of environmental risk 528
§ 7. Environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring) 531
§ 8. Environmental control and social environmental movements 537
§ 9. Environmental rights and obligations of citizens 540
§ 10. Legal liability for environmental offenses 543
Chapter 22. Ecology and Economics 547
§ 1. Ecological and economic accounting of natural resources and pollutants 549
§ 2. License, agreement and limits for the use of natural resources 550
§ 3. New mechanisms for financing environmental protection 552
§ 4. The concept of the concept of sustainable development 556
Chapter 23
§ 1. Anthropocentrism and ecocentrism. Formation of a new ecological consciousness 560
§ 2. Ecological education, upbringing and culture 567
Chapter 24. International cooperation in the field of ecology 572
§ 1 International objects of environmental protection 573
§ 2. Basic principles of international environmental cooperation 576
§ 3. Russia's participation in international environmental cooperation 580
Ecological manifesto (according to N. F. Reimers) (instead of a conclusion) 584
Basic concepts and definitions in the field of ecology, environmental protection and nature management 586
Index 591
RECOMMENDED READING 599

Laureate of the competition of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for the creation of textbooks of a new generation in general natural sciences (Moscow, 1999). The first Russian textbook on the discipline "Ecology" for university students studying technical sciences.
The textbook is written in accordance with the requirements of the current state educational standard and the program recommended by the Russian Ministry of Education. It consists of two parts - theoretical and applied. In its five sections, the main provisions of general ecology, the doctrine of the biosphere, and human ecology are considered; anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere, problems of ecological protection and environmental protection. In general, the textbook forms a new ecological, noospheric worldview among students.
Intended for students of higher educational institutions. The textbook is also recommended for teachers and students of secondary schools, lyceums and colleges. It is also necessary for a wide range of engineering and technical workers involved in environmental management and environmental protection.

Here is one of the textbooks of a new generation on the discipline "Ecology" for students of higher educational institutions studying in technical areas and specialties of vocational education, written by well-known experts in the field of environmental sciences and passed a difficult and long path of competitive selection.

This textbook is one of three winners in the discipline "Ecology" of the All-Russian Competition of New Generation Textbooks in General Fundamental Natural Sciences. This competition, for the first time in the history of higher education in Russia, in connection with the reform of the structure and content of higher education programs, was initiated by the State Committee for Higher Education of Russia (hereinafter - the Ministry of Education of Russia) and was held during 1995-1998. on the basis of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.

CONTENT
Dear reader! ten
Preface 11
Introduction. ECOLOGY. DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY 13
§ 1. Subject and tasks of ecology 13
§ 2. History of development of ecology 17
§ 3. Importance of environmental education 21
Part I. THEORETICAL ECOLOGY
Section one. GENERAL ECOLOGY 26
Chapter 1. Organism as a living integral system 26
§ 1. Levels of biological organization and ecology 26
§ 2. Development of an organism as a living integral system 32
§ 3. Systems of organisms and biota of the Earth? 6
Chapter 2. Interaction of the organism and the environment 43
§ 1. The concept of habitat and environmental factors 43
§ 2. Basic ideas about the adaptations of organisms 47
§ 3. Limiting factors 49
§ 4. The importance of physical and chemical environmental factors in the life of organisms 52
§ 5. Edaphic factors and their role in the life of plants and soil biota 70
§ 6. Resources of living beings as environmental factors 77
Chapter 3. Populations 86
§ 1. Static indicators of populations 86
§ 2. Dynamic indicators of populations 88
§ 3. Life expectancy 90
§ 4. Dynamics of population growth 94
§ 5. Ecological survival strategies 99
§ 6. Regulation of population density 100
Chapter 4 Biotic Communities 105
§ 1. Species structure of biocenosis 106
§ 2. Spatial structure of the biocenosis 110
§ 3. Ecological niche. The relationship of organisms in the biocenosis 111
Chapter 5 Ecological Systems 122
§ 1. Ecosystem concept 122
§ 2. Production and decomposition in nature 126
§ 3. Ecosystem homeostasis 128
§ 4. Ecosystem energy 130
§ 5. Biological productivity of ecosystems 134
§ 6. Ecosystem dynamics 139
§ 7. System approach and modeling in ecology 147
Section two. LEARNING ABOUT THE BIOSPHERE 155
Chapter 6. Biosphere - the global ecosystem of the earth 155
§ 1. The biosphere as one of the shells of the Earth 155
§ 2. Composition and boundaries of the biosphere 161
§ 3. The cycle of substances in nature 168
§ 4. Biogeochemical cycles of the most vital nutrients 172
Chapter 7. Natural ecosystems of the earth as chorological units of the biosphere 181
§ 1. Classification of natural ecosystems of the biosphere on a landscape basis 181
§ 2. Terrestrial biomes (ecosystems) 190
§ 3. Freshwater ecosystems 198
§ 4. Marine ecosystems 207
§ 5. The integrity of the biosphere as a global ecosystem 213
Chapter 8. The main directions of the evolution of the biosphere 217
§ 1. V. I. Vernadsky’s teaching about the biosphere 217
§ 2. Biodiversity of the biosphere as a result of its evolution 223
§ 3. 0 regulatory impact of biota on the environment 226
§ 4. Noosphere as a new stage in the evolution of the biosphere 230
Section three. HUMAN ECOLOGY 234
Chapter 9. Biosocial nature of man and ecology 234
§ 1. Man as a biological species 235
§ 2. Population characteristics of a person 243
§ 3. Natural resources of the Earth as a limiting factor in human survival 250
Chapter 10. Anthropogenic ecosystems 258
§ 1. Man and ecosystems 258
§ 2. Agricultural ecosystems (agroecosystems) 263
§ 3. Industrial-urban ecosystems 266
Chapter 11. Ecology and human health 271
§ 1. The influence of natural and environmental factors on human health 271
§ 2. The influence of social and environmental factors on human health 274
§ 3. Hygiene and human health 282
Part II. APPLIED ECOLOGY
Section four. ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE 286
Chapter 12. Main types of anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere 286
Chapter 13. Anthropogenic impacts on the atmosphere 295
§ 1. Air pollution 296
§ 2. Main sources of air pollution 299
§ 3. Ecological consequences of atmospheric pollution 302
§ 4. Ecological consequences of global atmospheric pollution 307
Chapter 14. Anthropogenic impacts on the hydrosphere 318
§ 1. Pollution of the hydrosphere 318
§ 2. Ecological consequences of pollution of the hydrosphere 326
§ 3. Depletion of underground and surface waters 331
Chapter 15. Anthropogenic impacts on the lithosphere 337
§ 1. Impacts on soils 338
§ 2. Impacts on rocks and their massifs 352
§ 3. Impacts on the subsoil 360
Chapter 16. Anthropogenic impacts on biotic communities 365
§ 1. The value of the forest in nature and human life 365
§ 2. Anthropogenic impacts on forests and other plant communities 369
§ 3. Ecological consequences of human impact on the plant world 372
§ 4. The value of the animal world in the biosphere 377
§ 5. Human impact on animals and the causes of their extinction 379
Chapter 17. Special types of impact on the biosphere 385
§ 1. Pollution of the environment by production and consumption waste 385
§ 2 Noise exposure 390
§ 3. Biological contamination 393
§ 4. The impact of electromagnetic fields and radiation 395
Chapter 18. Extreme impacts on the biosphere 399
§ 1. Impact of weapons of mass destruction 400
§ 2. The impact of man-made environmental disasters 403
§ 3. Natural disasters 408
Section five. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PROTECTION 429
Chapter 19. Basic principles of environmental protection and rational nature management 429
Chapter 20. Engineering environmental protection 437
§ 1. Principal directions of engineering protection of the environment 437
§ 2. Regulation of environmental quality 443
§ 3. Protection of the atmosphere 451
§ 4. Protection of the hydrosphere 458
§ 5. Protection of the lithosphere 471
§ 6. Protection of biotic communities 484
§ 7. Protection of the environment from special types of impacts 500
Chapter 21. Fundamentals of environmental law 516
§ 1. Sources of environmental law 516
§ 2. State authorities for environmental protection 520
§ 3. Environmental standardization and certification 522
§ 4. Ecological expertise and environmental impact assessment (EIA) 524
§ 5. Environmental management, audit and certification 526
§ 6. The concept of environmental risk 528
§ 7. Environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring) 531
§ 8. Environmental control and social environmental movements 537
§ 9. Environmental rights and obligations of citizens 540
§ 10. Legal liability for environmental offenses 543
Chapter 22. Ecology and Economics 547
§ 1. Ecological and economic accounting of natural resources and pollutants 549
§ 2. License, agreement and limits for the use of natural resources 550
§ 3. New mechanisms for financing environmental protection 552
§ 4. The concept of the concept of sustainable development 556
Chapter 23
§ 1. Anthropocentrism and ecocentrism. Formation of a new ecological consciousness 560
§ 2. Ecological education, upbringing and culture 567
Chapter 24. International cooperation in the field of ecology 572
§ 1 International objects of environmental protection 573
§ 2. Basic principles of international environmental cooperation 576
§ 3. Russia's participation in international environmental cooperation 580
Ecological manifesto (according to N. F. Reimers) (instead of a conclusion) 584
Basic concepts and definitions in the field of ecology, environmental protection and nature management 586
Index 591
RECOMMENDED READING 599

Lev Dmitrievich Peredelsky- a prominent figure in the field of local history.

L.D. Peredelsky was born on October 27, 1922 in Karachev. In 1940 he graduated from the Karachev Pedagogical College and was appointed director of a rural school. In the same year he was drafted into the Red Army. He went through the entire war in the air defense forces, was a participant in the battle for Moscow, was awarded a military order and medals. After the war, he graduated from the Moscow Pedagogical Institute with a degree in History. He worked as an inspector of the Karachevsky RONO, director of rural schools, and since 1959 - director of the secondary school named after. M.A. Gorky in the city of Karachev. "Excellence in Public Education", "Honored Teacher of the RSFSR".

Actively engaged in local history work. He collected and systematized rich material characterizing the glorious path of the ancient city, the heroism and self-sacrifice of the Karachevites at all stages of its more than 850-year history.

The book "Karachev" went through two editions (1969,1995). Lev Dmitrievich is an honorary citizen of the city of Karachev.

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