The most important trend in the development of modern society is globalization, which, of course, reflects the objective processes of its higher development. Globalization manifests itself in all spheres of society, in particular, it influences the formation of political institutions and the course of political processes. The term “globalization” has become firmly established in the scientific community. Special works have already been published on certain aspects of globalization. However, our chosen topic has not yet been studied. Consideration of the problems of political parties in the context of globalization processes allows us to draw attention to a number of aspects that have fallen out of the field of view of researchers, and to illuminate in a more multifaceted way the problems of the development of political parties at the present stage and the problems of globalization.

The relevance of studying this topic is enhanced by the fact that political parties are one of the most important subjects of globalization, since it was they who reasonably presented models of a socially just state and ways of their implementation - certain standards, which is an integral feature of globalization. Globalization represents a level of development of society that implies the formation of certain standards (standard of state models, standard of law, standard of human rights, etc.). Of course, the implementation of these standards is very far away, but political parties, being carriers, and often initiators, developers of models, as they see it, of the best government structure, significantly advance world development in the direction of this.

In the context of increasingly actively developing globalization processes, a very contradictory trend can be traced.

On the one hand, there is an increase in signs of unification, which leads to the formation of a certain stereotype (standard) of a progressive civilizational type of development, which is declared to be the Western type, inextricably linked with a democratic, social, legal state, and civil society. As a result, there is a convergence of political parties and their demands, and the ideal of a socially just state has already become the property of many parties. This is the same irreversible process as globalization. Globalization is associated with the emergence of certain standards, and standards are the basis for unification.

On the other hand, the national characteristics of political parties are preserved, sometimes strengthened, and sometimes specially emphasized. This helps to keep parties in a number of countries from moving forward with some progressive demands. For example, political parties in the Muslim world do not accept many of the established values ​​of the West (rule of law, civil society, etc.). In addition, in the context of globalization, states borrow legal norms and institutions from each other, but the mechanism of their functioning, including the functioning of political parties, retains national specificity. In this regard, in a number of countries, many democratic values ​​are only formally proclaimed, but are not implemented, i.e., what is taking place is not democracy, but its imitation. All this suggests that globalization should not abolish national characteristics, the specific development of states and political parties, and should not lead to general unification. The history of various countries (including the Russian Empire) shows that unification does not contribute to progressive development. globalization political party

Therefore, recognizing globalization as an objective, inevitable process, it is necessary to try to avoid such an extreme as general unification - political pluralism, civilizational, cultural and national development features must be preserved.

In relation to political parties, globalization trends are manifested in the activities of parties of an internationalist type, which are aimed at interaction and mutual influence. Their number is currently quite large. And the very first internationalist parties - Marxist - demonstrated to the world the broadcast of their standard - the social model. Let us remember that the most important idea of ​​Marxism was the idea of ​​a world socialist revolution - a kind of single standard for the whole world. The translation of the standard was especially clearly manifested in the practice of the Bolshevik Party, which sought to lead many countries along the path of socialism. This draws attention to the fact that a more familiar and established term reflecting globalization processes is the term “internationalization”. However, modern processes associated with globalization are qualitatively different from internationalization. Internationalization is the growth of a system of connections at the level of national institutions (states, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, but on a national scale). We can agree with S. Chugrov that the fundamental difference between globalization and internationalization is the destruction of national borders, the undermining of the foundations of national sovereignty: “The concept of globalization includes the intensification of internationalization processes to such an extent that these processes become direct factors in changing the social organization of the national and local levels.” The term “modernization” is often used as a synonym for globalization. It should be noted that, while having much in common, these terms differ: modernization implies to a greater extent a technological and social breakthrough, and internationalization means overcoming spatial barriers. A process close, but not identical to globalization, is “integration” - the merging of heterogeneous interacting elements into a whole, into a system. All these processes allow us to better understand the specifics of globalization and the reasons for the growth of nationalist parties at the present time. In addition, internationalist parties arise, combining the ideas of socialism and racism, as well as nationalist organizations adhering to autocracy.

Globalization actualizes the problem of legitimizing changing political institutions. Therefore, in contrast to globalization, since the second half of the 90s of the last century, a powerful anti-globalization movement has been developing, represented by various parties and organizations. All of them also raise the question of legitimizing new forms of socio-political activity, but present them in their own way. Anti-globalist parties and organizations defend the interests of various, and broad, sections of the population who oppose injustice in various spheres of society in the context of globalization. They put forward their demands to national governments and international organizations. The anti-globalization movement is different from the social movements of yesteryear. It is transnational: the groups and associations that make it up have a unique, flexible and weakly formalized organization that uses new tactics of social action. It is no coincidence that the question of the possibility of creating an anti-globalist international is already being raised. The anti-globalization movement is very amorphous and has not yet developed a unified position. However, the parties and organizations that make up it are trying to develop a consolidated constructive position. This is facilitated by their interaction within the framework of the World Social Forum. The practice of social forums is intended to serve to unite the efforts of public organizations in working on alternative socio-economic projects. The anti-globalization movement puts forward alternatives to modern forms of social development and performs the function of aggregating and accumulating possible alternatives. Anti-globalist parties and organizations hold large protests (demonstrations, etc.) in various regions of the world. It is no coincidence that attention to anti-globalist parties and organizations as an independent phenomenon of modern socio-political life was replaced by attention to demonstrations. At the same time, widespread protests carried out by anti-globalist parties and organizations are causing social tension, a threat to law and order and public safety in a number of countries. Therefore, the study of anti-globalist parties and organizations and the development of a consolidated concept regarding them are necessary for a successful constructive dialogue between these organizations, on the one hand, and states and transnational institutions, on the other. The growing activity of the anti-globalization movement in the political process increasingly forces us to consider it as an independent phenomenon of socio-political life. Therefore, when talking about globalization, we must not forget about anti-globalization tendencies, as well as parties and organizations expressing these tendencies - which is the other side of globalization.

Currently, pluralism and multi-party systems give rise to a certain instability in the world. From these positions, globalization can contribute to a certain stability in the world. Some researchers believe that globalization will radically change the structure of the world: the rigid system of territorial states, where sovereignty is delineated by borders, is gradually becoming a thing of the past and will soon give way to a global system of sovereignty. For example, in Europe it is being transformed and replaced by a more flexible, multi-level system. M.V. Ilyin writes about the emergence of a new type of global state - transform, which he calls choritik. We are talking about the emergence of states or a group of states that unite around themselves other territorial-state formations according to some principle, for example, by common blood - Turkic transform or European transform, East Slavic or Latin American transform, etc.; in spirit - democratic transformation, anti-terrorist transformation, anti-discrimination transformation, etc. M.V. Ilyin believes that the basis of the global system will be several dozen globalized transformations. It is possible that political entities that have only partially globalized and rely on traditional types of sovereignty will also remain. At the same time, it must be taken into account that in the modern world there are also powerful trends towards localizing sovereignty and preventing it from going beyond the boundaries of a single state. In this sense, the failure of the European constitution and the growth of nationalist parties in European countries are indicative. Nationalist parties stand for the national integrity of their states, the preservation of national sovereignty and national borders.

The qualitative information conditions have changed. A clear manifestation of this is innovative technology. The formation of a global information society is taking place. In this regard, globalization transforms the world space into a single zone (with high mobility and penetration of information, capital, goods, services, people, etc.). It is not difficult to assume that in such a society there will be a high interdependence of subjects. All this allows us to understand the reasons for different attitudes towards globalization on the part of political parties and the divide between them.

Thus, at present, very contradictory trends associated with globalization can be traced in the development of political parties. Being a complex process, globalization was the basis for the activation of known types of parties (internationalist and nationalist) and the emergence of new ones (globalist and anti-globalist). All parties, in one way or another, develop their attitude towards globalization, so the study of modern political parties can help to understand and avoid the possible extremes of globalization, as well as trends that are opposite to this process.

Bibliography

• 1. Kosov Yu.V. In search of a survival strategy: Analysis of global development concepts. St. Petersburg, 1991.
• 2. Chugrov S. Globalization, modernization or internationalization (Notes on the margins of an article by P. Rutland) // World Economy and International Relations. 2002. No. 4.
• 3. Ilyin M.V. Sovereignty: maturation of a conceptual category in the context of globalization // Political Science. 2005. No. 4.
• 4. Panarin A.S. Global information society: challenges and answers // Power. 2001. No. 1.
• 5. Leibin V.M. Global Issues: Scientific Research and Discussion. M., 1991.
• 6. Utkin A.I. Globalization: process and understanding. M., 2001.

Benjamin Disraeli

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 2

Target:

get acquainted with the main political parties and movements, see the essence of the main types of party systems, trends in the development of political parties and movements in Russia.

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 3

Plan:

1. The concepts of a political party and a political movement.

2. Typology and functions of political parties.

3. Types of party systems.

4. Trends in the development of political parties and movements.

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 4

The essence of a political party

The party as one of the organizations - institutions of the political system. This approach is inherent in modern Western political science.

The party as a representative of class interests. This approach is characteristic of the Marxist tradition. He connects the emergence of parties with the division of society into opposing classes and considers the party to be the highest form of class organization.

The party acts as a group based on ideological ties. Proponents of this approach (the liberal tradition) emphasize ideological principles.

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 5

Essential features of a political party

1) a certain ideology, a system of common values ​​and norms.

2) organization - a relatively long-term voluntary association of people. The organizational principles of building a party are reflected, as a rule, in the party charter;

3) the party’s focus on realizing through the state the interests of those social groups that it expresses. It is for this purpose that parties fight to gain and exercise state power.

4) Parties strive to secure the support of voters. This is achieved during elections through the campaigning of voters for the party's election platform (pre-election program).

A political party is a voluntary association of people of a certain ideological and political orientation who strive to conquer state power or participate in its implementation to realize the interests of certain social groups and segments of the population.

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 6

Party structure

• Voter bloc
• Official party organization
• Party in the system of government

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 7

Typology and functions of political parties

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 8

Functions of parties

• Coordination and generalization of interests

Functions of parties

• Political Recruitment Function
• Function of political socialization
• Communication function
• The function of applying and implementing the rules of relationship between political institutions
• Function for developing laws (rules)
• Function
• Representation of interests

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 9

Types of party systems

The party system is an association of interconnected parties seeking to gain, retain and exercise power. This concept thus covers the totality of parties existing in the country and the principles of relationships between them.

Remember what are the two main types of party systems that have developed in the modern democratic world?

Describe the one-party system in the struggle for power.

Describe the multi-party system in the struggle for power.

Describe the two-party system in the struggle for power.

Which one do you think has an advantage in the struggle for power? Give reasons for your opinion.

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 10

Trends in the development of political parties and movements

Pair task:

Working with the last paragraph of § 22, identify trends in the development of political parties and movements. Find out the reasons for the observed trends. Predict the future development of parties in Russia.

Write your conclusions in your notebook.

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

Slide 11

Homework:

• Read paragraph 22
• Learn new terms and concepts
• Complete the tasks for the paragraph

Antonina Sergeevna Matvienko

View all slides

Trends in the development of political parties and movements. The influence of traditional parties, especially the Communist parties, is declining. There is a trend of rapprochement between Social Democrats and Conservatives. Trends at the beginning of the 21st century. The commitment of parties to specific social strata has weakened - “split voting. The growing role of the media. Parties are losing the function of political socialization of the masses.

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Parties

"Political parties" - Multi-party system with a dominant party. The far right are fascists and neo-fascists. Content of political ideologies? The movements are massive. Terms: political mobilization, political socialization. Trends in the development of political parties and movements. The “two and a half parties” or “two plus” system.

"Political power" - Power. Society as a whole. Subjects and objects of politics. Global community. State. Nations, classes, estates, etc. National relations. Subjects. Can the average citizen understand politics? Authority. Personal enrichment. Can society exist without power? Power struggle. International relationships.

“United Russia Party” - Measures have been taken to ensure transparency in public procurement. Distribution of Party members by social status. Compared to 2003, average monthly wages have more than doubled. The salary of a scientist, teacher, doctor, cultural worker will provide him and his family with a decent life.

“Forms of Government” - Aristocracy - rule by a minority. Formation of parliament through direct or indirect elections. Parliamentary republic. Oligarchy is the rule of a few. Monarchies can be absolute or limited. The form of government characterizes the structure of the highest bodies of government in the country.

“Democratic reforms in the Russian Federation” - Several parties. State financing of the election campaign. Refusal from dictatorship and violence, resolution of conflicts within the framework of the law. What is democracy? Guarantee of the implementation of laws in the regions of the Russian Federation and protection of their interests. Participation of parties in elections. Electoral districts depending on the number of inhabitants.

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By the beginning of the 21st century, new trends emerged in the activities of parties. The influence of traditional, primarily communist, parties is declining. The main reasons are the bureaucratization of their organizational structures, the dogmatism of ideological program guidelines, as well as the collapse of the socialist system of the USSR. Many parties were unable to take into account the new realities that appeared in politics as a result of overcoming (or mitigating) class conflicts, as well as the coming to the fore of global problems. Under the influence of social changes, a number of communist parties left the political arena, others joined the social democrats in their theoretical views. Still others still defend the ideas of a revolutionary transformation of society. The influence of other traditional parties also fell.

It is observed that it arose back in the 50-70s. XX century a tendency towards convergence of party ideologies and programs of social democrats and conservatives.

With the change in the social structure of society and the development of the middle class, the commitment of parties to specific social groups has weakened, which leads to instability of the social party base and unpredictability of election results. Researchers note an increase

“split” voting, when the same voter in presidential and parliamentary elections votes for representatives of different parties. In other words, parties began to lose their function of identifying and coordinating the interests of certain social groups.

Due to the increasing complexity of society and the increasing role of the media and especially television, parties began to lose the function of political socialization of the masses. Previously, the main methods of their struggle for voters were leaflets, crowded rallies and door-to-door campaigning. Now most voters learn about parties and their candidates from television programs. Accordingly, the center of campaigning is moving to television screens. Political scientists emphasize that today the function of political socialization is distributed mainly between television, other media and school.

The increase in the educational level of the population and, as a consequence, the desire of the most active citizens for autonomous political self-determination often collides with the traditional tendency for parties to “lead people by the hand.” Out of habit, parties impose on them ready-made, largely outdated patterns of thinking and behavior. In this regard, many citizens, especially young people, began to prefer mass movements to parties. The most important political issues today are often resolved through the active efforts of movements. Thus, parties are gradually losing the function of political mobilization of the masses. This is largely facilitated by the desire of movements to re-understand the realities of the modern world, to put forward original alternative solutions to global and some other problems (environmental, protection of human rights, democracy, improving the quality of life, etc.). Alternative movements of “greens”, human rights activists, anti-globalists, etc. currently cover most of the world. They acquired various organizational forms: from informal movements to party and parliamentary activities. The most organized is the environmental movement. The Greens created their own parties in many countries - parties of the movement type, which went beyond national boundaries, uniting into the international organization Greenpeace. Today it is represented by a single faction in the European Parliament.

The trends considered are not unilinear. The history of the parties continues. Universal parties, as well as parties, as noted above, of the movement type are gaining increasing strength. They are built on a decentralized decision-making mechanism. The main thing in this mechanism is tighter control from below over the activities of the party leadership, as well as its deputies. It is no coincidence that they are called “new wave” parties.

In conclusion, we emphasize that the loss of some of the monopoly functions by parties is not a sufficient basis for concluding that they are in decline. The most important function of parties is still the selection of the political elite and the formation of political leadership. Any political regime that claims legitimacy and is based on representation cannot do without political parties.

IBB Basic concepts: political party, party system, types of party systems, socio-political movement.

ShhTerms: political mobilization, political cooperation

cialization.

Test yourself

1) What are the similarities and differences between political parties and movements? 2) What are the grounds for the typology of political parties? 3) What functions of political parties do you know? Reveal their contents. 4) Describe the main types of party systems. 5) How is multi-party system developing in Russia? 6) Why is the conclusion about the decline of parties as a political institution untenable today?

Think, discuss, do

1. Imagine the situation: you are talking with a friend, and he claims that the club his older brother is a member of is a new political party. What questions would you ask your friend to make sure he is right?

2. At the beginning of the 18th century. Lord Bolingbroke had the idea of ​​​​creating his own “fatherland party,” which would absorb “all the healthy forces of the nation” to control the rest of the individuals less devoted to the state. Two centuries later, this idea was embodied in the activities of a number of parties. Which ones? Explain your answer.

3. Based on the typology of political parties, the characteristics

Terize any of the modern Russian parties.

4. Famous German sociologist R. Michels (1876-

1936), based on empirical research, derived the so-called “iron law of oligarchy.” Its essence is that, in general, parties are subject to the tendencies of bureaucratization, oligarchization and authoritarianism. How do you understand these trends? Have they manifested themselves in the activities of any modern political parties? Justify your answer based on the material in the paragraph and the facts of modern history.

Work with the source

Get acquainted with a fragment of the speech of the modern Italian scientist and social and political figure P. Fassino on the possibilities of updating mass parties (1990).

The “party system” is going through a serious crisis. It covers mass parties, especially those that have a rigid structure, strong ramifications and poor mobility.

The point is to find out which features of the mass party are continuous.

The successive features are:

1) the party as a collective intellectual, which sets itself the task of mobilizing the most energetic forces of the country intellectually and morally; which acts not only to listen to

requirements and needs, but in order to develop in

the ability to form an independent point of view;

2) party as powerful, capillary branched, deep

side-rooted organization;

3) a party as a non-ideological organization, which is joined regardless of philosophical and religious beliefs, but, on the contrary, on the basis of set political goals and programs that serve to achieve them;

4) the party as an organization of change, not limited to registering demands, but stimulating, developing, promoting them, thus contributing through its activities to the development of an independent point of view among people.

By the beginning of the 21st century, new trends emerged in the activities of parties. The influence of traditional, primarily communist, parties is declining. The main reasons are the bureaucratization of their organizational structures, the dogmatism of ideological program guidelines, as well as the collapse of the socialist system of the USSR. Many parties were unable to take into account the new realities that appeared in politics as a result of overcoming (or mitigating) class conflicts, as well as the coming to the fore of global problems. Under the influence of social changes, a number of communist parties left the political arena, others joined the Social Democrats in their theoretical views. Still others still defend the ideas of a revolutionary reorganization of society. The influence of other traditional parties has also fallen.
It is observed that it arose back in the 50-70s. XX century a tendency towards convergence of party ideologies and programs of Social Democrats and Conservatives.
With the change in the social structure of society and the development of the middle class, the commitment of parties to specific social groups has weakened, which leads to instability of the social party base and unpredictability of election results. Researchers have noted an increase in “split” voting, when the same voter in presidential and parliamentary elections votes for representatives of different parties. In other words, parties began to lose their function of identifying and coordinating the interests of certain social groups.
Due to the increasing complexity of society and the increasing role of the media and especially television, parties began to lose the function of political socialization of the masses. Previously, the main methods of their struggle for voters were leaflets, crowded rallies and door-to-door campaigning. Now most voters learn about parties and their candidates from television programs. Accordingly, the center of campaigning is moving to television screens. Political scientists emphasize that today the function of political socialization is distributed mainly between television, other media and school.
The increase in the educational level of the population and, as a consequence, the desire of the most active citizens for autonomous political self-determination often collides with the traditional tendency for parties to “lead people by the hand.” Out of habit, parties impose on them ready-made, largely outdated patterns of thinking and behavior. In this regard, many citizens, especially young people, began to prefer mass movements to parties. The most important political issues today are often resolved through the active efforts of movements. Thus, parties are gradually losing the function of political mobilization of the masses. This is largely facilitated by the desire of movements to rethink the realities of the modern world, to put forward original alternative solutions to global and some other problems (environmental, protection of human rights, democracy, improving the quality of life, etc.). Alternative movements of “greens”, human rights activists, anti-globalists, etc. currently cover most of the world. They acquired various organizational forms: from informal movements to party and parliamentary activities. The most organized is the environmental movement. The Greens created their own parties in many countries - parties of the movement type, which went beyond national boundaries, uniting into the international organization Greenpeace. Today it is represented by a single faction in the European Parliament.
The trends considered are not unilinear. The history of the parties continues. Universal parties, as well as parties, as noted above, of the movement type are gaining increasing strength. They are built on a decentralized decision-making mechanism. The main thing in this mechanism is tighter control from below over the activities of the party leadership, as well as its deputies. It is no coincidence that they are called “new wave” parties.
In conclusion, we emphasize that the loss of some of the monopoly functions by parties is not a sufficient basis for the conclusion that they are in decline. The most important function of parties is still the selection of the political elite and the formation of political leadership. Any political regime that claims legitimacy and is based on representation cannot do without political parties.