WORKSHOP "TYPES AND WAYS OF CONNECTION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT"
Types of connection of sentences in the text:
Chain link: The sequential connection of the second sentence with the first, the third with the second, etc. (Chain connection scheme: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 ...). The chain connection is due to the alternation of “given” and “new”, the author’s thought develops sequentially: what was “new” in the first sentence becomes “given” in the second, and so on.
Parallel connection of sentences in the text: Subordination of the second, third, etc. offers first. (Scheme of parallel communication: 1: 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 ...). The first sentence contains the theme, gives the general plan of the picture, and all the rest are connected with it in meaning and grammatically. They detail the overall picture, concretize the theme of the text.
Joyful, noisy and fragrant spring in the forest. Birds sing loudly. Spring streams ring under the trees. Swollen buds smell like resin.
Somewhere beyond the horizon thunderstorm.
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT
Lexical means of communication:
One-themed vocabulary
Descriptive phrases.
Grammatical means of communication
Unions
Species-temporal correlation of verb forms (one tense and one aspect in neighboring sentences) - for example, All verbs are in the past tense.
Incomplete sentences and ellipsis referring to preceding text elements
(All sentences are two-part incomplete)
Sentences can link multiple language features at once
( Demonstrative pronoun, synonym and particle)
1. There is a lamp on the table. Fire in the fireplace. Shadows on the wall.
2. Imitation of the French tone of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of that time praised Napoleon with fanatical obsequiousness and joked
3. Friends worked well together. Two boys were chopping wood. Three of them put them in a woodpile.
4. One day the reader picks up a book... There is a memory of experienced happiness or grief, and, amazed, he exclaims:
- How could this person express my feelings?!
Empathy, a sense of oneness with the author is one of the sides of comprehension books.
5. Built a highway. Noisy, swift river of life
6. Tourists went to the clearing. Here they decided to stay for the night.
7. Love the book with all your heart. She is not only your best friend and assistant, but also a faithful companion to the end.
8. My friends are my support. Any of them will always give me a helping hand.
9. Bison were brought from Belovezhskaya Pushcha to Volyn. Beginners quickly got accustomed and ceased to be afraid.
10. All the blessings and joys of life are created by labor. One cannot live honestly without labor.
.
15.
16. The wind was blowing in the field. There was silence in the forest.
17. Go in for sports! First, it will give you health. Secondly, it will strengthen your spirit and, finally, bring a lot of pleasure.
(D. Likhachev)
19. Someone unfamiliar stood at the crossroads. I saw this man yesterday.
…
…
…
…
Exercise 4. Restore the order of sentences
1. And poor people often didn't get salt at all.
2. At the table, the salt shaker stood near the owner.
3. That's why the word has survived to this dayoversalt in the sense of overdoing it.
4. The owner especially tried in front of a rich guest.
5. Once in Russia, salt was very expensive.
6. More poured to those whom he respected.
7. From this came the expressionunsalted slurping , which means "to leave without getting what you expected."
8. He himself sprinkled salt on the guests.
9. And often overdo it.
Hor. He Peasant
2. Khor was a positive person.This They are made Horya a person of authority.
3. Singing dream, blooming color,
Disappearing day, fading light.
Opening the window, I saw a lilac.
It was in the spring - on a departing day.
Flowers burst forth - and on the dark cornice
The shadows of the jubilant robes moved.
Anguish was suffocating, the soul was engaged,
I opened the window, trembling and trembling.
And I don’t remember where I breathed in my face,
Singing, burning, she went up to the porch.(A. Blok)
the woods, mighty, untouched.In forests
talentedtalent.
In the forest we sawmoose. Elk
The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth.
To herto herand decorate it.
He unexpectedly returned to his native village.Histhe arrival delighted and frightened the mother.
Above the village floated a dark sky with bright, spiky stars.Suchstars only come in autumn.
Corncrakes screamed with a distant, sweet twitch.Thesecorncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever.
So
ANDjoy soared into the sky with lights. (A. Alekseev).
With the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water.But
Word
huge
You will go to the right - to be rich. You will go to the left - to be married. If you go straight, you will be killed.
They discussed the book they had read for a long time. The book contained what they had been waiting for. Their expectations were not in vain.
"Pushkin's work was of particular importance for the further development of the literary Russian language. The great poet managed to combine foreign borrowings, high Old Slavonicisms, as well as elements of colloquial live speech in his works.
A friend is arguing. The enemy agrees.
A lot of salt is found in sea water. That is why it cannot be used for cooking various dishes.
VERIFICATION WORK “TEXT. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT»
One day the reader picks up a book... There is a memory of experienced happiness or grief, and, amazed, he exclaims:
How could this person express my feelings?! Once a person begins to comprehend himself through a book - writes it or reads it - he goes through with it the most difficult process of self-knowledge and self-expression.
Empathy, the feeling of oneness with the author, who understood the reader and showed him a similar face and soul, is one side of the comprehension of a poetic book.
Another equally significant feeling: after realizing oneself - a thirst for an answer, an impulse for action. A person opens his eyes to the world - he checks his words and deeds, he forms himself in himself with the help of someone else's word, someone else's feeling, someone else's thought ...
One day, a person who is sure that he knows everything and understands everything, who has passed the exam in literature with excellent marks, suddenly, as if having begun to see clearly, begins to feel, almost touch the words that previously did not evoke strong emotions and associations in him:
A lonely sail turns white
In the mist of the blue sea...
Even yesterday, these lines were not even remembered. Today they arose in the memory, and at the same time the boundless seascape appeared before the mind's eye ...
And the reader is filled with strength from what he read, the desire to fly into the unknown, the desire to push off from the ordinary - the world seems to him an easily overcome obstacle on the way to the sun.
One day, someone who has been accustomed to cinema and TV since childhood, always in a hurry on business, will want to stop, look around, feel like ... A person will want fresh air, flight, inspiration.
One day ... a person will want to comprehend the art of the word ... This is a happy person.
Determine the topic of the text.
Find keywords in the text.
What linguistic means are used to link between sentences, between paragraphs?
What is the role of the repeated word "once" in the text? (The chapter from which the excerpt is taken is called "Once").
Explain the meaning of the wordsassociation, emotion, empathy.
Find in the text contextual synonyms, antonyms, words in a figurative sense.
Write down the last two paragraphs, analyze the sentences.
Write an essay “Why do I want to reread the book………….” or write a short essay - express your opinion on the proposed passage of text.
Answers:
Exercise 1. Define the types of connection of sentences in the text:
Joyful, noisy and fragrant spring in the forest. Birds sing loudly. Spring streams ring under the trees. Swollen buds smell like resin. ( Parallel communication )
Somewhere beyond the horizon thunderstorm.She sent out resolute wide peals on a hot summer night. Thunder, already almost exhausted on the way, revived under a dry roof ... chain link
Finally we got to the sea. It was very calm and huge. This calmness, however, was deceptive. chain link
Forests serve to heal our planet. They are not only gigantic oxygen-producing laboratories. They also absorb poisonous gases and dust. Therefore, they are rightly considered "the lungs of our earth. ( Parallel communication )
Exercise 2. Determine the way the sentences are connected in the text.
There is a lamp on the table. Fire in the fireplace. Shadows on the wall. Incomplete sentences and ellipsis,
referencing previous text elements
2. Imitation of the French tone of the time of Louis XV It was in vogue. Love for the Fatherland seemed praised joked
over our failures. (A. Pushkin) Species-temporal correlation of verb forms (one tense and one aspect in neighboring sentences)
3. Friends worked in harmony. two boys chopped wood. Three put them in a pile. Numerals (quantitative, ordinal, collective)
4. One day the reader picks up a book... There is a memory of experienced happiness or grief, and, amazed, he exclaims: - How could this person express my feelings?! Empathy, a sense of oneness with the author is one of the sides of comprehension books.One-themed vocabulary
5. Built a highway. connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov) Descriptive phrases.
6. Tourists came out to the clearing . Here decided they stop for the night. Adverbs (pronouns-adverbs): here, here, there, everywhere, everywhere, once and others)
7. love book with all my heart. She not only your best friend and assistant, but also a faithful companion to the end. Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, attributive and others)
8. My friends is my support. Any of them always lend me a helping hand. Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, attributive and others)
9. From Belovezhskaya Pushcha they brought to Volyn bison. Beginners quickly got accustomed and ceased to be afraid. Synonyms (including contextual, descriptive phrases)
10. All blessings and joys life created labor. Easily can't be honest live. Lexical repetition, single-root words
11. From an early age, learn to be true to the word. Loyalty to the word is your personal honor. (V. A. Sukhomlinsky) Lexical repetition, single-root words
12. Above the head there was a sound of a woodpecker. The forest doctor examined a diseased tree. Synonyms (including contextual, descriptive phrases)
13. Nature has many friends. She has fewer enemies. Antonyms (including contextual ones)
14. Terrible is the enemy beyond the mountains. Much more dangerous behind him . Antonyms (including contextual ones)
15. The war brought our country a lot of grief, troubles and misfortunes. But our people won because they were
devoted to his country to the end. Unions (mostly writing)
16. The wind was blowing in the field. In the woods same there was silence. Particles (the same, after all, and, nevertheless, others)
17. Go in for sports! Firstly , it will give you health. Secondly , strengthen your spirit and, finally will bring a lot of pleasure. Introductory words indicating the order of phenomena (thoughts) and the connection between them
18. Being able to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)Syntactic parallelism is the same construction of several adjacent sentences.
19. Someone unfamiliar stood at the crossroads. This human I have seen And yesterday. (Demonstrative pronoun, synonym and particle)
Exercise 3. Linguistic task
On the third day, when the mirror - the sun appeared from the case of the east, ...
On the fifth day, when the cover of night was torn from the head of the stars, ...
On the sixth day, when the flame of the sun appeared in the east,...
On the seventh day, when crystal - the sun emerged from the sky's cupboard, ...
…The king's slave with a burning heart came into the courtroom and began to cry out for justice.
…the king's slave with a face that shone like a mirror came into the judgment hall and began to cry for justice.
…The king's slave came uncovered into the judgment hall and began to cry out for justice.
…the slave girl took a bottle of oil, appeared in the courtroom and said: "If I do not achieve my rights today, I will burn myself with this oil."
((To solve this problem, it is necessary to pay attention to such means of connecting sentences in the text as conceptslexical repetition and words of one thematic group:
1 – B Mirror – sun = with a face shining like mirror .
2 – C plucked cover nights - without cover
3 – A Flame sun - from blazing heart
4 – D From crockery sky closet - bottle oil))
Exercise 4. Restore the order of sentences ( KEY: 5 2 8 6 4 9 3 1 7)
1.5. Once in Russia, salt was very expensive.
2.2. At the table, a salt shaker stood near the owner.
3.8. He himself sprinkled salt on the guests.
4.6. More poured to those whom he respected.
5.4. The owner especially tried in front of a rich guest.
6.9. And he often overdid it.
7.3. That is why the word has survived to this dayoversalt in the sense of overdoing it.
8.1. And poor people often didn't get salt at all.
9.7. From this came the expressionunsalted slurping , which means "leave without receiving
expected."
Exercise 5. Determine the type of communication and the means of communication of sentences in the text.
1. On the threshold of the hut, an old man met me: bald, short, broad-shouldered and dense - himselfHor. He he looked like Socrates: the same high knobby forehead, the same small eyes, the same snub nose.Peasant felt his dignity, spoke and moved slowly, occasionally chuckled from under his long mustaches.1 text - parallel connection, - grammatical (personal pronoun, unity of tense forms of verbs), - lexical (words of one thematic group)
Khor was a positive person.This manifested itself in his restraint and in relation to people.They are appreciated other qualities of a man.Housekeeping, the ability to properly manage time, to establish a life made Horya an authoritative person. ( 2 text - chain link, - grammatical (pronouns: demonstrative and personal, the unity of the tense forms of verbs)
Exercise 6. Determine the means of communication of sentences in the text.
Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word.Around the city on the low hills spread the woods , mighty, untouched. In forests I came across large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.
One-word words. Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented , but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talent . (V.Belov)
Synonyms. In the forest we saw moose . Elk walked along the edge and was not afraid of anyone.
Antonyms. Nature has a lot friends . Enemies she has much less.
Descriptive phrases. built highway . Noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
Personal pronouns. 1) And now I am listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He cooing like a wild dove. 2) The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. To her to live and manage on this earth, to her and decorate it. (L. Leonov) 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His the arrival delighted and frightened the mother. (A. Chekhov)
Demonstrative pronouns (such, that, this)1) A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. Such stars only come in autumn. (V. Astafiev) 2) Corncrake screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever. (B.Zaitsev) - in the second text, means of communication - lexical repetition and demonstrative pronoun "these".
Pronominal adverbs (there, so, then, etc.)He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").
Unions (mostly writing)It was May 1945. Thundered spring. The people and the earth rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. AND joy soared into the sky with lights. (A. Alekseev). With the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron ”(L.N. Tolstoy)
Introductory words and constructions (in a word, so, firstly, etc.)Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine for Russia. Word The society was pretty nasty. (A. Pushkin).
Unity of aspect tense forms of verbs
- the use of the same forms of grammatical time, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the time of Louis XV
It was
in vogue. Love for the Fatherland
seemed
pedantry. The then nerds
praised
Napoleon with fanatical subservience and
joked
over our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.
Incomplete sentences and ellipsis , referring to the previous elements of the text:Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes slices. Puts me too: huge , cover your whole face (I. Shmelev)
Syntax parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences.Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)
_________________________________________________________________________________
Winters are long and harsh in these parts. Frosts sometimes reach 50 degrees. There is snow until June. Blizzards happen even in April.(Words belonging to the same thematic group.)
They discussed the book they had read for a long time. The book contained what they had been waiting for. Their expectations were not in vain."(Lexical repetitions (that is, repetitions of phrases and words), including the use of cognates.)
Pushkin's work was of particular importance for the further development of the literary Russian language. The great poet in his works managed to combine foreign borrowings, high Old Slavicisms, as well as elements of colloquial living speech.(Synonymous substitutions and synonyms (including contextual, descriptive and synonymous phrases, as well as generic designations).
A friend is arguing. The enemy agrees. (Antonyms (including contextual).
A lot of salt is found in sea water. That is why it cannot be used for cooking various dishes. (Phrases and words with the meaning of certain logical connections, as well as summaries, such as: therefore, that's why, in conclusion, let's summarize, others follow from this.)
Noisy rain outside the windows. Our house is cozy and warm. (Particles, allied words and conjunctions at the beginning of sentences.)
WAYS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT
The thought contained in the sentence is completed only relatively: the syntactic form, the structure of the sentence in which this thought is enclosed, is completed, but the thought itself is not completed and requires its development. It is possible to continue, the development of thought only in a similar syntactic form, that is, in a different sentence. Several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea are called text(from lat. textum - fabric, connection, connection).
Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text. Moreover, not only sentences located nearby can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, and so on.
Thus, any text is a combination of sentences according to certain rules, i.e. sentences united by the development of one thought can be combined in the text chain or parallel connection.
chain link
One of the most common ways of connecting independent sentences is − chain link .
We speak and write, in particular, we combine independent sentences, according to separate rules. And their essence is quite simple: in two adjacent sentences, we should talk about the same subject. The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of the sentence (this is the structural correlation) is the main feature of the chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was Forest. Forest was deaf, started the connection is built according to the "subject - subject" model, i.e. the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next one; in sentences Physics is the science. The science must use the dialectical method- model "predicate - subject"; in the example The boat has landed to the shore. Coast was strewn with small pebbles - model "circumstance - subject" and so on. Relationships can be different, and they can also be expressed in different ways.
Consider three pairs of sentences:
I watched movie . Movie was amazing.
I watched movie . He was stunning.
I watched movie . Action was amazing.
All three pairs of sentences have the same connection model: "subject - object". But this model is filled in different ways:
1) with the help of lexical repetition;
2) through pronouns (instead of repetition);
3) by using synonyms (action movie).
Based on this, we single out the chain connection, which is expressed in lexical repetition, chain pronominal connection and chain synonymous connection.
However, repetition may be implied, but it is easy to detect if we switch to the language of judgments. For example, in sentences the semantic connection is undoubted, and we intuitively feel, understand that the first sentence - this is a kind of frame for the picture drawn in the second sentence. In the "language" of judgments, it will sound something like this: I affirm that now (at this moment) morning has come. Morning— it's the time when the sun risesover the horizon." The connection between the judgments is obvious: it is a chain connection "subject - subject", carried out thanks to lexical repetition. But natural, ordinary language strives for an economical, concise expression of thought and avoids repetition if there is no need for it. Therefore, in our example Morning. The sun is already above the horizon sentences are connected by implied, but not explicitly expressed, direct repetition.
Clean lexical repetition is a relatively rare occurrence. A long tradition, coming from ancient rhetoric - the teachings of eloquence, teaches us to avoid repeating words, to strive for lexical diversity. And yet, three most characteristic areas of use of chain communication through lexical repetition can be noted. The first area is the transmission of artless speech, for example, children's (the probability of such texts appearing on the exam is very small, so we will not dwell on this).
The second sphere is scientific and business literature. It is known that lexical repetitions give speech accuracy, clarity, rigor. The repetition of a word is also the strongest, most reliable connection between sentences. The prevalence of chain communication through lexical repetition in a scientific style is also associated with the stability of terminology, the undesirability (for the sake of accuracy) of synonymous replacements.
For example:
Participle - a non-finite form of the verb, denoting a sign of a name associated with an action, and used attributively. IN communion combining the properties of a verb and an adjective. Grammatically, verbality communion in a number of languages it manifests itself in the presence of the category of voice, type, time, in the preservation of management and adjunction models.
Proximity communion to the adjective is manifested in the presence of participles in a number of languages of concordant categories of gender, number, case. Like the adjective, the participle performs the syntactic functions of defining or, more rarely, the nominal part of the predicate.
Name defined communion, can denote the subject of the action and the object of the action.
/N. Kozintseva/
The third sphere of using lexical repetitions is journalism.
Chain connection through lexical repetition is often expressive, emotional, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:
Here the Aral Sea disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.
Whole sea!
/IN. Selyunin/
Chain synonymous relationship does not differ in its structural (syntactic) essence from a chain connection through lexical repetition. Here, the same structural relationships common to all varieties of the chain connection (models "subject - addition", "addition - addition", etc.)
For example:
Launching into swimming, I passed the pillars of Hercules and, accompanied by a favorable wind, went to the Western Ocean. The reason and reason for my trips there was part curiosity, part passionate love for all things extraordinary, and a desire to know where the end of the ocean was and what kind of people lived on the other side of it.
Between two sentences there is an addition-addition relationship. But the corresponding members of neighboring sentences are expressed not by the same word, but by synonymous words. (swimming— travel). The lexical similarity of these words serves as an indicator of the structural correlation of sentences.
However, synonymic vocabulary is not only a neutral, external indicator of the structural correlation (connection) of sentences. It allows you to express a variety of semantic relationships between sentences: show the attitude of the writer to the content of the previous sentence, evaluate, comment on this content. A chain synonymic connection makes speech more flexible, diverse, allowing you to avoid repetition of the same word.
In its stylistic function, it approaches the chain synonymic connection pronominal . Just like the first one, it allows you to avoid repeating words. Instead of a repetition or a synonym, the second of the related members of the sentence is replaced by a pronoun. It is the easiest, most economical, durable and stylistically neutral way to communicate.
There was a room in the house that had three names: small, walk-through and dark. There was a large old cabinet with medicines, gunpowder and hunting equipment. From here a narrow wooden staircase led to the second floor, on which cats always slept. There were doors here: one - to the nursery, the other - to the living room. When Nikitin came in, the door from the nursery opened and slammed so hard that both the staircase and the cupboard trembled.
/BUT. Chekhov/
It is also possible to combine different types of chain links in one case, for example, lexical repetition and pronominal link:
But Baturin dream didn't tell. Hostility to it sleep frightened his, is he blushed and turned the conversation to another topic.
IN dreams is he, of course, did not believe. But power them above him was amazing.
/TO. Paustovsky/
Chain links are used in all styles of speech. This is the most common way to connect sentences. The wide distribution of chain links is explained by the fact that they are most consistent with the specifics of thinking, the features of connecting judgments. Where thought develops linearly, sequentially, where each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, as if follows from it, chain connections are inevitable. We meet them and in description, And in the story, and especially inreasoning, i.e. in texts of various types.
The situation is somewhat different with styles. And yet, for some styles, chain links are especially characteristic.
First of all, they are typical for scientific style. In a scientific text, we meet with a strict sequence and close connection of individual parts of the text, individual sentences, where each subsequent one follows from the previous one. Presenting the material, the author consistently moves from one stage of reasoning to another. And to such a method of imposition, chain bonds correspond to the greatest extent.
Quite often used in the scientific literature is a chain link through lexical repetition. The need for it is often caused by the requirements of the terminological accuracy of the imposition. The repetition of a word (or phrase) denoting the concept, phenomenon, process being described is often more desirable than various kinds of synonymous replacements (see above example about sacrament).
IN journalistic style all types of chain connection are presented. But the chain synonymous, chain pronominal and chain pronominal synonymous connections with their wide possibilities for commenting and evaluating the content of the statement should be recognized as most fully corresponding to the nature of the tasks of the journalistic style:
Oleg Menshikov is the first Russian actor to be awarded Laurence Olivier awards. This award was presented to him in London in April 1992 for the role of Yesenin in the play "When She Danced", where Oleg played in tandem with the famous Vanessa Redgrave. This prestigious annual award- something like the American "Oscar" for filmmakers. It is a rather heavy bust of Olivier dressed as HeinrichVand diploma in a frame under glass. No dollars are attached to the listed accessories, but prestige, of course, is more expensive than any money, topics more for an actor who received this award for the first time.
/From the newspaper/
In artistic style, as in journalism, you can find almost all kinds of chain links. The closest internal connection between the sentences of a literary text is not only a law, but also one of the conditions for mastery.
Of course, the prevalence of one or another type of chain connection largely depends on the individual style of the writer, his creative intentions, the genre of the work, the nature of the text, and many other factors. But in general, the main principle of the language of fiction in the field of complete sentences is, apparently, the desire to make the syntactic connection between sentences not as obvious and open as, for example, in scientific literature. This is the desire to avoid, if possible, the so-called syntactic braces. Yet some authors resort to lexical repetition:
BUT behind the cemetery smoked brick factories. thick black smoke came in great clubs from under the long reed roofs, flattened to the ground, and lazily rose upwards. The sky above the factories and the cemetery was swarthy, and large shadows from the clubs smoke crawled across the field and across the road. IN smoke near the roofs people and horses were moving, covered with red dust...
/BUT. Chekhov/
Parallel communication
With parallel communication, it is also sometimes called syntactic parallelism, sentences are not linked to each other, but are compared, while due to the parallelism of structures, depending on the lexical "filling", comparison or opposition is possible. The features of this type of connection are the same word order, the members of the sentence are usually expressed in the same grammatical forms, or by repeating the first word of the sentences:
The blue boat was washed ashore. The out-of-control boat was blown to pieces.
Here, the structural correlation is expressed in the complete parallelism of sentences: the sentences are of the same type (both are impersonal), have the same word order, the members of the sentences are expressed in the same grammatical forms. The fact that the connection between sentences has a syntactic character is confirmed by the possibility of various lexical "filling" of structurally correlated parallel sentences, for example:
Small branches bent to the ground. The yellow leaves were blown away.
Parallel communication helps to draw the most complete picture of what is happening as briefly as possible and is usually used by authors when describing:
He sat for a long time with Berg at the open window. Stars blazed in the gaps of the heavy foliage. Salty air flowed like a river. The embankment hung in the night like a swarm of fiery, soaring and stopping bees. Warmly and gently, the steamer sounded into the sea.
/TO. Paustovsky/
And in the yard still, God knows what for the sake of, winter was angry. Whole clouds of soft, large snow swirled uneasily above the ground and found no place for themselves. Horses, sleighs, trees, a bull tied to a post - everything was white and seemed soft and fluffy.
/BUT. Chekhov/
Very often, some members of the connected sentences (often the first, standing at the beginning of the sentence) have the same lexical expression. In this case, the parallel connection is strengthened anaphora , those . unanimity, repetition of the first word of sentences, and it can be called parallel anaphoric:
What is culture why is it needed? What's happened culture how is the value system? What is the purpose of that broad liberal education that we have always had in the tradition?
/IN. Nepomniachtchi /
Not pillar , erected over your corruption, will keep your memory for future posterity. Not a stone with the cutting of your name will bring your glory in future centuries.
/BUT. Radishchev/
Here along the street in the shade of acacia trees, playing with whips, passed two officers in white tunics. Here a bunch of Jews with gray beards and caps passed by on the line. Here the governess is walking with the director's granddaughter ... Catfish ran somewhere with two mutts ... And here Varya walked out in a simple gray dress and red stockings.
/TO. Chekhov/
A vivid example of a parallel anaphoric connection is the story of V. Dragunsky "What I love ...":
I really love lie on your stomach on dad's knee, lower your arms and legs and hang on your knee like that, like linen on a fence. Yet I really love play checkers, chess and dominoes, just to be sure to win. If you don't win, then don't.
I love listen to the beetle digging into the box. And I love on the day off, climb into bed with dad to talk with him about the dog: how we will live more pro-storage and buy a dog, and we will deal with it, and we will feed it, and how funny and smart it will be, and how it will be steal sugar, and I will wipe the puddles after her, and she will follow me like a faithful dog.
I I love also watch TV: it doesn't matter what they show, even if only one table.
I I love breathe through your mother's noseear.I especially love to sing and always sing very loudly.
Terribly love stories about the red cavalry, And so that they always win...etc.
But anaphora is not a necessary, although a frequent condition for parallel communication.
Descriptions often use this kind of parallel connection, such as juxtaposition of sentences. In this case, several sentences with the same type value are combined:
Wasnight. Frost crackled throughout the forest. The tops of centuries-old fir trees, ghostly illuminated by races, shone and smoked, as if they had been rubbed with phosphorus.
/IN. Kataev/
The cart drove into the station. The huts and houses behind the front gardens seemed deserted. The conflagration smoked. There were several corpses lying aroundohalf driven into the mud. In some places, isolated shots were heard,- thisfinished off non-residents, pulled out of cellars and haylofts. The convoy stood in disarray on the square. The wounded shouted from the wagons. from somewhereco An animal cry and blows of whips were heard from the yard. The high horses rode. At the fence a group of junkers drank milk from a tin bucket.
Brighter and bluer the sun shone from the blue windy abyss. Between the tree and the telegraph pole, on a pole thrown over, swayed in the wind ... seven long corpses- communists from the revolutionary committee and the tribunal.
/ A. K. Tolstoy/
TASKS FOR SELF-TEST
1. Determine how sentences are linked in the following text:
(1) What does it mean to leave your country for a long time, forever?(2) What does it mean to be a foreigner, an immigrant?(3) And what ultimately ends up on the scales when the question of departure is decided?
(4) Until recently, I could only theorize, trying to answer these questions.(5) My experience consisted of the stories of seconded and contract soldiers, of the insults and disappointments of those who visited friends and relatives who had long since left and, instead of familiar, beloved and tenderly cherished images in separation, met with others, often strangers, from optimistic excited stories of newly minted citizens of friendly powers, as well as from the lamentations of those who, transplanted into the soil of a foreign culture, could not or did not want to part with the Russian habit of suffering, which imperceptibly grew into a need.
(6) Excluding these last ones, the rest somehow fit into the opposition.(7) Some stood up for human rights, a healthy lifestyle, by which they meant practical and material well-being, and therefore left.(Others denounced the West for lack of spirituality and cultural stagnation and therefore stayed or returned.(9) There are, however, and third. (10) These are the so-called "new Russians", who see Russia as a country of great, mostly commercial, opportunities.
/BUT. Annenkova/
2. Determine how sentences are linked in the following text:
(1) The bad weather raged for two days and three nights, and on the third day it subsided.(2) The wind died down, immediately gave way to allnorthwestern Moscow and Novgorod Rustishina and frost.(3) The raspberry sun ball touched from below the translucent southeastern azure.(4) It floated up from behind the forest, shrinking and melting into gold.(5) This blinding golden clot quickly separated from the horizon. (6) The whole forest element took on an unprecedentedly fabulous image.(7) The boundless, immaculate blue azure was the thicker the farther from the sun.(On the other side of the sky, the pale twilight of the night was still dying.(9) The moon, clearly and distinctly set off by this bright twilight, paled over the forests when the snows sparkled all around.(10) The firs, weighed down by white puffs of snow, changed their outlines, but were silent.(11) The crowns of old pines proudly remained by themselves.
(12) The steam of the wet lowlands that never got cold rose to the level of the tree tops and froze and scattered on the snow-free birch branches.(13) Countless scatterings of the smallest beads sparkled in the sun.(14) With the last ripple of the fading autumn warmth, everything froze over.(15) Frost began to slowly cut, forge, silver, tin everything that had even the smallest fraction of moisture.
(16) The forest river, which had only yesterday been running towards a blizzard, began to be squeezed by silver teeth.(17) Transparent ice confidently crawled into the middle of the jet, narrowing the water current with an indestructible ribbed shell.
(18) And everything around silently shone, sparkled, sparkled from the frosty light.
/IN. Belov/
3. Determine which method of communication prevails in the following text:
(1) Short, dull days in late autumn.(2) Dawn and dusk seem to meet in the midst of inclement weather.new day.(3) Cloudy and foggy, and freezing at night.(4) The hazy, low sky frowns.(5) The cold light of the autumn sun rarely peeps through.
(6) Monotonous and monotonous wastelands.(7) Gloomy autumn landscape.(In the silence of the forests, only occasionally chirping titmouse fidgets and a woodpecker decorated with a red slipper knocks with its beak.(9) In November, the pantries of animals and birds in burrows and hollows are full.(10) Seasoned broods of arrived wolves gather in packs.(11) November- "wolf month"
(11)November according to the national calendar— month of winds, month of sowing forest seeds.
(12) No snow, no ice on flowing rivers and fast-flowing streams. (13) November— last month of living water.
(14) Neither autumn nor winter.(15) prewinter— that's what this time is called.(16) They say about November: "September's grandson, October's son, winter - brother."
/According to D. Zuev/
4. Determine which method of communication prevails in the following text:
(1) From time immemorial, bread has been more than just food.(2) He was a measure not only of social welfare, but also a measure of human conscience.(3) We met people with bread and salt.(4) They fought the enemy to the death for bread.(5) Bread, as the name of the mother, they swore.(6) Bread was a product that evoked a special, one might say, holy feeling.(7) Hundreds of people gave their lives for the bread that was needed by the starving children of the workers of Moscow, Petrograd, and the Volga region during the years of the revolution.
(Today the question of bread, of course, does not stand as a question of life and death.(9) But still, he should be no less dear to us than to our fathers and children.(10) Here, I think, we need clever propaganda that reaches the heart of a person of the high moral value of the labor of a grain grower, flour miller, and baker.(11) Indeed, in order for bread to become bread and reach our table, so that we can buy a loaf or a loaf, representatives of almost one hundred and twenty specialties are working: a breeder, a machine operator, a chemist, a machine builder, an agricultural pilot and a purveyor, a bakery worker.
(12) Of course, the souls of our people have not hardened, and the overwhelming majority of them have a highly moral attitude towards bread.(13) Once, on the anniversary of our great Victory, in one of the parks of Ulyanovsk, people were handing out (and not selling!) baked bread to people.(14) It was not the usual bread that we are used to seeing in the store, in the dining room, at home.(15) These were loaves of the same besieged Leningrad bread, which only resembled bread and whose true value was at one time equal to the value of life.(16) People young and old came up, carefully, like a shrine, took this bread, tried it.(17) Many cried.(18) These tears came from the depths of the shocked human consciousness, from the depths of the soul.
/N. Lavrov/
5. Determine which communication method prevails in the following text:
(1) The opal distance of the sea is silent, the waves are melodiously splashing on the sand, and I am silent, looking into the distance of the sea.(2) There are more and more silver spots on the water from the moonbeams...(3) Our pot boils quietly.
(4) One of the waves playfully rolls onto the shore and, defiantly noisy, crawls towards Rahim's head (...)
(5) The sea is so impressively calm, and it is felt that in its fresh breath on the mountains, which have not yet cooled down from the heat of the day, a lot of powerful, restrained power is hidden.(6) Something solemn, enchanting the soul, confusing the mind with the sweet expectation of some kind of revelation, is written across the dark blue sky with a golden pattern of stars.
(7) Everything is dozing, but it is tensely sensitively dozing, and it seems that in the next second everything will wake up and sound in a harmonious harmony of inexplicably sweet sounds.
Hello readers of the Russian Word blog!
Let's continue the conversation today about connected speech started at and let's talk about ways of linking sentences in the text, as well as how to learn how to use these methods in speech.
To begin with, I want to explain. We do not duplicate or create a tutorial here. And do not open "America"! Our goal is to draw attention to the problem speech coherence and suggest solutions.
The readers of the blog rightly noted in the comments to the previous entry on our topic thatcoherent speechbegins to develop in childhood. But for some reason, over time, acquired in kindergarten and schoolconnected speech skills are lost.
To be able to coherently express their thoughts, no doubt, every person needs. After all, we really want to begot it right, it is so?!
So, you need to learn to build your statement, to build text. By the way, remember what it is.
And let's start!
Somewhere God sent a piece of cheese to a crow. Crow is the common name for several species of birds from the genus Raven. And the ugly crow flew up and bit the necklace! Crows live up to 75 years, although rumor ascribes to them up to 300 years. The crow flew into the forest and the rest of the pearls fell into the grass-y! .. The crow climbed onto the spruce ... The bird is capable of complex forms of behavior and knows how to adapt well to various environmental conditions. The crow croaked at the top of its throat.
Of course it's not text!
Offers they were simply “pulled out” from different sources (from a fable, Wikipedia, a story) and put in one row. Without meaning! No connection! Without a goal! It would seem that the passage tells about a crow. But this word "crow" is the only thing that unites these sentences.
The sentences are NOT related to each other either in meaning, or grammatically, or stylistically!
There is no beginning or end here. Complete nonsense!
Suggestions in the text should develop a theme, they should be connected among themselves, united author's main idea. Any text is necessarily a coherent structure!
Exists two main ways of linking sentences in a text.
Chain (serial) connection of sentences in the text
Chain linking sentences reflects the consistent development of thought. Neighboring sentences seem to cling to each other (like links in a chain).
Chain link sentences- soldered! - among themselves like this: the second sentence - with the first, the third - with the second, the fourth - with the third, etc.
A very simple example of a text where sentences are chained together:
There is a blackboard on the wall in the classroom. The word text is written on it. A text is a series of sentences related in meaning and grammatically.
To learn how to link sentences together, use repeating words, pronouns, single-root owl, synonymous words, antonyms, conjunctions and allied words. There are other means of communication, more on that later...
Parallel connection of sentences in the text
With parallel communication, all sentences connected not sequentially, but as if centrally: the second, third, fourth sentences are connected in meaning with the first sentence.
Wherein offers the same refer both to each other and to the first sentence.
Parallel communication reflects enumeration, opposition or comparison. Each new sentence does not continue the previous one, as in a serial (chain) connection, but reveals, details one general - the first - sentence.
Proposals are not linked, but matched. As a rule, they have the same word order, the members of the sentence are similar, etc.
An example of a text where sentences are connected in parallel:
Second, third and fourth sentences reveal the meaning of the first. Even if you swap them, the text will not collapse. And yet it will remain connected. Combines all four sentences with contextual synonyms: office, class, room, here.
Chain and parallel connection of sentences, sometimes used in the same text. A classic example is Lermontov's "Sail".
If you are already studying the second, go here >>
On this page are the answers to the first part of the notebook. If you are already studying the second, go here >>
Ready-made answers of the solver on the subject "The world around us" for grade 2 will help parents navigate and help the child prepare homework. Here is a solution for part 1 of the workbook for the Perspective program. All answers to the assignments were written by a 2nd grade student Maxim Egorov with the help of his parents, checked and approved by the primary school teacher. Tasks that may cause difficulties, we will explain to you. As answers, we also provide extended information on relevant topics, which can be read in the articles of our encyclopedia and used if the teacher asks to prepare a report or presentation at home.
GDZ to 1 part of the workbook the world around us Grade 2
Photos for the story:
Following the link, you can choose other signs: all the signs of animate and inanimate nature about the weather >>
Photos for photo story:
Page 36
autumn months.
1. In the first column, read aloud the names of the autumn months in the ancient Roman calendar. Compare their sound with the sound of modern Russian names of the autumn months. Write down the Russian names in the second column. Orally make a conclusion about their origin.
In the 2nd column we write from top to bottom: September October November
Find out from the elders and write down in the third column the names of the autumn months in the languages of the people of your land.
In the 3rd column we write from top to bottom: the howler is a dirty leafy
2. Write down the names of the autumn months in the language of the peoples of your region, which are related:
a) with the phenomena of inanimate nature: rain bell, dawn, dirty, gloomy, howler.
b) with the phenomena of wildlife: leafy, leaf fall.
c) with the labor of people: a baker, a wedding man, a skit, a leaf scythe.
3. Russia is great. Therefore, they see off summer and meet autumn at different times and more than once. Write down the dates of the arrival of autumn according to the ancient calendars of the peoples of your region.
Answer: summer in Russia comes on September 1 (the modern date of the arrival of autumn), September 14 (the arrival of autumn according to the old style), September 23 (the day of the autumn equinox in the Moscow State was considered the day of the onset of autumn).
4. Signatures for the picture to choose from: golden autumn; a dull time - eyes charm; autumn in the village; autumn Moscow; waiting for winter.
pp. 38-39. Autumn in inanimate nature.
1. Mark the diagram showing the position of the sun in autumn. Explain (verbally) your choice.
Let's take a look at the second diagram. It has signs of autumn (rain, leaf fall, the sun is low above the ground).
For understanding: the Earth revolves around the Sun, while the Earth's axis is always tilted the same way. When the axis is tilted in the direction of the sun, it seems high relative to the earth, is "directly overhead", its rays fall "vertically", this time of year is called summer. When the Earth rotates around the Sun, the axis shifts relative to it and the Sun seems to descend relative to the Earth. Its rays fall on the Earth obliquely. Autumn is coming.
2. Make a list of autumn phenomena in inanimate nature using the text of the textbook.
Answer: frost, frost, rain, fog, autumn equinox, freezing.
3. Write down the date.
pp. 40-41. Folk holidays at the time of the autumn equinox.
The traditional costumes of the Nanai hunters of the Amur region are a combination of brown, red, pink and blue colors in patterns. The dishes are golden, painted.
Reindeer herders in Kamchatka dress in clothes and shoes made of reindeer skins, usually in all shades of brown or gray, with light fur.
S.42-43. Starry sky in autumn.
1. Using the illustrations of the textbook, connect the stars so that you get the figures of a bear and a swan. In the left figure, select the bucket of the Big Dipper.
See the picture for the answer.
2. Draw a picture for your fairytale story about how a big bear appeared in the starry sky.
A fairy tale story: Somehow a bear cub wanted to feast on a honey and climbed a tree - to destroy the hive. And the forest bees are evil, they attacked the bear cub, began to sting. The little bear began to climb higher and higher up the tree. The mother bear saw this, rushed to save the bear cub, also climbed a tree, and followed him to the very top of the tree. She covers her son with herself, and the bees sting more and more. I had to climb even higher, to the very sky, so that the bees would not get it. They are still there: Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.
Or make up a story about how bears hid in a tree from a hunter, and then climbed into the sky and left the chase.
We draw bears climbing into the sky from the top of a tree.
3. Watch the starry sky. Find familiar and new constellations and stars. Pay attention to the location of the big dipper bucket. Write down the names of the constellations and stars that you managed to see:
Constellations: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Pisces, Aries, Andromeda.
Stars: Venus, Sirius, Polaris.
4. Write a story about one of the constellations in the autumn sky. Use for this information from the atlas-determinant, other books, the Internet (at your discretion).
Story: Bootes or the Shepherd is a constellation in the sky of the northern hemisphere. It is observed both in summer and autumn. It looks like a man guarding a herd. The imagination of ancient people drew him with a staff and two dogs. There are several myths about this constellation, but the most interesting one says that the first plowman on earth was turned into this constellation, who taught people to work the land. The constellation Bootes includes the very bright star Arcturus next to Ursa Major, and it itself resembles a fan.
If you want, invent a fairy tale about the constellations of the autumn sky. Write it down on a separate sheet and arrange it beautifully.
First you need to find out which constellations are visible in the sky of the northern hemisphere in autumn. They are depicted and signed in the figure:
About any of them or about all at once we come up with a fairy tale.
Fairy tale: People lived in the same city. They were kind and honest, they achieved everything with their work. Among them was a shepherd who grazed cattle, a charioteer, twin children, an Aquarius who carried water from a well, beautiful maidens and Cassiopeia and many others. They also had domestic animals: a calf, a ram, a horse, hounds. And when the boy Perseus began to play the flute, all the animals from the nearby forest came to listen to him: a cunning fox, and a lynx, and a lion, and a she-bear with a cub. Fish swam to the shore, a whale and a dolphin. Even the fabulous unicorn and dragon listened to the gentle melody. But one autumn, a volcanic eruption began near the town. He burned forests and fields, dropped houses and was ready to burn the city and all its inhabitants. But the huge dragon said to the people: you have never harmed anyone, you are all very good and I will save you. He gathered on his back everyone who could fit in and carried him to heaven. So they shine from the sky to this day and the constellation Perseus, and the dragon, there was a place for everyone in the night autumn sky.
Page 44-45. Grass at our house.
1. Cut out the drawings from the Appendix and place each plant in its own box.
3. Consider herbaceous plants near your home. Use the identification atlas to find out the names of several herbs, write them down.
Answer: clover, bluegrass, foxtail, yarrow, knotweed (bird's buckwheat), plantain, dandelion, mint, burdock.
4. Write a story about one of the herbs growing near your house. Use information from the Green Pages book or other sources (at your discretion).
Mint.
Mint grows near our house. This plant has a very pleasant smell. We often pick mint, dry its green leaves and add it to tea. I love drinking mint tea. There are several types of mint, among them there is also medicinal.
Plantain.
Plantain grows along the roads, from there it got its name. It has wide leaves and a long stem, on which small flowers bloom and seeds ripen. This plant is medicinal. If you cut yourself, apply plantain, and the wound will heal faster.
Photos for pasting:
pp. 46-47. Old women's work.
1. Find flax among these plants.
Answer: second from the left.
3. You are in the museum of flax and birch bark in the city of Kostroma. Consider photographs of tools for working flax, making linen threads and fabrics. Write the numbers of their names in circles. 1. Spinning wheel. 2. Weaving mill. 3. Self-spinning wheel. 4. Rattled. 5. Mortar with pestle. 6. Flax mill.
The answer is in the picture.
It will be very useful to show the child a training video on flax processing >> So the student will clearly see the whole process and better remember the purpose of the items for processing flax.
Page 48-49. Trees and shrubs in autumn.
1. Recognize the trees and shrubs by their leaves and write the numbers of their names in circles.
The answer is in the picture. Leaves of linden, birch and hazel turn yellow in autumn. Euonymus in autumn can be both yellow and purple. Oak leaves turn orange. Rowan, maple and aspen - yellow-red. The leaves of viburnum in autumn are green or yellow at the stalk and red at the edges.
A story about trees and shrubs in autumn with photos will help with tasks from this topic >>
2. Find a shrub among these plants and underline its name.
Answer: juniper.
Find a tree whose needles turn yellow and fall off in autumn.
Answer: larch.
3. Visit the forest, park or square. Admire the trees and shrubs in their autumn attire. Use the identification atlas to find out the names of several trees and shrubs. Write them down.
Answer: Birch, poplar, thuja, maple, mountain ash, linden, spruce, pine, aspen.
4. Observe and write down when the leaf fall ends: near birches - in October; at lindens - in September; at maples - in September; at the poplar - in November; at the aspen - in September; at viburnum - in October.
pp. 50-51. Wonderful flower gardens in autumn
3. Identify a few autumn flower garden plants. Write down their names.
Answer: chrysanthemums, asters, dahlias, rudbeckia, gelenium, ornamental cabbage.
Photo for pasting:
4. Write a story about one of the plants in the autumn flower garden.
Dahlia
1. The legend tells how the dahlia flower appeared on earth. Dahlia appeared at the site of the last fire, which died out during the onset of the ice age. This flower was the first to sprout from the earth after the arrival of heat on the earth and with its flowering marked the victory of life over death, heat over cold.
2. In ancient times, the dahlia was not as common as it is now. Then it was only the property of the royal gardens. No one had the right to carry or take the dahlia out of the palace garden. A young gardener named George worked in that garden. And he had a beloved, whom he once gave a beautiful flower - a dahlia. He secretly brought a dahlia sprout from the royal palace and planted it in the spring at the house of his bride. This could not remain a secret, and rumors reached the king that a flower from his garden was now growing outside his palace. The king's anger knew no bounds. By his decree, the gardener George was captured by the guards and put in prison, from where he was never destined to leave. And the dahlia has since become the property of everyone who liked this flower. In honor of the gardener, this flower was named - dahlia.
pp. 52-53. Mushrooms
2. Draw a diagram of the structure of the fungus and label its parts. Check yourself according to the diagram in the textbook.
The main parts of the mushroom: mycelium, leg, cap.
4. Give other examples of edible and inedible mushrooms using the identification atlas From earth to sky (Pleshakov) >>.
Edible mushrooms: butterdish, boletus, mushroom, camelina, russula.
Inedible mushrooms: fly agaric, galerina, pig.
Page 54-55. Six-legged and eight-legged.
1. What are these insects called? Write in the circles the numbers of their names.
2. Cut out the pictures from the application and make diagrams of the transformation of insects. Finish the signatures.
Diagram of insect transformation.
Eggs - larva - dragonfly. Eggs - caterpillar - chrysalis - butterfly.
3. Find an extra pattern in this row and circle it. Explain (verbally) your decision.
Answer: An extra spider. He has 8 legs and he belongs to the arachnids, and the rest in the picture have 6 legs, these are insects.
4. Write a story about insects that interest you or about spiders. Use the information from the atlas-identifier, the book "Green Pages! or" The Giant in the Clearing "(of your choice).
Near our dacha, in the forest, there are several large anthills. Ants work all day, collecting seeds and dead animals. Also, ants feed on aphids. They slap the aphids on the back, and they exude a drop of sweet liquid. This liquid attracts ants. They love sweets.
Page 56-57. bird secrets
1. What are these birds called? Write in the circles the numbers of their names.
Migratory birds: swallow, swift, starling, duck, heron, rook.
Wintering birds: jay, woodpecker, nuthatch, titmouse, crow, sparrow.
2. Give other examples of migratory and wintering birds. You can use the information from the book "Green Pages".
Migratory birds: crane, redstart, sandpiper, thrush, wagtail, wild geese.
Wintering birds: jackdaw, dove, bullfinch, magpie.
3. Watch the birds in your city (village). Use the identification atlas to find out their names. Pay attention to the behavior of birds. Does each bird have its own character? Write your story based on your observation. Make a drawing and stick a photo.
The jay is a forest bird, but recently it can be increasingly seen in the city: parks and squares. This is a very beautiful bird. She has multi-colored feathers on her wings, with a blue tint. Jay screams sharply, piercingly. This forest beauty loves to eat acorns, also picks up leftover food, sometimes destroys bird nests and even attacks small birds.
Page 58-59. How different animals prepare for winter.
1. Recognize animals by description. Write the names.
frog
toad
lizard
snake
2. Color the squirrel and the hare in summer and winter outfit. Draw each animal its natural environment. Explain (orally) why these animals change coat color.
The hare is gray in summer, slightly reddish, and by winter changes its skin to white.
Squirrels come in different colors, from light red to black. In autumn, they also shed, change their fur coat to a thicker and warmer one, but their color does not change significantly.
3. Sign who made these supplies for the winter.
Answer: 1. Squirrel. 2. Mouse.
4. Write in the text the names of the animals.
On the ground in a hole, the hedgehog makes a small nest of dry leaves, grass, and moss. In it, he lies in hibernation until spring. And the bear in late autumn arranges a lair for himself under a fallen tree and sleeps in it all winter.
pp. 60-61. Invisible threads in the autumn forest.
1. How are oak and forest animals related? Cut out the drawings from the Appendix and paste them into the boxes of diagram No. 1, and write the names of animals in diagram No. 2.
Answer: squirrel, jay, mouse. They feed on oak fruits and live here.
2. Cut out the drawings from the application and paste them into the diagram boxes. Within the framework, make diagrams with names.
Answer: Squirrels and mice feed on nuts. Rowan - thrush.
3. Give your example of invisible threads in the autumn forest and draw it in the form of a diagram.
Example: a squirrel feeds on a pine tree (eats cone seeds) and a woodpecker (eats insects that live in the bark, thereby healing the tree).
4. Look at the photos. Tell (verbally) what invisible threads in the autumn forest they remind you of.
Nuts are reminiscent of squirrels and mice. Acorns - squirrel, jay, mouse. Rowan - thrush.
pp. 62-63. Autumn work.
1. List what people do in the fall in the house, garden, orchard.
In the house: windows are insulated, firewood and coal are stored for the winter, stoves and heating boilers are prepared, seaming is done for the winter.
In the garden: harvest from trees, protect tree trunks from rodents and frost, fallen leaves are burned
In the garden: vegetables are harvested, sent to the cellar for storage, the beds are dug up.
2. Pick up and paste a photo of autumn activities in your family.
Photo for pasting:
Think and write down what qualities are needed to perform such a job.
Answer: love for the earth, diligence, ability to work with a shovel, chopper, rake, patience, strength.
Page 64-65. Be healthy.
1. Draw what games you like to play in summer and autumn. Photographs can be used instead of drawings.
Summer and autumn games: catch-up, tag, hide-and-seek, football, dodgeball, condals, badminton, for girls - rubber band, hopscotch.
2. Think and write down what qualities the games you like to play in summer and autumn develop.
Answer: dexterity, strength, ingenuity, courage, attentiveness, perseverance.
3. Ask the elders in the family to talk about one of the backgammon games in your area. Describe the game together. Give her a name...
GAME "High Oak"
This game was played in Russia by our grandparents, its name has been preserved since the 50s of the last century. One ball is needed to play. Play from 4 to 30 (or more) children.
Everyone becomes in a circle. Inside the circle is one person with a ball. He tosses the ball high above him and calls out the name of one of the players, for example: "Lyuba!". All children (including the one who tossed the ball) scatter in all directions. Lyuba should pick up the ball and throw it at one of the guys. Whoever is hit is the next to toss the ball.
They play until they get bored.
What qualities does this game develop: reaction speed, accuracy, running speed, dexterity.
pp. 66-69. Nature conservation in autumn.
3. We met these plants and animals from the Red Book of Russia in the 1st grade. Remember their names. Write the numbers in the circles.
4. And here are a few more representatives of the Red Book of Russia. Use the textbook to color them and sign the names.
Mushroom ram, water chestnut, tangerine.
5. Write a story about one of the representatives of the Red Book of Russia, who lives in your region.
Example: Atlantic walrus. The habitat of this rare species is the Barents and Kara Seas. An adult walrus can reach a length of 4 meters, and an Atlantic walrus can weigh about one and a half tons. This walrus species has been almost completely exterminated. Today, thanks to the efforts of specialists, a slight increase in the population is recorded, although it is not yet possible to determine their exact number, since without special equipment it is extremely difficult to get to the haulout of these animals.
Or we take the story from the page: Reports on animals of the Red Book >>
Page 70. Autumn walk.
Photo for pasting:
The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. A grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the adjacent sentence, which are consistent with each other.
Lexical means of communication:
- Lexical repetition- repetition of the same word.
Around the city on the low hills spread the woods, mighty, untouched. In forests I came across large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks. - One-word words.
Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented, but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talent. (V.Belov) - Synonyms.
In the forest we saw moose. Elk walked along the edge and was not afraid of anyone. - Antonyms.
Nature has a lot friends. Enemies she has much less. - Descriptive phrases.
built highway. Noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
Grammar means of communication:
- Personal pronouns.
1) And now I am listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He cooing like a wild dove. 2) The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. To her to live and manage on this earth, to her and decorate it. (L. Leonov) 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His the arrival delighted and frightened the mother. (A. Chekhov) - Demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this)
1) A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. Such stars only come in autumn. (V. Astafiev) 2) Corncrake screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever. (B.Zaitsev) - in the second text, means of communication - lexical repetition and demonstrative pronoun "these". - Pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.)
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"). - Unions(mostly writing)
It was May 1945. Thundered spring. The people and the earth rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. AND joy soared into the sky with lights. (A. Alekseev). With the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron ”(L.N. Tolstoy) - Particles
- Introductory words and constructions(in a word, so, firstly, etc.)
Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine for Russia. Word The society was pretty nasty. (A. Pushkin). - Unity of aspect tense forms of verbs- the use of the same forms of grammatical time, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the time of Louis XV It was in vogue. Love for the Fatherland seemed pedantry. The then nerds praised Napoleon with fanatical subservience and joked over our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense. - Incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to the previous elements of the text:
Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes slices. Puts me too: huge, cover your whole face (I. Shmelev) - Syntax parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences.
Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)
