The rotation of the earth around its axis is. The earth does not move around... ✓ We disperse. Final Scene. At what speed does the Earth move around the Sun?

Why does the earth rotate on its axis? Why, in the presence of friction, has it not stopped over millions of years (or maybe it has stopped and rotated in the other direction more than once)? What determines continental drift? What is the cause of earthquakes? Why did dinosaurs become extinct? How to scientifically explain periods of glaciation? In what or more precisely how to scientifically explain empirical astrology?Try to answer these questions in sequence.

Abstracts

The reason for the rotation of planets around their axis is an external source of energy - the Sun.
The rotation mechanism is as follows:
- The sun heats the gaseous and liquid phases of the planets (atmosphere and hydrosphere).
- As a result of uneven heating, ‘air’ and ‘sea’ currents arise, which, through interaction with the solid phase of the planet, begin to spin it in one direction or another.
- The configuration of the solid phase of the planet, like a turbine blade, determines the direction and speed of rotation.
If the solid phase is not sufficiently monolithic and solid, then it moves (continental drift).
The movement of the solid phase (continental drift) can lead to acceleration or deceleration of rotation, up to a change in the direction of rotation, etc. Oscillatory and other effects are possible.
In turn, the similarly displaced solid upper phase (the earth’s crust) interacts with the underlying layers of the Earth, which are more stable in the sense of rotation. At the contact boundary, a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat. This thermal energy is apparently one of the main reasons for the heating of the Earth. And this boundary is one of the areas where the formation of rocks and minerals occurs.
All these accelerations and decelerations have a long-term effect (climate), and a short-term effect (weather), and not only meteorological, but also geological, biological, genetic.

Confirmations

Having reviewed and compared the available astronomical data on the planets of the Solar System, I conclude that the data on all planets fit within the framework of this theory. Where there are 3 phases of the state of matter, the rotation speed is greatest.

Moreover, one of the planets, having a highly elongated orbit, has a clearly uneven (oscillatory) rotation rate during its year.

Solar System Elements Table

solar system bodies	Average Distance to the Sun, A. e.	Average period of rotation around an axis	Number of phases of the state of matter on the surface	Number of satellites	Sidereal period of revolution, year	Orbital inclination to the ecliptic	Mass (unit of Earth mass)
Sun		25 days (35 at the pole)		9 planets			333000
Mercury	0,387	58.65 days			0,241		0,054
Venus	0,723	243 days			0,615	3° 24’	0,815
Earth		23 h 56m 4s
Mars	1,524	24h 37m 23s			1,881	1° 51’	0,108
Jupiter	5,203	9h 50m		16+p.ring	11,86	1° 18’	317,83
Saturn	9,539	10h 14m		17+rings	29,46	2° 29’	95,15
Uranus	19,19	10h 49m		5+knot rings	84,01	0° 46’	14,54
Neptune	30,07	15h 48m			164,7	1° 46’	17,23
Pluto	39,65	6.4 days	2- 3 ?		248,9	17°	0,017

The reasons for the rotation of the Sun around its axis are interesting. What forces cause this?

Undoubtedly, internal, since the flow of energy comes from within the Sun itself. What about the unevenness of rotation from the pole to the Equator? There is no answer to this yet.

Direct measurements show that the speed of the Earth's rotation changes throughout the day, as does the weather. So, for example, according to “Periodic changes in the speed of rotation of the Earth have also been noted, corresponding to the change of seasons, i.e. associated with meteorological phenomena, combined with the characteristics of the distribution of land on the surface of the globe. Sometimes sudden changes in rotation speed occur without explanation...

In 1956, a sudden change in the Earth’s rotation rate occurred after an exceptionally powerful solar flare on February 25 of that year.” Also, according to “from June to September the Earth rotates faster than the average year, and the rest of the time it rotates more slowly.”

A superficial analysis of the map of sea currents shows that for the most part, sea currents determine the direction of rotation of the earth. North and South America are the transmission belt of the entire Earth, through them two powerful currents rotate the Earth. Other currents move Africa and form the Red Sea.

... Other evidence shows that sea currents cause parts of the continents to drift. “Researchers at Northwestern University in the United States, as well as several other North American, Peruvian and Ecuadorian institutions...” used satellites to analyze Andean landform measurements. “The data obtained were summarized in her dissertation by Lisa Leffer-Griffin.” The following figure (right) shows the results of these two years of observation and research.

Black arrows show the speed vectors of movement of control points. Analysis of this picture once again clearly shows that North and South America are the transmission belt of the entire Earth.

A similar picture is observed along the Pacific coast of North America; opposite the point of application of forces from the current there is an area of seismic activity and, as a result, the famous fault. There are parallel chains of mountains that suggest the periodicity of the above described phenomena.

Practical application
The presence of a volcanic belt - an earthquake belt - is also explained.

The earthquake belt is nothing more than a giant accordion, which is constantly in motion under the influence of tensile and compressive variable forces.

By monitoring the winds and currents, you can determine the points (areas) of application of spinning and braking forces, and then using a pre-built mathematical model of a terrain area, you can mathematically strictly, using strength of material, calculate earthquakes!

The daily fluctuations of the Earth's magnetic field are explained, completely different explanations of geological and geophysical phenomena arise, and additional facts arise for the analysis of hypotheses about the origin of the planets of the solar system.

The formation of such geological formations as island arcs, for example the Aleutian or Kuril Islands, is explained. Arcs are formed from the side opposite to the action of sea and wind forces, as a result of the interaction of a mobile continent (for example, Eurasia) with a less mobile ocean crust (for example, the Pacific Ocean). In this case, the ocean crust does not move under the continental crust, but, on the contrary, the continent moves over the ocean, and only in those places where the ocean crust transfers forces to another continent (in this example, America) can the ocean crust move under the continent and arcs do not form here. In turn, similarly, the American continent transfers forces to the crust of the Atlantic Ocean and through it to Eurasia and Africa, i.e. the circle has closed.

Confirmation of such movement is the block structure of faults on the bottom of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; movements occur in blocks along the direction of action of forces.

Some facts are explained:

why did the dinosaurs become extinct (the rotation speed changed, the rotation speed decreased and the length of the day increased significantly, possibly until the direction of rotation completely changed);
why periods of glaciation occurred;
why some plants have different genetically determined daylight hours.

Such empirical alchemical astrology also receives an explanation through genetics.

Environmental problems associated with even minor climate change, through sea currents, can significantly affect the Earth's biosphere.

Reference

The power of solar radiation when approaching the Earth is enormous ~ 1.5 kW.h/m

2 .

The imaginary body of the Earth, limited by a surface that is at all points

perpendicular to the direction of gravity and has the same gravitational potential is called the geoid.

In reality, even the surface of the sea does not follow the shape of the geoid. The shape that we see in the section is the same more or less balanced gravitational shape that the globe has achieved.

There are also local deviations from the geoid. For example, the Gulf Stream rises 100-150 cm above the surrounding water surface, the Sargasso Sea is elevated and, conversely, the ocean level is lowered near the Bahamas and over the Puerto Rico Trench. The reason for these small differences is winds and currents. Eastern trade winds drive water into the western Atlantic. The Gulf Stream carries away this excess water, so its level is higher than the surrounding waters. The level of the Sargasso Sea is higher because it is the center of the current cycle and water is forced into it from all sides.

Sea currents:

Gulf Stream system

The capacity at the exit from the Strait of Florida is 25 million m

3 / s, which is 20 times the power of all rivers on earth. In the open ocean, the thickness increases to 80 million m 3 / s at an average speed of 1.5 m/s.
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
, the largest current in the world's oceans, also called the Antarctic Circular Current, etc. Directed east and encircling Antarctica in a continuous ring. The length of the ADC is 20 thousand km, width 800 – 1500 km. Water transfer in the ADC system ~ 150 million m 3 / With. The average speed on the surface according to drifting buoys is 0.18 m/s.
Kuroshio
- an analogue of the Gulf Stream, continues as the North Pacific (traced to a depth of 1-1.5 km, speed 0.25 - 0.5 m/s), Alaskan and California currents (width 1000 km average speed up to 0.25 m/s, in the coastal strip at a depth below 150 m there is a steady countercurrent).
Peruvian, Humboldt Current
(velocity up to 0.25 m/s, in the coastal strip there are Peruvian and Peruvian-Chilean countercurrents directed to the south).

Tectonic scheme and Atlantic Ocean current system.

1 - Gulf Stream, 2 and 3 - equatorial currents(North and South Trade Wind Currents),4 - Antilles, 5 - Caribbean, 6 - Canary, 7 - Portuguese, 8 - North Atlantic, 9 - Irminger, 10 - Norwegian, 11 - East Greenland, 12 - West Greenland, 13 - Labrador, 14 - Guinean, 15 - Benguela, 16 - Brazilian, 17 - Falkland, 18 -Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)

Modern knowledge about the synchronicity of glacial and interglacial periods throughout the globe indicates not so much a change in the flow of solar energy, but rather cyclical movements of the earth's axis. The fact that both of these phenomena exist has been proven irrefutably. When spots appear on the Sun, the intensity of its radiation decreases. Maximum deviations from the intensity norm are rarely more than 2%, which is clearly not enough for the formation of ice cover. The second factor was studied already in the 20s by Milankovitch, who derived theoretical curves of solar radiation fluctuations for various geographical latitudes. There is evidence that there was more volcanic dust in the atmosphere during the Pleistocene. A layer of Antarctic ice of corresponding age contains more volcanic ash than later layers (see the following figure by A. Gow and T. Williamson, 1971). Most of the ash was found in a layer whose age is 30,000-16,000 years old. The study of oxygen isotopes showed that lower temperatures correspond to the same layer. Of course, this argument indicates high volcanic activity.

Average vectors of movement of lithospheric plates

(based on laser satellite observations over the past 15 years)

A comparison with the previous figure once again confirms this theory of the Earth’s rotation!

Palaeotemperature and volcanic intensity curves obtained from an ice sample at Bird Station in Antarctica.

Layers of volcanic ash were found in the ice core. The graphs show that after intense volcanic activity the end of glaciation began.

The volcanic activity itself (with a constant solar flux) ultimately depends on the temperature difference between the equatorial and polar regions and the configuration, topography of the surface of the continents, the bed of the oceans and the topography of the lower surface of the earth's crust!

V. Farrand (1965) and others proved that events at the initial stage of the Ice Age occurred in the following sequence 1 - glaciation,

2 - land cooling, 3 - ocean cooling. At the final stage, the glaciers melted first and only then warmed.

The movements of lithospheric plates (blocks) are too slow to directly cause such consequences. Let us remember that the average movement speed is 4 cm per year. In 11,000 years they would have moved only 500 m. But this is enough to radically change the system of sea currents and thus reduce heat transfer to the polar regions

. It is enough to turn the Gulf Stream or change the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and glaciation is guaranteed!

The half-life of the radioactive gas radon is 3.85 days; its appearance with variable debit on the surface of the earth above the thickness of sandy-clay deposits (2-3 km) indicates the constant formation of microcracks, which are the result of unevenness and multidirectionality of constantly changing stresses in it. This is another confirmation of this theory of the Earth's rotation. I would like to analyze a map of the distribution of radon and helium around the globe, unfortunately, I do not have such data. Helium is an element that requires significantly less energy for its formation than other elements (except hydrogen).

A few words for biology and astrology.

As you know, a gene is a more or less stable formation. To obtain mutations, significant external influences are required: radiation (irradiation), chemical exposure (poisoning), biological influence (infections and diseases). Thus, in the gene, as by analogy in the annual rings of plants, newly acquired mutations are recorded. This is especially known in the example of plants; there are plants with long and short daylight hours. And this directly indicates the duration of the corresponding photoperiod when this species was formed.

All these astrological “things” make sense only in connection with a certain race, people who have lived for a long time in their native environment. Where the environment is constant throughout the year, there is no point in the signs of the Zodiac and there must be its own empiricism - astrology, its own calendar. Apparently, the genes contain a not yet clarified algorithm for the behavior of the organism that is realized when the environment changes (birth, development, nutrition, reproduction, diseases). So this algorithm is what astrology is trying to find empirically

.
Some hypotheses and conclusions arising from this theory of the Earth's rotation

So, the source of energy for the rotation of the Earth around its own axis is the Sun. It is known, according to , that the phenomena of precession, nutation and the movement of the Earth's poles do not affect the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation.

In 1754, the German philosopher I. Kant explained the changes in the acceleration of the Moon by the fact that the tidal humps formed by the Moon on the Earth, as a result of friction, are carried along with the solid body of the Earth in the direction of the rotation of the Earth (see figure). The attraction of these humps by the Moon in total gives a couple of forces that slow down the rotation of the Earth. Further, the mathematical theory of the “secular slowdown” of the Earth’s rotation was developed by J. Darwin.

Before the appearance of this theory of the Earth’s rotation, it was believed that no processes occurring on the Earth’s surface, as well as the influence of external bodies, could explain changes in the Earth’s rotation. Looking at the above figure, in addition to the conclusions about the deceleration of the Earth’s rotation, deeper conclusions can be drawn. Note that the tidal hump is ahead in the direction of the Moon's rotation. And this is a sure sign that the Moon not only slows down the rotation of the Earth, but and the rotation of the Earth supports the movement of the Moon around the Earth. Thus, the energy of the Earth’s rotation is “transferred” to the Moon. More general conclusions regarding the satellites of other planets follow from this. Satellites have a stable position only if the planet has tidal humps, i.e. the hydrosphere or a significant atmosphere, and at the same time the satellites must rotate in the direction of the rotation of the planet and in the same plane. The rotation of satellites in opposite directions directly indicates an unsteady regime - a recent change in the direction of rotation of the planet or a recent collision of satellites with each other.

The interactions between the Sun and planets proceed according to the same law. But here, due to the many tidal humps, oscillatory effects should take place with the sidereal periods of the planets' revolution around the Sun.
The main period is 11.86 years from Jupiter, as the most massive planet.

A New Look at Planetary Evolution

Thus, this theory explains the existing picture of the distribution of angular momentum (amount of motion) of the Sun and planets and there is no need for the hypothesis of O.Yu. Schmidt on accidental capture by the Sun “protoplanetary cloud." V.G. Fesenkov’s conclusions about the simultaneous formation of the Sun and planets receive further confirmation.

Consequence

This theory of the rotation of the Earth may result in a hypothesis about the direction of evolution of the planets in the direction from Pluto to Venus. Thus, Venus is the future prototype of the Earth. The planet overheated, the oceans evaporated. This is confirmed by the above graphs of paleotemperatures and intensity of volcanic activity, obtained by studying an ice sample at Bird station in Antarctica.

From the point of view of this theory,if an alien civilization originated, it was not on Mars, but on Venus. And we should look not for Martians, but for the descendants of Venusians, which we, perhaps, to some extent, are.

Ecology and climate

Thus, this theory refutes the idea of a constant (zero) heat balance. In the balances known to me, there is no energy from earthquakes, continental drift, tides, heating of the Earth and the formation of rocks, maintaining the rotation of the Moon, or biological life. (It turns out that biological life is one of the ways to absorb energy). It is known that the atmosphere producing wind uses less than 1% of the energy to maintain the current system. At the same time, 100 times more of the total amount of heat transferred by currents can potentially be used. So this 100 times greater value and also wind energy are used unevenly over time for earthquakes, typhoons and hurricanes, continental drift, ebbs and flows, heating of the Earth and the formation of rocks, maintaining the rotation of the Earth and the Moon, etc.

Environmental problems associated with even minor climate change due to changes in sea currents can significantly affect the Earth's biosphere. Any ill-considered (or deliberate in the interests of any one nation) attempts to change the climate by turning (Northern) rivers, laying canals (Kanin Nos), building dams across the straits, etc., due to the speed of implementation, in addition to direct benefits, will certainly lead to change the existing “seismic equilibrium” in the earth’s crust, i.e. to the formation of new seismic zones.

In other words, we must first understand all the interrelations, and then learn to control the rotation of the Earth - this is one of the tasks of the further development of civilization.

P.S.

A few words about the effect of solar flares on cardiovascular patients.

In the light of this theory, the effect of solar flares on cardiovascular patients apparently does not occur due to the occurrence of increased intensity of electromagnetic fields on the Earth's surface. Under power lines, the intensity of these fields is much higher and this does not have a noticeable effect on cardiovascular patients. The effect of solar flares on cardiovascular patients appears to be through exposure to periodic change in horizontal accelerations when the Earth's rotation speed changes. All kinds of accidents, including those on pipelines, can be explained in a similar way.

Geological processes

As noted above (see thesis No. 5), at the contact boundary (Mohorovicic boundary) a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat. And this boundary is one of the areas where the formation of rocks and minerals occurs. The nature of the reactions (chemical or atomic, apparently even both) is unknown, but based on some facts the following conclusions can already be drawn.

Along the faults of the earth's crust there is an ascending flow of elemental gases: hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, etc.
The flow of hydrogen is decisive in the formation of many mineral deposits, including coal and oil.

Coal methane is a product of the interaction of a hydrogen flow with a coal seam! The generally accepted metamorphic process of peat, brown coal, hard coal, anthracite without taking into account the flow of hydrogen is not sufficiently complete. It is known that already at the stages of peat and brown coal there is no methane. There is also data (Professor I. Sharovar) on the presence in nature of anthracites, in which there are not even molecular traces of methane. The result of the interaction of a hydrogen flow with a coal seam can explain not only the presence of methane itself in the seam and its constant formation, but also the entire variety of coal grades. Coking coals, flow and the presence of large amounts of methane in steeply dipping deposits (the presence of a large number of faults) and the correlation of these factors confirm this assumption.

Oil and gas are a product of the interaction of a hydrogen flow with organic residues (a coal seam). This view is confirmed by the relative location of coal and oil deposits. If we superimpose a map of the distribution of coal strata on a map of the distribution of oil, the following picture is observed. These deposits do not intersect! There is no place where there would be oil on top of coal! In addition, it has been noted that oil lies, on average, much deeper than coal and is confined to faults in the earth’s crust (where an upward flow of gases, including hydrogen, should be observed).
I would like to analyze a map of the distribution of radon and helium around the globe, unfortunately, I do not have such data. Helium, unlike hydrogen, is an inert gas, which is absorbed by rocks to a much lesser extent than other gases and can serve as a sign of a deep hydrogen flow.

All chemical elements, including radioactive ones, are still being formed! The reason for this is the rotation of the Earth. These processes take place both at the lower boundary of the earth's crust and at the deeper layers of the earth.

The faster the Earth rotates, the faster these processes (including the formation of minerals and rocks) go. Therefore, the crust of the continents is thicker than the crust of the ocean beds! Since the areas of application of the forces braking and spinning up the planet, from sea and air currents, are located to a much greater extent on the continents than in the ocean beds.

Meteorites and radioactive elements

If we assume that meteorites are part of the solar system and the material of meteorites was formed simultaneously with it, then the composition of meteorites can be used to check the correctness of this theory of the Earth’s rotation around its own axis.

There are iron and stone meteorites. Iron ones consist of iron, nickel, cobalt and do not contain heavy radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium. Stony meteorites are composed of various minerals and silicate rocks in which the presence of various radioactive components of uranium, thorium, potassium and rubidium can be detected. There are also stony-iron meteorites, which occupy an intermediate position in composition between iron and stony meteorites. If we assume that meteorites are the remains of destroyed planets or their satellites, then stone meteorites correspond to the crust of these planets, and iron meteorites correspond to their core. Thus, the presence of radioactive elements in stony meteorites (in the crust) and their absence in iron meteorites (in the core) confirms the formation of radioactive elements not in the core, but at the crust-core-mantle contact. It should also be taken into account that iron meteorites, on average, are much older than stone meteorites by about one billion years (since the crust is younger than the core). The assumption that elements such as uranium and thorium were inherited from the ancestral environment, and did not arise “simultaneously” with other elements, is incorrect, since younger stone meteorites have radioactivity, but older iron ones do not! Thus, the physical mechanism for the formation of radioactive elements has yet to be found! Perhaps it

something like a tunnel effect applied to atomic nuclei!
The influence of the rotation of the earth around its axis on the evolutionary development of the world

It is known that over the past 600 million years the animal world of the globe has changed radically at least 14 times. At the same time, over the past 3 billion years, general cooling and great glaciations have been observed on Earth at least 15 times. Looking at the paleomagnetism scale (see figure), one can also notice at least 14 zones of variable polarity, i.e. zones of frequent polarity changes. These zones of variable polarity, according to this theory of the Earth's rotation, correspond to periods of time when the Earth had an unsteady (oscillatory effect) direction of rotation around its own axis. That is, during these periods the most unfavorable conditions for the animal world should be observed with constant changes in daylight hours, temperatures, as well as, from a geological point of view, changes in volcanic activity, seismic activity and mountain building.

It should be noted that the formation of fundamentally new species of the animal world is confined to these periods. For example, at the end of the Triassic there is the longest period (5 million years), during which the first mammals formed. The appearance of the first reptiles corresponds to the same period in the Carboniferous. The appearance of amphibians corresponds to the same period in Devonian. The appearance of angiosperms corresponds to the same period in the Jura, and the appearance of the first birds immediately precedes the same period in the Jura. The appearance of conifers corresponds to the same period in the Carboniferous. The appearance of club mosses and horsetails corresponds to the same period in Devon. The appearance of insects corresponds to the same period in Devon.

Thus, the connection between the appearance of new species and periods with a variable, unstable direction of the Earth’s rotation is obvious. As for the extinction of individual species, the change in the direction of the Earth's rotation does not seem to have a major decisive effect, the main decisive factor in this case is natural selection!

References.

V.A. Volynsky. "Astronomy". Education. Moscow. 1971
P.G. Kulikovsky. “The Astronomy Amateur's Guide.” Fizmatgiz. Moscow. 1961
S. Alekseev. “How mountains grow.” Chemistry and life XXI century No. 4. 1998 Marine encyclopedic dictionary. Shipbuilding. Saint Petersburg. 1993
Kukal “Great mysteries of the earth.” Progress. Moscow. 1988
I.P. Selinov “Isotopes volume III”. The science. Moscow. 1970 “Rotation of the Earth” TSB volume 9. Moscow.
D. Tolmazin. “Ocean in motion.” Gidrometeoizdat. 1976
A. N. Oleinikov “Geological clock”. Bosom. Moscow. 1987
G.S. Grinberg, D.A. Dolin et al. “The Arctic on the threshold of the third millennium.” The science. St. Petersburg 2000

The Earth is constantly in motion, rotating around the Sun and around its own axis. This movement and the constant tilt of the Earth's axis (23.5°) determines many of the effects that we observe as normal phenomena: night and day (due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis), the change of seasons (due to the tilt of the Earth's axis), and different climate in different areas. Globes can be rotated and their axis is tilted like the Earth’s axis (23.5°), so with the help of a globe you can trace the movement of the Earth around its axis quite accurately, and with the help of the Earth-Sun system you can trace the movement of the Earth around the Sun.

Rotation of the Earth around its axis

The Earth rotates on its own axis from west to east (counterclockwise when viewed from the North Pole). It takes the Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.09 seconds to complete one full rotation on its own axis. Day and night are caused by the rotation of the Earth. The angular velocity of the Earth's rotation around its axis, or the angle through which any point on the Earth's surface rotates, is the same. It is 15 degrees in one hour. But the linear speed of rotation anywhere at the equator is approximately 1,669 kilometers per hour (464 m/s), decreasing to zero at the poles. For example, the rotation speed at latitude 30° is 1445 km/h (400 m/s).
We do not notice the rotation of the Earth for the simple reason that in parallel and simultaneously with us all objects around us move at the same speed and there are no “relative” movements of objects around us. If, for example, a ship moves uniformly, without acceleration or braking, through the sea in calm weather without waves on the surface of the water, we will not feel at all how such a ship is moving if we are in a cabin without a porthole, since all objects inside the cabin will be move parallel with us and the ship.

Movement of the Earth around the Sun

While the Earth rotates on its own axis, it also rotates around the Sun from west to east counterclockwise when viewed from the north pole. It takes the Earth one sidereal year (about 365.2564 days) to complete one full revolution around the Sun. The path of the Earth around the Sun is called the Earth's orbit and this orbit is not perfectly round. The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is approximately 150 million kilometers, and this distance varies up to 5 million kilometers, forming a small oval orbit (ellipse). The point in the Earth's orbit closest to the Sun is called Perihelion. The earth passes this point in early January. The point of the Earth's orbit farthest from the Sun is called Aphelion. The earth passes this point in early July.
Since our Earth moves around the Sun along an elliptical path, the speed along the orbit changes. In July, the speed is minimal (29.27 km/sec) and after passing aphelion (upper red dot in the animation) it begins to accelerate, and in January the speed is maximum (30.27 km/sec) and begins to slow down after passing perihelion (lower red dot ).
While the Earth makes one revolution around the Sun, it covers a distance equal to 942 million kilometers in 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 9.5 seconds, that is, we rush along with the Earth around the Sun at an average speed of 30 km per second (or 107,460 km per hour), and at the same time the Earth rotates around its own axis once every 24 hours (365 times per year).
In fact, if we consider the movement of the Earth more scrupulously, it is much more complex, since the Earth is influenced by various factors: the rotation of the Moon around the Earth, the attraction of other planets and stars.

We are all inhabitants of the most beautiful planet in the Universe, it is called “blue” because of the abundance of water. There is only one of its kind in the solar system, but all good things come to an end sooner or later. Have you ever wondered if the Earth stopped moving, what would happen? We will try to find an answer to this question in this article.

Everyone knows from their school days that our earth has the shape of a ball and rotates around its axis. It is also in continuous motion around our source of heat and light, the Sun. But what is the reason for the rotation of the Earth?

All these questions are quite interesting; probably, every inhabitant of our planet has asked this at least once in their life. The school course gives us little information of this kind. For example, everyone knows that as a result of the movement of the Earth, we experience a change of day and night, maintaining the air temperature that is familiar to all of us. But all this is not enough, because this process is not limited to this.

Rotation around the Sun

So, we figured out that our planet is always in motion, but why and at what speed does the Earth rotate? It is important to know that all the planets in the solar system rotate at a certain speed, and all in the same direction. Coincidence? Of course not!

Long before the appearance of man, our planet was formed; it arose in a hydrogen cloud. After this there was a strong shock, as a result of which the cloud began to rotate. In order to answer the question “why”, remember that each particle passing through a vacuum has its own inertia, and all particles balance it.

Thus, the entire solar system rotates faster and faster. From this our Sun was formed, and then all the other planets, and they inherited the same movements from the luminary.

Rotations around its own axis

This question interests scientists even now; there are many hypotheses, but we will present the most plausible one.

So, in the previous paragraph we already said that the entire solar system was formed from an accumulation of “garbage”, which accumulated as a result of the fact that the young Sun at that time attracted it. Despite the fact that the bulk of its mass went to our Sun, planets nevertheless formed around it. Initially, they did not have the shape we are used to.

Sometimes, when colliding with objects, they were destroyed, but they had the ability to attract smaller particles, and thus gained their mass. Several factors caused our planet to rotate:

Time.
Wind.
Asymmetry.

And the latter is not a mistake, then the Earth resembled the shape of a snowball made by a small child. The irregular shape caused the planet to be unstable, it was exposed to wind and radiation from the Sun. Despite, she came out of an unbalanced position and began to spin, pushed by the same factors. In short, our planet does not move on its own, but was pushed many billions of years ago. We have not specified how fast the Earth rotates. She is always on the move. And in almost twenty-four hours it makes a complete revolution around its axis. This movement is called diurnal. The rotation speed is not the same everywhere. So at the equator it is approximately 1670 kilometers per hour, and the North and South poles may remain in place altogether.

But besides this, our planet is also moving along a different trajectory. A complete revolution of the Earth around the Sun takes three hundred sixty-five days and five hours. This explains why there is a leap year, meaning there is one more day.

Is it possible to stop?

If the Earth stops, what will happen? Let's start with the fact that stopping can be considered both around its axis and around the Sun. We will analyze all the options in more detail. In this chapter we will discuss some general points and whether this is even possible.

If we consider a sharp stop in the rotation of the Earth around its axis, then this is practically unrealistic. This can only result from a collision with a large object. Let us immediately clarify that it will no longer make any difference whether the planet is rotating or has completely flown away from its orbit, since a stop can be caused by an object so large that the Earth simply cannot withstand such a blow.

If the Earth stops, what will happen? If a sharp stop is practically impossible, then slow braking is quite possible. Although it is not felt, our planet is already gradually slowing down.

If we talk about flying around the Sun, then stopping the planet in this case is something out of the realm of science fiction. But we will discard all probabilities and assume that this did happen. We invite you to examine each case separately.

Abrupt stop

Although this option is hypothetically impossible, we will still assume it. If the Earth stops, what will happen? The speed of our planet is so great that a sudden stop for any reason will simply destroy everything on it.

For starters, in what direction does the Earth rotate? From West to East at a speed of more than five hundred meters per second. From this we can assume that everything that moves on the planet will continue to move at a speed of more than 1.5 thousand kilometers per hour. The wind, which will blow at the same speed, will cause a powerful tsunami. On one hemisphere there will be six months of day, and then, those who are not burned by the highest temperature, will finish off six months of severe frost and night. What if there are still survivors after this? They will be destroyed by radiation. In addition, after the Earth stops, our core will make several more revolutions, and volcanoes will erupt in places where they have not been found before.

The atmosphere will also not stop its movement instantly, that is, there will be wind blowing at a speed of 500 meters per second. In addition, partial loss of atmosphere is possible.

This version of the disaster is the best outcome for humanity, because everything will happen so quickly that not a single person will simply have time to come to his senses or understand what is happening. Since the most likely result is the explosion of the planet. Another thing is the slow and gradual stop of the planet.

The first thing that comes to mind for many is eternal day on one side and eternal night on the other, but this, in fact, is not a very big problem compared to the others.

Smooth stop

Our planet is slowing down its rotation, scientists say that people will not see it stop completely, since it will happen in billions of years, and long before that the Sun will increase in volume and simply burn the Earth. But, nevertheless, we will simulate a stop situation in the foreseeable future. Just to begin with, let’s look at the question: why does the slow stop occur?

Previously, a day on our planet lasted about six hours, and this factor is strongly influenced by the Moon. But how? It causes water to vibrate with its force of attraction, and as a result of this process a slow stop occurs.

It still happened

Eternal night or eternal day awaits us on one of the hemispheres, but this is not the biggest problem compared to the redistribution of land and ocean, which will lead to the massive destruction of all life.

Where there is sun, all the plants will gradually die out, and the soil will crack from drought, but the other side is the snowy tundra. The most suitable area for habitation will be in between, where there will be an eternal sunrise or sunset. However, these territories will be quite small. The land will be located only at the equator. The North and South Pole will be two large oceans.

It is no exception that a person will need to adapt to living in the ground, and to walk on the surface they will need spacesuits.

No movement around the sun

This scenario is simple, everything that was on the front side will fly away into the free space of space, because our planet is moving at a very high speed, while others will receive an equally strong blow to the ground.

Even if the Earth gradually slows down its movement, it will eventually fall into the Sun, and this whole process will take sixty-five days, but no one will live to see the last one, since the temperature will be about three thousand degrees Celsius. If you believe the calculations of scientists, then in a month the temperature on our planet will reach 50 degrees.

This scenario is practically unrealistic, but the absorption of the Earth by the Sun is a fact that cannot be avoided, but humanity will not be able to see this day.

The earth fell out of orbit

This is the most fantastic option. No, we will not go on a journey through space, because there are laws of physics. If at least one planet from the solar system flies out of orbit, it will bring chaos to the movement of all the others, and will ultimately fall into the “paws” of the Sun, which will absorb it, attracting it with its mass.

Our planet is in constant motion. Together with the Sun, it moves in space around the center of the Galaxy. And she, in turn, moves in the Universe. But the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its own axis plays the greatest importance for all living things. Without this movement, conditions on the planet would be unsuitable for supporting life.

solar system

According to scientists, the Earth as a planet in the solar system was formed more than 4.5 billion years ago. During this time, the distance from the luminary practically did not change. The speed of the planet's movement and the gravitational force of the Sun balanced its orbit. It's not perfectly round, but it's stable. If the gravity of the star had been stronger or the speed of the Earth had noticeably decreased, then it would have fallen into the Sun. Otherwise, sooner or later it would fly into space, ceasing to be part of the system.

The distance from the Sun to the Earth makes it possible to maintain optimal temperature on its surface. The atmosphere also plays an important role in this. As the Earth rotates around the Sun, the seasons change. Nature has adapted to such cycles. But if our planet were at a greater distance, the temperature on it would become negative. If it were closer, all the water would evaporate, since the thermometer would exceed the boiling point.

The path of a planet around a star is called an orbit. The trajectory of this flight is not perfectly circular. It has an ellipse. The maximum difference is 5 million km. The closest point of the orbit to the Sun is at a distance of 147 km. It's called perihelion. Its land passes in January. In July, the planet is at its maximum distance from the star. The greatest distance is 152 million km. This point is called aphelion.

The rotation of the Earth around its axis and the Sun ensures a corresponding change in daily patterns and annual periods.

For humans, the movement of the planet around the center of the system is imperceptible. This is because the mass of the Earth is enormous. Nevertheless, every second we fly about 30 km in space. This seems unrealistic, but these are the calculations. On average, it is believed that the Earth is located at a distance of about 150 million km from the Sun. It makes one full revolution around the star in 365 days. The distance traveled per year is almost a billion kilometers.

The exact distance that our planet travels in a year, moving around the star, is 942 million km. Together with her we move through space in an elliptical orbit at a speed of 107,000 km/hour. The direction of rotation is from west to east, that is, counterclockwise.

The planet does not complete a full revolution in exactly 365 days, as is commonly believed. In this case, about six more hours pass. But for the convenience of chronology, this time is taken into account in total for 4 years. As a result, one additional day “accumulates”; it is added in February. This year is considered a leap year.

The speed of rotation of the Earth around the Sun is not constant. It has deviations from the average value. This is due to the elliptical orbit. The difference between the values is most pronounced at the perihelion and aphelion points and is 1 km/sec. These changes are invisible, since we and all the objects around us move in the same coordinate system.

Change of seasons

The Earth's rotation around the Sun and the tilt of the planet's axis make the seasons possible. This is less noticeable at the equator. But closer to the poles, the annual cyclicity is more pronounced. The northern and southern hemispheres of the planet are heated unevenly by the energy of the Sun.

Moving around the star, they pass four conventional orbital points. At the same time, alternately twice during the six-month cycle they find themselves further or closer to it (in December and June - the days of the solstices). Accordingly, in a place where the surface of the planet warms up better, the ambient temperature there is higher. The period in such a territory is usually called summer. In the other hemisphere it is noticeably colder at this time - it is winter there.

After three months of such movement with a periodicity of six months, the planetary axis is positioned in such a way that both hemispheres are in the same conditions for heating. At this time (in March and September - the days of the equinox) the temperature regimes are approximately equal. Then, depending on the hemisphere, autumn and spring begin.

Earth's axis

Our planet is a rotating ball. Its movement is carried out around a conventional axis and occurs according to the principle of a top. By resting its base on the plane in an untwisted state, it will maintain balance. When the rotation speed weakens, the top falls.

The earth has no support. The planet is affected by the gravitational forces of the Sun, Moon and other objects of the system and the Universe. Nevertheless, it maintains a constant position in space. The speed of its rotation, obtained during the formation of the core, is sufficient to maintain relative equilibrium.

The earth's axis does not pass perpendicularly through the globe of the planet. It is inclined at an angle of 66°33´. The rotation of the Earth around its axis and the Sun makes possible the change of seasons. The planet would “tumble” in space if it did not have a strict orientation. There would be no talk of any constancy of environmental conditions and life processes on its surface.

Axial rotation of the Earth

The rotation of the Earth around the Sun (one revolution) occurs throughout the year. During the day it alternates between day and night. If you look at the Earth's North Pole from space, you can see how it rotates counterclockwise. It completes a full rotation in approximately 24 hours. This period is called a day.

The speed of rotation determines the speed of day and night. In one hour, the planet rotates approximately 15 degrees. The speed of rotation at different points on its surface is different. This is due to the fact that it has a spherical shape. At the equator, the linear speed is 1669 km/h, or 464 m/sec. Closer to the poles this figure decreases. At the thirtieth latitude, the linear speed will already be 1445 km/h (400 m/sec).

Due to its axial rotation, the planet has a somewhat compressed shape at the poles. This movement also “forces” moving objects (including air and water flows) to deviate from their original direction (Coriolis force). Another important consequence of this rotation is the ebb and flow of tides.

the change of night and day

A spherical object is only half illuminated by a single light source at a certain moment. In relation to our planet, in one part of it there will be daylight at this moment. The unlit part will be hidden from the Sun - it is night there. Axial rotation makes it possible to alternate these periods.

In addition to the light regime, the conditions for heating the surface of the planet with the energy of the luminary change. This cyclicality is important. The speed of change of light and thermal regimes is carried out relatively quickly. In 24 hours, the surface does not have time to either heat up excessively or cool down below the optimal level.

The rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its axis at a relatively constant speed is of decisive importance for the animal world. Without a constant orbit, the planet would not remain in the optimal heating zone. Without axial rotation, day and night would last for six months. Neither one nor the other would contribute to the origin and preservation of life.

Uneven rotation

Throughout its history, humanity has become accustomed to the fact that the change of day and night occurs constantly. This served as a kind of standard of time and a symbol of the uniformity of life processes. The period of rotation of the Earth around the Sun is influenced to a certain extent by the ellipse of the orbit and other planets in the system.

Another feature is the change in the length of the day. The Earth's axial rotation occurs unevenly. There are several main reasons. Seasonal variations associated with atmospheric dynamics and precipitation distribution are important. In addition, a tidal wave directed against the direction of the planet’s movement constantly slows it down. This figure is negligible (for 40 thousand years per 1 second). But over 1 billion years, under the influence of this, the length of the day increased by 7 hours (from 17 to 24).

The consequences of the Earth's rotation around the Sun and its axis are being studied. These studies are of great practical and scientific importance. They are used not only to accurately determine stellar coordinates, but also to identify patterns that can influence human life processes and natural phenomena in hydrometeorology and other areas.

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Rotation of the Earth around its axis

The Earth rotates around an axis from west to east, that is, counterclockwise when looking at the Earth from the North Star (North Pole). In this case, the angular velocity of rotation, i.e. the angle through which any point on the Earth’s surface rotates, is the same and amounts to 15° per hour. Linear speed depends on latitude: at the equator it is highest - 464 m/s, and the geographic poles are stationary.

The main physical proof of the Earth's rotation around its axis is the experiment with Foucault's swinging pendulum. After the French physicist J. Foucault c. In the Parisian Pantheon he carried out his famous experiment, the rotation of the Earth around its axis became an immutable truth.

Physical evidence of the Earth’s axial rotation is also provided by measurements of the arc of the 1° meridian, which is at the equator and at the poles. These measurements prove the compression of the Earth at the poles, and this is characteristic only of rotating bodies. And finally, the third proof is the deviation of falling bodies from the plumb line at all latitudes except the poles. The reason for this deviation is due to their inertia maintaining a higher linear velocity of point A (at altitude) compared to point B (near the earth's surface). When falling, objects are deflected to the east on the Earth because it rotates from west to east. The magnitude of the deviation is maximum at the equator. At the poles, bodies fall vertically, without deviating from the direction of the earth's axis.

The geographic significance of the Earth's axial rotation is extremely large. First of all, it affects the figure of the Earth. The compression of the Earth at the poles is the result of its axial rotation. Previously, when the Earth rotated at a higher angular velocity, the polar compression was greater. The lengthening of the day and, as a consequence, a decrease in the equatorial radius and an increase in the polar one is accompanied by tectonic deformations of the earth's crust (faults, folds) and a restructuring of the Earth's macrorelief.

An important consequence of the axial rotation of the Earth is the deviation of bodies moving in the horizontal plane (winds, rivers, sea currents, etc.) from their original direction: in the northern hemisphere - to the right, in the southern - to the left (this is one of the forces of inertia, called the Coriolis acceleration in honor to the French scientist who first explained this phenomenon).

According to the law of inertia, every moving body strives to maintain unchanged the direction and speed of its movement in world space.

Deflection is the result of the body participating in both translational and rotational movements simultaneously. At the equator, where the meridians are parallel to each other, their direction in world space does not change during rotation and the deviation is zero. Toward the poles, the deviation increases and becomes greatest at the poles, since there each meridian changes its direction in space by 360° per day. The Coriolis force is calculated by the formula F=m*2w*v*sinj, Where F– Coriolis force, m– mass of a moving body, w– angular velocity, v– speed of a moving body, j– geographical latitude. The manifestation of the Coriolis force in natural processes is very diverse. It is because of it that vortices of different scales arise in the atmosphere, including cyclones and anticyclones, winds and sea currents deviate from the gradient direction, influencing the climate and through it the natural zonality and regionality; The asymmetry of large river valleys is associated with it: in the northern hemisphere, many rivers (Dnieper, Volga, etc.) for this reason have steep right banks, left banks are flat, and in the southern hemisphere it’s the other way around.

The rotation of the Earth is associated with a natural unit of time - the day - and there is a change between day and night. There are sidereal and sunny days. Sidereal day is the time interval between two successive upper culminations of a star through the meridian of the observation point. During a sidereal day, the Earth makes a complete rotation around its axis. They are equal to 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. Sidereal days are used for astronomical observations. A true solar day is the time interval between two successive upper culminations of the center of the Sun through the meridian of the observation point. The length of the true solar day varies throughout the year, primarily due to the uneven movement of the Earth along its elliptical orbit. Therefore, they are also inconvenient for measuring time. For practical purposes, the average solar day is used. Mean solar time is measured by the so-called mean Sun - an imaginary point that moves evenly along the ecliptic and makes a full revolution per year, like the true Sun. The average solar day is 24 hours long. They are longer than sidereal days, since the Earth rotates around its axis in the same direction in which it moves in its orbit around the Sun with an angular velocity of about 1° per day. Because of this, the Sun moves against the background of the stars, and the Earth still needs to “turn” by about 1° for the Sun to “come” to the same meridian. Thus, during a solar day, the Earth rotates approximately 361°. To convert true solar time to mean solar time, a correction is introduced - the so-called equation of time.

Its maximum positive value was +14 min on February 11, its greatest negative value was -16 min on November 3. The beginning of the average solar day is taken to be the moment of the lowest culmination of the average Sun - midnight. This counting of time is called civil time.

More articles about extraterrestrial space

More articles about the Earth as a planet

When viewed from the North Pole, the Earth rotates counterclockwise, and when viewed from the South Pole, it rotates clockwise. And the Earth (like all the planets of the solar system, except Venus) rotates around its axis counterclockwise. The snail's house spins clockwise from the center (that is, the rotation occurs in a counterclockwise direction). What else is spinning and spinning? One cat’s tail spins clockwise when it sees sparrows (these are her favorite birds), and if they are not sparrows, but other birds, then it spins counterclockwise.

Therefore, experimental evidence of the rotation of the Earth comes down to the proof of the existence of these two inertial forces in the reference frame associated with it. This effect should be most clearly expressed at the poles, where the period of complete rotation of the pendulum plane is equal to the period of rotation of the Earth around its axis (sidereal day).

There are a number of other experiments with pendulums used to prove the rotation of the Earth. The first such experiment was carried out by Hagen in 1910: two weights on a smooth crossbar were installed motionless relative to the surface of the Earth. Then the distance between the loads was reduced.

There are a number of other experimental demonstrations of the Earth's daily rotation. In general, the reason for the precession and nutation of the Earth is its non-sphericity and the mismatch of the equator and ecliptic planes.

As a result of the gravitational attraction of the Moon and the Sun at the equatorial thickening of the Earth, a moment of force arises that tends to combine the planes of the equator and ecliptic.

The explanation of the daily rotation of the sky by the rotation of the Earth around its axis was first proposed by representatives of the Pythagorean school, the Syracusans Hicetus and Ecphantus. About a century later, the assumption of the rotation of the Earth became part of the first heliocentric system of the world, proposed by the great astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (3rd century BC).

The fact that the idea of the daily rotation of the Earth had its supporters back in the 1st century AD. e., evidenced by some statements of the philosophers Seneca, Dercyllidas, and the astronomer Claudius Ptolemy.

Clockwise or counterclockwise?

One of Ptolemy's arguments in favor of the immobility of the Earth is the verticality of the trajectories of falling bodies, just like Aristotle. From the work of Ptolemy it follows that supporters of the hypothesis of the rotation of the Earth responded to these arguments that both air and all earthly objects move together with the Earth.

At the same time, he, however, rejected one of Varahamihira’s arguments: in his opinion, even if the Earth rotated, objects could not come off it due to their gravity. The possibility of rotation of the Earth was considered by many scientists of the Muslim East. However, the role of air was no longer considered fundamental: not only air, but also all objects are transported by the rotating Earth.

A special position in these disputes was taken by the third director of the Samarkand Observatory, Alauddin Ali al-Kushchi (XV century), who rejected the philosophy of Aristotle and considered the rotation of the Earth physically possible.

In his opinion, astronomers and philosophers have not provided sufficient evidence to refute the rotation of the Earth. Buridan and Oresme rightly disagreed with this, according to whom celestial phenomena should occur in the same way regardless of whether the rotation is made by the Earth or the Cosmos. If the Earth rotates, then the arrow flies vertically upward and at the same time moves east, being captured by the air rotating with the Earth.

Basic movements of the Earth in space.

However, Oresme's final verdict on the possibility of the Earth's rotation was negative. Thus, the main role in the unobservability of the Earth’s rotation is played by the entrainment of air by its rotation. When refuting the arguments of opponents of the hypothesis about the rotation of the Earth, Bruno also used the theory of impetus. He also predicted that due to the action of centrifugal force, the Earth should be flattened at the poles. A number of objections to the rotation of the Earth were associated with its contradictions with the text of Holy Scripture.

I became interested in the topic of what rotates clockwise and what rotates counterclockwise, and this is what I discovered.

In this case, the axial rotation of the Earth was affected, since the movement of the Sun from east to west is part of the daily rotation of the sky. Since the command to stop was given to the Sun, and not to the Earth, it was concluded that it was the Sun that performed the daily movement. You have set the earth on firm foundations: it will not be shaken forever and ever. Proponents of the rotation of the Earth (notably Giordano Bruno, Johannes Kepler, and especially Galileo Galilei) advocated on several fronts.

See what “EARTH ROTATION” is in other dictionaries:

What kind of news is this? In the end they would consider him a fool, and he would indeed be a fool. These arguments were considered unconvincing by the Catholic Church, and in 1616 the doctrine of the rotation of the Earth was prohibited, and in 1631

Galileo was convicted by the Inquisition for his defense. It must be added that religious arguments against the movement of the Earth were given not only by church leaders, but also by scientists (for example, Tycho Brahe).

Annual movement of the Earth.

According to the law of right-hand traffic adopted in our country, circular traffic goes counterclockwise. That is, in some countries helicopters are made with a rotor rotating clockwise, and in others - counterclockwise.

Flocks of bats, flying out of caves, usually form a “right-handed” vortex. But in the caves near Karlovy Vary (Czech Republic), for some reason they spin in a spiral, twisted counterclockwise... But the dog, before going on business, will definitely spin counterclockwise. Spiral staircases in castles were twisted clockwise (if viewed from below, and counterclockwise if viewed from above) - so that it would be inconvenient for attackers to attack when ascending.

The mass of Uranus, sandwiched between the mass of Saturn and the mass of Neptune, under the influence of the rotational moment of Saturn's mass, received a clockwise rotation. The DNA molecule is twisted into a right-handed double helix. This is because the backbone of the DNA double helix is made entirely of right-handed deoxyribose sugar molecules.

In the Solar System, counterclockwise rotation (as viewed from the North Pole of the ecliptic) is predominant and therefore more likely. In this sense of the word, non-inertial motion, including the rotation of the Earth around its axis, can be called absolute. The idea of the Earth's rotation forced us to reconsider not only mechanics, but also cosmology.