Pre-Christian writing of the Slavs Our ancestors, the Slavs,
Between matters of great significance
Always to speeches and words
There was special respect
Pre-Christian
Slavic writing
I.I.Kobzev

Introduction to the problem

Until recently, the question of pre-Cyril's
(pre-Christian) Slavic writing. Only as a result of the latter
works of Soviet and Bulgarian scientists, as well as in connection with the discovery of new
ancient monuments, the existence of writing among the Slavs in pre-Cyril
period is almost proven. Fewer materials to solve the issue that
was the original Slavic writing and how it came into being.
In Russian works until the mid-40s of the current century, and in
most foreign works - and the existence of letters still exists
Slavs in the pre-Cyril period were usually denied.

What are pre-Christian languages?

988

Evidence of existence

from a letter from Catherine II to Voltaire and Diderot:
“...creating the “Russian Grammar”, Mikhailo Lomonosov undoubtedly knew well the “earlier
grammatical instructions, which were common among Russians before Kirill, but “not
dared to reveal this out of fear of persecution by the Synod"

Origin

Etruscan master. Two dancers. Wall painting

Definition of writing type

From the second half of the 40s to the end of the 50s, many Soviet authors
the opposite tendency was manifested - to excessively reduce the role of external
influences on the emergence of the Slavic letter, consider that the letter
arose independently among the Slavs since ancient times. Moreover:
there were even suggestions that the Slavic letter repeated
the entire path of world development of writing - from the initial pictograms and
primitive conventional signs to logography, from logographine - to syllabic
or consonantal-sound and, finally, to vocalized-sound writing.

"Characters and cuts"

Semiradsky G. Funeral of a noble Russian. 1892
Thietmar of Merseburg

"Characters and cuts"

Distribution of burial grounds
Chernyakhov culture (according to G.F.
Nikitina)
a - 100 or more burials;
b - 50 or more burials;
c - 20 or more burials;
g - 10 or more burials;
d - single burials;
e - monuments whose relation to
Chernyakhov culture was placed under
doubt

"Characters and cuts"

Proto-Cyril letter

Protoglagolic letter

Systematization

The use of writing by the Slavs of the “devils and cuts” type is pushed back to the 3rd-4th centuries. n, e.; in that
period, as evidenced by the materials of the “Chernyakhov culture”, the tribal system of the Slavs
has already reached such a high level of development that the need to create a letter like “damn and
Rezov" became quite urgent. Beginning of widespread use by the Slavs
Greek writing and the formation on the basis of its Proto-Cyrillic alphabet should be attributed no earlier
than by the 7th century and no later than by the 8th century, i.e. by the time when the Slavs formed the first
early feudal principalities and in connection with this there was a need for an accurate alphabetic letter. In conditions of insufficient development in the second half of I
millennium AD e. political and cultural ties between Slavic
tribes, the formation of each of two or three possible species
pre-Christian Slavic writing must have originated from different tribes
in different ways. Therefore, we can assume the existence among the Slavs not only
these two or three types of writing, but also their local varieties.

Our information about Slavic runes is very poor and fragmentary. Russian scientists did not do this. One thing is certain: they existed. In Scandinavian sources they are called “Venda Runis”, that is, “Vendish runes”. The inscriptions themselves in Slavic runes have also been preserved. Their number is small. Firstly, they wrote in runes for a very long time and they fell out of use many centuries ago, so objects bearing runic writings perished over time. Secondly, few people studied Slavic runes in the broad sense of the word. However, not every “runist” scientist could take on Slavic runes: it was necessary to know Slavic languages ​​well, so the inscriptions in Slavic runes simply remained unread. Thirdly, there was no literature in runic writing: runes were used only for short inscriptions on gravestones, on border markers, on weapons, jewelry, coins, and very rarely on canvas or parchment. Where the runes come from, who their inventor is, what the word itself means and what language it is is unknown. D. Zhunkovich even suggests that the word “runes” itself has a Slavic root: “runa”, “runya” supposedly means “furrow”, “cut”, and “rugi” - “cut”, “engrave”, that is, rock inscriptions .

Slide 2

Since childhood, we get used to the letters of our Russian alphabet and do not think about how we manage to convey any sounds and words with different combinations of sticks and circles. Native letters and words

Slide 3

How did our letters come about? Why are they depicted this way in the letter? How did each object, each event get its name?

Slide 4

But Slavic writing has an amazing origin. And the Slavs, thanks to a number of historical sources, know about the beginning of Slavic literacy. We not only know with an accuracy of up to a year the time of the appearance of the Slavic alphabet, but we also know the names of the creators of Slavic writing and their biographies.

Slide 5

Among the most ancient monuments of Slavic writing, a special and honorable place is occupied by the biographies of the creators of Slavic literature - Saints Cyril and Methodius: “The Life of Constantine the Philosopher”, “The Life of Methodius”, “A Eulogy to Cyril and Methodius” and others. From the biographies of Cyril and Methodius

Slide 6

From the lives of Saints Cyril and Methodius we learn that the brothers were from the Macedonian city of Thessaloniki. Now this city is called Thessaloniki.

Slide 7

Methodius was the eldest of seven brothers, and the youngest was Constantine. He received the name Cyril when he was tonsured a monk just before his death.

Slide 8

The father of Methodius and Constantine held the high position of assistant to the city manager. There is an assumption that their mother was Slavic, because from childhood the brothers knew the Slavic language as well as Greek.

Slide 9

Future Slavic educators received an excellent education and upbringing. From infancy, Konstantin discovered extraordinary mental gifts. While studying at the Thessaloniki school and not yet reaching the age of fifteen, he had already read the books of the most profound of the Church Fathers, Gregory the Theologian.

Slide 10

The rumor about Constantine's talent reached Constantinople, and then he was taken to the court, where he studied with the emperor's son from the best teachers in the capital of Byzantium. Constantine studied ancient literature with the famous scientist Photius, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. He also studied philosophy, rhetoric (oratory), mathematics, astronomy and music.

Slide 11

A brilliant career at the imperial court, wealth and marriage to a noble, beautiful girl awaited Constantine. But he preferred to retire to the monastery “to Olympus to Methodius, his brother,” says his biography, “he began to live there and constantly pray to God, occupied only with books.”

Slide 12

However, Konstantin was not able to spend long time in solitude. As the best preacher of the faith and defender of Orthodoxy, he was often sent to neighboring countries to participate in disputes with non-believers. These trips were very successful for Konstantin. Constantine - defender of Orthodoxy. Saints Cyril and Methodius, preaching Christianity to the Slavs. Fig.F. Bronnikova

Slide 13

Once, traveling to the Khazars, he visited Crimea. Having baptized up to two hundred people and taking with him the captive Greeks who had been released, Constantine returned to the capital of Byzantium and began to continue his scientific works there. Remains of ancient buildings of the city of Chersonesus in Crimea

Slide 14

Since childhood, Konstantin dreamed of solitary prayer and book studies. His whole life was filled with frequent difficult trips, severe hardships and very hard work. Such a life undermined his strength, and at forty-two he became very ill. Anticipating his approaching end, he became a monk and changed his worldly name Konstantin to the name Cyril.

Slide 15

The grave of St. Cyril in the Church of St. Clement in Rome After this, he lived another 50 days, read the confessional prayer for the last time, said goodbye to his brother and disciples, and died quietly on February 14, 869. This happened in Rome, when the brothers once again came to seek protection from the Pope for their cause - the spread of Slavic writing. Cyril was buried in Rome in the Church of St. Clement. Immediately after his death, his icon was painted.

Slide 16

Cyril’s testament to Methodius Before his death, Cyril told his brother: “You and I, like two oxen, drove the same furrow. I am exhausted, but don’t think about leaving the work of teaching and retiring to your mountain again.”

Slide 17

Methodius outlived his brother by 16 years. Enduring hardships and reproaches, he continued his great work - translating holy books into Slavic, preaching the Orthodox faith and baptizing the Slavic people. Equal to the Apostles Methodius. M. Nesterov

Slide 18

In April 885, he died, leaving as his successor the best of his students - Archbishop Gorazd and about two hundred Slavic priests trained by him. Equal to the Apostles Cyril and Methodius and their disciples Clement, Naum, Sava, Gorazd and Angelarius.

Slide 19

“The Tale of Bygone Years” about the beginning of Slavic writing From the “Tale of Bygone Years” we learn that once the Slavic princes Rostislav, Svyatopolk and Kotsel sent ambassadors to the Byzantine Tsar Michael with the following words:

Slide 20

“Our land is baptized, but we have no teacher who would instruct and teach us, and explain the holy books. After all, we do not know either Greek or Latin; Some teach us this way, and others teach us differently, so we don’t know either the shape of the letters or their meaning. And send us teachers who could tell us about book words and their meaning.” Rostislav Prince Michael III of Moravia in a miniature from a Byzantine manuscript

Slide 21

Then Tsar Michael summoned two learned brothers Constantine and Methodius and “the king persuaded them and sent them to the Slavic land to Rostislav, Svyatopolk and Kotsel. When these brothers arrived, they began to compile the Slavic alphabet and translated the Apostle and the Gospel.” Cyril and Methodius. Jan Matejko

Slide 22

This happened in 863. This is where Slavic writing originates. “And the Slavs were glad that they heard about the greatness of God in their language.” Then the brothers translated the Psalter, Octoechos and other church books. The first books in the Slavic language Saints Cyril and Methodius translate church books into the Slavic language. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle.

Slide 23

“The Life of Constantine-Cyril the Philosopher” about the beginning of Slavic writing From the “Tale of Bygone Years” we already know that the alphabet was given to the Slavs by the holy brothers Cyril-Constantine and Methodius. The Life of Constantine-Cyril the Philosopher also describes the request of the Moravian prince Rostislav to send a teacher who could expound the Christian faith in the Slavic language. Equal to the Apostles Cyril. M. Nesterov

Slide 24

In addition to the Holy Scriptures, Constantine, and then Methodius, translated liturgical books, which should reflect the features of reciting the text into a chant or even singing. Avdeeva Nastya, 13 years old. With. Radishchevo

Slide 25

By this time, the Greek literary language had a tradition of more than a thousand years. And to create such an instrument of Slavic writing that would convey all the literary subtleties of the Greek originals, vocabulary richness, and variety of styles is truly a task not for one person and not for one century. Glyamshina Svetlana, 12 years old. Republic of Mordovia, Lyambirsky district, Pervomaisk village

Slide 26

And the Tale of Bygone Years testifies: “Methodius appointed two priests, good cursive writers, and translated all the books completely from Greek into Slavic in six months, starting in March and finishing on October 26...” Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

Slide 27

Samples of the Cyrillic alphabet (Ananyin Gospel, late 16th – early 17th century) and Glagolitic alphabet (Zograph Gospel, 11th century) What alphabet did Constantine create? In the 9th century, the Slavs developed two alphabets at once. One was called Glagolitic, and the other Cyrillic. They are very different from each other, as you can see for yourself in the picture. In Cyrillic, the letters have a simpler and clearer form for us.

Slide 28

We don’t know what alphabet was invented by Konstantin, but it was the Cyrillic alphabet that was the basis of our Russian alphabet. The word “alphabet” itself comes from the name of the first two letters of the Cyrillic alphabet: Az and Buki.

Slide 29

The Glagolitic alphabet was common among the Western Slavs, but gradually it was replaced almost everywhere by the Latin alphabet. The most ancient books written in Glagolitic alphabet came to us from the 11th century.

Slide 30

The characters of the Greek statutory alphabet served as a model for writing Cyrillic letters. The first books in Cyrillic were also written in the charter. The charter is a letter where the letters are written directly, separately from one another and there is no space between the words. Cyrillic letter, or Cyrillic alphabet Page written by the charter. Ostromir Gospel

Slide 31

Russian writing was adopted from neighboring Bulgaria, a country that was baptized more than a hundred years earlier than Rus'. Baptism of Bulgarians. Miniature from a Bulgarian manuscript. XIV century

Slide 35

At that time, the Old Bulgarian and Old Russian languages ​​were so close that there was no need to translate Bulgarian into Russian. Bulgarian books were simply copied and used in the churches of Kyiv and other cities of Ancient Rus'. “This Yaroslav loved books and wrote many, and placed them in Hagia Sophia, which he himself created.” Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

Slide 36

The oldest of the ancient Russian books written in Cyrillic that have come down to us is the Ostromir Gospel of 1057. This Gospel is kept in St. Petersburg in the Russian National Library.

Slide 37

The “civil” alphabet Cyrillic existed practically unchanged until the time of Peter the Great, during which changes were made to the styles of some letters, and eleven letters were excluded from the alphabet. The new alphabet has become simpler and more suitable for printing various civil business papers. This is how it got the name “civilian”.

Slide 38

In 1918, the last reform of the alphabet was carried out, and the Cyrillic alphabet lost four more letters: yat, i (i), izhitsa and fita.

Slide 39

Veneration of Cyril and Methodius Cyril and Methodius are glorified as educators of the Slavs throughout the Christian world. Their memory is celebrated on May 24. This day is celebrated especially solemnly in Bulgaria. There are festive processions with the letters of the Slavic alphabet and icons of the holy brothers.

Slide 40

Since 1987, a holiday of Slavic writing and culture began to be held in our country on this day. The Russian people pay tribute to the memory and gratitude of “the teachers of the Slavic countries who provided us with a source of knowledge of God.” These are words from church hymns on the day of memory of Cyril and Methodius.

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“In the beginning was the word...” Cyril and Methodius Cyril and Methodius, Slavic educators, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavic. Cyril (before taking monasticism in Constantine) () and his older brother Methodius () were born in the city of Thessaloniki in the family of a military leader. Cyril and Methodius, Slavic educators, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavic. Cyril (before taking monasticism in Constantine) () and his older brother Methodius () were born in the city of Thessaloniki in the family of a military leader. The boys' mother was Greek, and their father was Bulgarian, so from childhood they had two native languages ​​- Greek and Slavic. The brothers' characters were very similar. Both read a lot and loved to study. The boys' mother was Greek, and their father was Bulgarian, so from childhood they had two native languages ​​- Greek and Slavic. The brothers' characters were very similar. Both read a lot and loved to study.




Holy brothers Cyril and Methodius, educators of the Slavs. Over the years, the brothers were sent to Great Moravia to present Christian teachings in a language understandable to the Slavs. Great teachers translated the books of the Holy Scriptures, using Eastern Bulgarian dialects as the basis, and created a special alphabet - the Glagolitic alphabet - for their texts. Over the years, the brothers were sent to Great Moravia to present Christian teachings in a language understandable to the Slavs. Great teachers translated the books of the Holy Scriptures, using Eastern Bulgarian dialects as the basis, and created a special alphabet - the Glagolitic alphabet - for their texts. The activities of Cyril and Methodius had a pan-Slavic significance and influenced the formation of many Slavic literary languages. The activities of Cyril and Methodius had a pan-Slavic significance and influenced the formation of many Slavic literary languages.





So here they are - our origins, Floating, glowing in the twilight, Solemnly strict lines, Cast Slavic ligature. So this is where, this is where for the first time I found the diamond hardness of the verb at the foot of the mountains Under the fiery sign of Sophia. The great mystery of sound, despising decay and death, shook the motionless firmament on the blue Dnieper bends. And Rus' over the foaming water, Open to free winds, “I am!” - declared to the Universe, “I am!” - declared to the centuries.











The Old Church Slavonic alphabet was compiled by the scientist Cyril and his brother Methodius at the request of the Moravian princes. That's what it's called - Cyrillic. This is the Slavic alphabet, it has 43 letters (19 vowels). Each has its own name, similar to ordinary words: A - az, B - beeches, V - lead, G - verb, D - good, F - live, Z - earth and so on. ABC - the name itself is derived from the names of the first two letters. In Rus', the Cyrillic alphabet became widespread after the adoption of Christianity (988). The Slavic alphabet turned out to be perfectly adapted to accurately convey the sounds of the Old Russian language. This alphabet is the basis of our alphabet. Cyrillic








In 863, the word of God began to sound in Moravian cities and villages in their native Slavic language, writings and secular books were created. Slavic chronicles began. In 863, the word of God began to sound in Moravian cities and villages in their native Slavic language, writings and secular books were created. Slavic chronicles began. The Soloun brothers devoted their entire lives to teaching, knowledge, and service to the Slavs. They did not attach much importance to wealth, honors, fame, or career. The Soloun brothers devoted their entire lives to teaching, knowledge, and service to the Slavs. They did not attach much importance to wealth, honors, fame, or career. The younger, Constantine, read a lot, reflected, wrote sermons, and the eldest, Methodius, was more of an organizer. Constantine translated from Greek and Latin into Slavic, wrote, creating the alphabet, in Slavic, Methodius “published” books, led a school of students. The younger, Constantine, read a lot, reflected, wrote sermons, and the eldest, Methodius, was more of an organizer. Constantine translated from Greek and Latin into Slavic, wrote, creating the alphabet, in Slavic, Methodius “published” books, led a school of students. Konstantin was not destined to return to his homeland. When they arrived in Rome, he became seriously ill, took monastic vows, received the name Cyril, and died a few hours later. He remained to live with this name in the blessed memory of his descendants. Buried in Rome. Konstantin was not destined to return to his homeland. When they arrived in Rome, he became seriously ill, took monastic vows, received the name Cyril, and died a few hours later. He remained to live with this name in the blessed memory of his descendants. Buried in Rome. The beginning of Slavic chronicles.








Monument to the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius in Moscow on Slavyanskaya Square “The Death of Cyril” The bells of Rome rang, Bronze sounds floated. Slavic children in front of him, Reading slowly: az, beeches, The vision rose visibly, And the miracle of thin lines floated... And the wise sower said: “The seeds sprouted in the field And the virgin soil became a field, Sown with a generous hand.” Liliana Stefanova. Per. Irina Panova











The spread of writing in Rus' In Ancient Rus', literacy and books were revered. Historians and archaeologists believe that the total number of handwritten books before the 14th century was approximately 100 thousand copies. After the adoption of Christianity in Rus' - in 988 - writing began to spread faster. The liturgical books were translated into Old Church Slavonic. Russian scribes rewrote these books, adding features of their native language to them. This is how the Old Russian literary language was gradually created, works of Old Russian authors appeared (unfortunately, often nameless) - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”, “The Life of Alexander Nevsky” and many others. In Ancient Rus', literacy and books were revered. Historians and archaeologists believe that the total number of handwritten books before the 14th century was approximately 100 thousand copies. After the adoption of Christianity in Rus' - in 988 - writing began to spread faster. The liturgical books were translated into Old Church Slavonic. Russian scribes rewrote these books, adding features of their native language to them. This is how the Old Russian literary language was gradually created, works of Old Russian authors appeared (unfortunately, often nameless) - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”, “The Life of Alexander Nevsky” and many others.





In a narrow monastery cell, within four blank walls, a monk wrote down stories about the land and ancient Russian stories. He wrote in winter and summer. Illuminated by dim light. He wrote year after year about our great people. Ancient chronicler Nestor Artist E. Dovedova. Historical narratives - chronicles There are many chronicles about life in Ancient Rus', in which records were kept by year. In first place is “The Tale of Bygone Years,” written at the beginning of the 12th century. This chronicle includes songs, legends, traditions, and stories. The author of this chronicle is traditionally considered to be the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor. There are many chronicles about life in Ancient Rus', in which records were kept year by year. In first place is “The Tale of Bygone Years,” written at the beginning of the 12th century. This chronicle includes songs, legends, traditions, and stories. The author of this chronicle is traditionally considered to be the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor.











Yaroslav the Wise Grand Duke Yaroslav “loved books, read them often both night and day. And he gathered many scribes and they translated from Greek into the Slavic language and they wrote many books" (chronicle of 1037) (chronicle of 1037) Among these books were chronicles written by monks, old and young, secular people, these are "lives", historical songs, “teachings”, “messages”. Yaroslav the Wise





“They teach the alphabet to the entire hut and shout” (V.I. Dal “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”) V.I. Dal In Ancient Rus' there were no textbooks yet, education was based on church books, you had to memorize huge texts-psalms - instructive chants. The names of the letters were learned by heart. When learning to read, the letters of the first syllable were first named, then this syllable was pronounced; then the letters of the second syllable were called, and the second syllable was pronounced, and so on, and only after that the syllables were formed into a whole word, for example BOOK: In Ancient Rus' there were no textbooks yet, education was based on church books, it was necessary to memorize huge texts - psalms - instructive chants. The names of the letters were learned by heart. When learning to read, the letters of the first syllable were first named, then this syllable was pronounced; then the letters of the second syllable were named, and the second syllable was pronounced, and so on, and only after that the syllables were formed into a whole word, for example BOOK: kako, ours, izhe - KNI, verb, az - GA. That's how difficult it was to learn to read and write.





Proverbs about learning to read and write I finished a science course, but I know the ropes. I completed a science course, but I know the basics. Jump with a letter, but cry without a letter. With a book you'll get smarter. First the basics and the beeches, and then the sciences. A full belly is deaf to learning. Study is a joy for the well-fed, but a hindrance for the hungry. You can’t sharpen something stupidly constrained, you can’t teach it to be stupidly born. The skill will find application everywhere. The scientist leads, the unlearned follows. The learned son is older than the unlearned father. Learning without skill is not a benefit, but a disaster. Alphabet - the wisdom of the step. Alphabet - the wisdom of the step. To teach the foolish to pour water into a bottomless tub. To teach the foolish to pour water into a bottomless tub. Those who are good at reading and writing will not be lost. Those who are good at reading and writing will not be lost. Learning decorates in happiness, and consoles in misfortune. Learning decorates in happiness, and consoles in misfortune. Learning to read and write will come in handy in the future. Learning to read and write will come in handy in the future. For a scientist they give two unscientists, and even then they don’t take it. For a scientist they give two unscientists, and even then they don’t take it. Learning is light, ignorance is darkness. Learning is light, ignorance is darkness.





“This is what our ancestors said” The literary language of the Slavs is understandable to all Slavic peoples, but, of course, the Old Church Slavonic language was different, and first of all, by such a feature as “discordance.” For example, they said: grad (city), breg (shore), milk (milk). The initial “e” was also different - one (one), esen (autumn). The literary language of the Slavs is understandable to all Slavic peoples, but, of course, the Old Church Slavonic language was different, and first of all, by such a feature as “discordance.” For example, they said: grad (city), breg (shore), milk (milk). The initial “e” was also different - one (one), esen (autumn). The Old Church Slavonic language made a great contribution to the development of the Russian language: it enriched it with interesting and necessary words. Some Old Slavonicisms began to be used frequently: time, Wednesday, flame, holiday, others left our language. Recently, words such as mercy, generosity, blessed have been revived. The Old Church Slavonic language made a great contribution to the development of the Russian language: it enriched it with interesting and necessary words. Some Old Slavonicisms began to be used frequently: time, Wednesday, flame, holiday, others left our language. Recently, words such as mercy, generosity, blessed have been revived. "Branch" of Slavic languages





“Revival of the Slavic holiday” Macedonia Ohrid Monument to Cyril and Methodius Already in the 9th – 10th centuries, in the homeland of Cyril and Methodius, the first traditions of glorifying and venerating the creators of Slavic writing began to emerge. But soon the Roman Church began to oppose the Slavic language, calling it barbaric. Despite this, the names of Cyril and Methodius continued to live among the Slavic people, and in the middle of the 14th century they were officially canonized as saints. Already in the 9th – 10th centuries, in the homeland of Cyril and Methodius, the first traditions of glorifying and venerating the creators of Slavic writing began to emerge. But soon the Roman Church began to oppose the Slavic language, calling it barbaric. Despite this, the names of Cyril and Methodius continued to live among the Slavic people, and in the middle of the 14th century they were officially canonized as saints. In Russia it was different. The memory of the Slavic enlighteners was celebrated already in the 11th century; here they were never considered heretics, that is, atheists. But still, only scientists were more interested in this. Wide celebrations of the Slavic word began in Russia in the early 60s of the last century. In Russia it was different. The memory of the Slavic enlighteners was celebrated already in the 11th century; here they were never considered heretics, that is, atheists. But still, only scientists were more interested in this. Wide celebrations of the Slavic word began in Russia in the early 60s of the last century.
28 The holiday in honor of Cyril and Methodius is a public holiday in Russia (since 1991), Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the Republic of Macedonia. In Russia, Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia the holiday is celebrated on May 24; in Russia and Bulgaria it is called the Day of Slavic Culture and Literature, in Macedonia the Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia the holiday is celebrated on July 5th. The holiday in honor of Cyril and Methodius is a public holiday in Russia (since 1991), Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the Republic of Macedonia. In Russia, Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia the holiday is celebrated on May 24; in Russia and Bulgaria it is called the Day of Slavic Culture and Literature, in Macedonia the Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia the holiday is celebrated on July 5th.





Hymn “Cyril and Methodius” Get up, people, take a deep breath, hasten to meet the dawn. And with the alphabet given to you, write the future destiny. Hope. Faith warms souls. Our path is thorny - the path forward! Only those people do not die, Where the spirit of the Fatherland lives. Having passed under the sun of enlightenment from the ancient glorious past, We, the Slavic brothers, are still faithful to the First Teachers! To the highly renowned apostles Holy love is deep. The works of Methodius - Cyril The Slavs will live for centuries! Stoyan Mikhailovsky (translation by Vladimir Smirnov)