Deep silence, deep indifference, deep reverence, deep attraction, deep influence, deep attention, deep impact, deep indignation, deep excitement, deep admiration, deep impression... ... Dictionary of Russian Idioms
knowledge- absolute knowledge brilliant knowledge great knowledge great knowledge comprehensive knowledge deep knowledge thorough knowledge enormous knowledge thorough knowledge ... Dictionary of Russian Idioms
KNOWLEDGE- the result of the process of cognition, usually expressed in language or in k.l. iconic form. The desire to understand what knowledge is and how it differs from other products of human consciousness is already characteristic of the philosophers of antiquity, who raised and tried... Philosophical Encyclopedia
knowledge- KNOWLEDGE is a form of social and individual memory, a collapsed scheme of activity and communication, the result of designation, structuring and comprehension of an object in the process of cognition. The definition of the term “3.” is a fundamental problem... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
Scientific knowledge- Science is a special type of human cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systematically organized and substantiated knowledge about the world around us. The basis of this activity is the collection of facts, their systematization, critical... ... Wikipedia
Russian literature- I. INTRODUCTION II. RUSSIAN ORAL POETRY A. Periodization of the history of oral poetry B. Development of ancient oral poetry 1. The most ancient origins of oral poetry. Oral poetic creativity of ancient Rus' from the 10th to the mid-16th century. 2.Oral poetry from the middle of the 16th century to the end... ... Literary encyclopedia
Brahma-madhva-gaudiya-sampradaya
Hare Krishna- Article on the subject Hinduism History Pantheon Directions Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism Smartism ... Wikipedia
Hare Krishna- Article on the subject Hinduism History Pantheon Directions Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism Smartism ... Wikipedia
Hare Krishnas- Article on the subject Hinduism History Pantheon Directions Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism Smartism ... Wikipedia
METHOD- (from the Greek methodos path, method of research, teaching, presentation) a set of techniques and operations of cognition and practical activity; a way to achieve certain results in knowledge and practice. The use of one or another M. is determined... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Books
- Language, knowledge, society: Buy for 303 UAH (Ukraine only)
- Language, knowledge, society: , . The book examines the problems of the relationship between language, knowledge and society in epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy of consciousness, philosophy of language, sociology, logic and social anthropology.…
Constantly living in the same environment does not make it possible to fully understand what the native language means to a person. When there are no difficulties in overcoming the language barrier, few people think about the role of communication for the psychological and moral state of each individual. Sometimes only the arrival of foreigners can shake confidence and peace. Even the slightest difference in languages with the inhabitants of the countries makes it clear how difficult it is for a person without understanding the speech of his interlocutor.
The importance of speaking skill in a person's life
From birth, a child is instilled with knowledge and skills that will help in life. And speech is one of the most important skills that a small person masters. Remember how awkward you feel when you cannot understand what exactly a two-year-old child wants from you. Babbling and distorting words, he tries with all his might to convey his point of view, desire, emotions. And if it is simply difficult for adults to understand such a “conversation,” then it is sometimes even more difficult for a child. Despite all his efforts, he remained unheard. It is from this age that it is important to form in children an understanding of what their native language means for a person, to instill a love for words.
How to educate in your native language?
It is very important to help children learn the language. And this applies not only to the school curriculum. In educational institutions, teachers polish the basis already acquired by the child, expanding the vocabulary, and correct some errors that are present in the speech of the child and his environment. But you cannot place all your hopes only on the school curriculum, which is limited by scope, time and methods. Teachers cannot always convey to their students the role of their native language in a person’s life. Discussions, reading, watching films, listening to songs in a relaxed home environment will be the key not only to spending time together, but also to preserving the native language.
The language of a people is a mirror of its soul, cultural heritage
Language is not only a tool for communication between different people. The meaning of the native language in a person’s life is much deeper and more important. He is the bearer of the culture, mentality, traditions and history of every nation. There are more than 6 thousand different languages in the world. Some of them are similar, and representatives of nearby countries can understand each other’s spoken language in whole or in part, others are absolutely incomprehensible and have nothing in common with the native dialect of a person. Even within the same country, different dialects may be in use.
Each of them is the highlight of the region, its soul. After all, language is a reflection of the thoughts of both one individual person and a group of people, an entire nation. This is a defining component of national unity, uniting people who are different in spirit, way of existence, and social aspects. E. Sapir’s statement very characteristically describes the role of language in the formation of culture as a phenomenon and the culture of an individual person: “Culture can be defined as what a given society does and thinks. Language is how one thinks.”
Away is good, but home is better
The easier it is to understand what a person’s native language means, the further he is from his home. This problem is felt very acutely by emigrants who, due to various circumstances, were forced to leave their homeland. The need for communication, which cannot be fully satisfied by speaking a foreign language, pushes people to create interest groups, communities, and diasporas. Very often, such communities preserve centuries-old traditions much more reverently and reliably than their compatriots who do not experience difficulties of a similar nature.
It is very important to have the opportunity to hear, speak, and understand your native language every day. In it, it is a kind of path connecting him with home and loved ones. It is not for nothing that many, unable to bear the separation from their native land and suffering from nostalgia, are unable to settle down in a foreign land. Often the reason for this is not only the economic aspect, but different mentality and habits. The impossibility of free communication in the language in which you think becomes an insurmountable obstacle to permanent residence abroad.
After all, the lack of speaking practice, writing, and reading can lead to forgetting and distortion of even the native language that a person has been using since birth. Of course, some everyday phrases, absorbed with mother's milk, will not disappear forever, but vocabulary, the ability to speak freely and without an accent may be lost. It is all the more important to try to preserve a piece of your homeland, to cherish and glorify it through the word.
Is it necessary to teach a child their native language while living abroad?
For every person, their native language is the language they speak from birth, these are mothers’ lullabies, first questions and answers. However, what about children born in a country foreign to their parents, or those who moved to a new area while still a toddler? How to determine which language is their native language? How can you explain the difference between two different ways of expressing your thoughts and feelings?
The trends of the modern world are such that knowledge of several foreign languages is no longer a whim or desire of parents. Most often, this is a necessity, without which it is difficult to navigate in adult life and get a good job. Psychologists and teachers say that it is much easier for a child to learn a language than for an adult. Moreover, the basic foundation is laid at a very young age, even before school. The brain’s ability to perceive information in this period of life is colossal. Children living in a bilingual country or family can freely communicate both in the generally accepted language and in their native language.
It is very important for parents to pay a lot of attention to their native speech, because school and communication with peers will help the child speak competently and clearly in the language necessary for life. But a complete absence or lack of practice will lead to the fact that the native language is completely erased from memory, forgotten and the invisible thread connecting a person and his homeland is severed.
How to overcome the language barrier
Often communication problems arise due to a person’s inability to solve this problem. An extensive vocabulary, understanding of the basics of grammar, and ways of constructing sentences still do not provide the opportunity for free communication. Such difficulties occur due to a lack of understanding of the spoken language. The acquisition of the necessary skills occurs only during live communication, through reading fiction, periodicals, and watching movies. At the same time, it is important not to forget to improve the pronunciation of individual words and phrases. What a person’s native language means will help you figure out the knowledge of several dialects. And only by feeling the difference can you really understand how much you love your country and its language.
Materials for general repetition lessons, for preparing for tests, exams and for final certification
1) We remind you that the signs next to the words mean:
1 – perform a phonetic analysis of the word;
2 – perform a morphemic analysis of the word;
3 – perform a morphological analysis of the word;
4 – parse the sentence;
5 – perform punctuation analysis of the sentence;
6 – lexical;
7 – stylistic.
2) Exercises of increased complexity are marked with “*”.
I. Read the text, prepare for the presentation (detailed or condensed).
Akhmatova and Mandelstam, and to a lesser extent Gumilyov, are united by a protest against the inflation of sacred 5 words. Among the Acmeists, the holiness of the sacred word is restored by emphasizing its prohibition: its 1st utterance threatens with unpredictable consequences. “Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain...”
Akhmatova warns:
Oh, there are unique words;
Whoever said them spent too much.
Only blue is inexhaustible
Heavenly and mercy of God.
But a special place in the development of the motif belongs to Mandelstam’s strange poem of 1912:
Your image, painful and unsteady,
I couldn't feel in the fog.
"God!" - I said by mistake,
Without even thinking about saying it.
God's name is like a big bird
It flew out of my chest!
There's a thick fog ahead,
And an empty cell behind.
This is not a “religious” poem - neither by traditional standards, nor by the broad criteria of the symbolic 2nd era... It has a plot, and this plot is very simple. 4 The setting is a lonely walk (a year earlier: “Easy cross of lonely walks”). The opening describes a negatively characterized psychological state, which so often serves as the starting point for the early Mandelstam: the unnamed image torments with its absence, its intangibility, it is forgotten, lost. “Your image” - such words could form the usual to the point of banality, as in a romance, the beginning of a poem about love; but something completely different awaits us. It is quite possible that the image is female... But according to a decisive feature - due to its inaccessibility to the imagination - it is comparable to the image of God; it is like an image of God. One unnamedness is a mirror of another unnamed; and the correspondence to both is “fog,” symmetrically mentioned in the 2nd line from the beginning and in the 2nd line from the end: the characteristic dullness of Mandelstam’s landscape. But then a catastrophe occurs: in the tension of searching for the lost image, “by mistake,” a person exclaims: “Lord.” In Russian colloquial use, this word is nothing more than an interjection... The Name of God turns out to be real, alive, like a bird, precisely in its materiality, in connection with the breath of the speaker. But this is not a reason for tenderness, but for fear: the unspeakable did not need to be expressed. By thoughtless, random pronunciation of the Name, a person causes damage and loss to himself... This conclusion is suggested and strengthened by the last line, the heavy density of which arises from the imposition of two semantic characteristics on one word, characteristic of Mandelstam’s technique: the metaphorical “cage” from which the “bird” flies out , and “cage” from the phrase “chest”.
(S. Averintsev)
2. What features of the scientific style do we see in this text?
3. Prove that this is text. What is the role of the first sentence?
4. Explain the meaning of words banality, inflation, semantic, metaphorical.
unsteady, sacred.
6. What is the role of citation in the text? Learn poetic lines by heart, prepare to write from memory.
7. Make an outline of one of the complex sentences.
8. Explain spellings and punctograms.
II. *Read the beginning of V. Astafiev’s article “The Name of Tolstoy is Holy” (1978). Explain the meaning of the name.
One of the most vivid memories of my childhood, due to some whim of fate or its pattern, is connected with Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. At the village school, where I came to study in the first grade in the fall of one thousand nine hundred and thirty-two, a visiting teacher read to us, rural children who could not yet read, a story about Zilina and Kostylin. It was such a shock that for a long time I could not listen or perceive anything more, I jumped up screaming at night and all the time tried to retell the terrible story about two Russian soldiers who escaped from captivity to everyone who wanted to listen to it. 4 Grandmother, listening to me, cried more than once and repeated: “Lord, Lord! This is what human life is like, what we have not suffered and will not endure in it...” And on occasion she punished: “Study well, listen to your elders - your elders will not teach you anything bad...”.
Since then, I have not re-read Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” and will not re-read it, because some long-standing bright insight lives in me, distant from everything else I have read and heard, and I still want to retell the ingenuous and, 7 perhaps the most romantic story in our Russian literature. Perhaps the craving for creativity began with that desire that sparkled in childhood - to tell what I heard, adding something, of course, from myself...
1. Determine the topic, the main ideas of the text. Suggest your own ideas for the title of the passage.
Indicate the linguistic means of expressing attitudes and evaluations.
4. In what meanings are the words used in the text (II paragraph) insight, history, romantic?
5. Find synonyms for words tell, artless.
6. Write out the participles from the text. How are they educated?
7. Indicate introductory words, explain their meaning and role in the text.
8. Describe the features of the syntactic structure of the text. What is achieved through the use of complex sentences and direct speech?
9. Make an outline of one of the complex sentences.
11. Prepare for expressive reading and retelling of the text.
bright insight, craving for creativity, two soldiers, couldn’t do it for a long time.
Indicate a stylistically colored word:
a) memory;
b) childhood;
d) literature.
Which series of words contains a gerund?
a) Read, heard, ran;
b) reread, added, listening;
c) of course, perhaps, maybe.
III. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of the poet M. Isakovsky. Determine the topic and main ideas of the text. Prepare to retell the text and write about what it means, in your opinion, to have “full and deep knowledge of the language.”
The knowledge 1 in the language that I received first in a rural school, and then in a gymnasium, where I managed to study for only two years, was far from complete and, 7 of course, did not give me the right to say that I know my native language perfectly. Complete and deep knowledge of a language implies 6 much more than the ability to write without spelling errors, construct phrases correctly, and put punctuation marks in their place.
And it was this more that I sought to acquire after I left school. The school gave me those basic knowledge of the language, without which 3 I could not move on, and I am grateful to it with all my heart for that. But I had to do a lot myself.
(M. Isakovsky)
a) School gave me the basics of knowing the language.
b) This knowledge was far from complete.
c) To know your native language well, you need to do a lot yourself, you need to “move on” after finishing school.
d) Complete and deep knowledge of the language is the ability to use punctuation marks and write without spelling errors.
2. Choose synonyms for the introductory word Certainly.
3. Which word has more sounds than letters?
a) First;
d) knowledge.
4. Outline the first sentence.
5. Parse the sentence corresponding to the scheme:
IV. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of the Russian artist Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov (1862–1942). Title the text.
I began to remember myself when I was three or four years old... I remember my early toys. Particularly memorable is the legless brown horse. I rode on it for hours. Winter evenings are also memorable to me. In the mother’s room or in the nursery 3 there is silence, the lamp is on. The elders went to the all-night vigil at the Savior or to the cathedral, and I, sitting on my horse, rushing somewhere. It’s so nice in my soul, so peaceful 3... Our people will return, we’ll have dinner, they’ll put us to bed under a warm blanket...
My imagination was inexhaustible in childhood. To embody something, to bring it to life and to believe in everything was a piece of cake for me.
1. Specify keywords.
2. What is a synonym for the word horse used in the text? How are synonymous words different?
3. Parse the phrases: inexhaustible imagination, making something come true, easy to believe.
4. Write down a series of cognates for the noun fantasy.
5. Indicate one-part sentences. What is their role in the text?
6. Prepare for expressive reading. What mood should be conveyed?
7. Write a text (optional) about your childhood, using this beginning: “I began to remember myself (beginning) years...”;
"My first toys";
“Winter evenings are also memorable to me”;
“My imagination was inexhaustible”;
"I remember...";
“I would like to remember...”
V.Write down an excerpt from V. Belov’s story, highlight the grammatical basics of one-part sentences.
The thunderstorm subsided over our shelter, 5 but the rain continued to fall on Bobrishny Ugor for a long time. The house was warm and calm, lightning flashed outside the windows, and there was a smell of refreshed greenery. Thunder was still growling somewhere, but it was getting quieter and quieter, and beautiful music was playing quietly through the discharges of the Speedol. You could hear the last drops dripping from the roof, and music similar to these drops sounded in the house. It seems that this was one of Chopin’s mazurkas, the one in which the calm joy of life, light post-storm 2 fatigue and harmonious, happy contemplation of the 5 world sounds. And because this bright, beautiful music flowed in the house, because there was support, friendship, and courage in your voice, you wanted to do something again for people and for time in this incomprehensible world.
1. Prove that this is a literary text.
2. Explain the meaning of words Mazurka, harmonious.
3. Parse the phrases: beautiful music, contemplation of the world, joy of life, doing again.
4. What examples from the text can illustrate the rules for placing punctuation marks in sentences: a) with homogeneous members, b) with an introductory word?
5. Analyze the sentences corresponding to the schemes (optional):
VI.Write down the final part of V. Astafiev’s article “The Sense of Sound and Word”, highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences.
Poetry always strives to discover beauty in the world, and through their torment the poets have proven how long and difficult the path to beauty and comprehension of the meaning of life is.
Let us bow low to the poet for this noble work and wish him what the wanderers of the East wished for each other: “Hurry to please those you meet with a kind word: maybe you won’t have to meet again in life.”
1. Determine the topic, the main idea of the text. Write down the keywords.
2. Specify micro-topics. Explain the division of the text into paragraphs.
3. How is the connection between paragraphs made?
4. Write down the verbs from the text, determine the conjugation. What examples from the text can illustrate what is the syntactic role of the infinitive?
5. Write down the phrases: noble work, to please with a word, strives to open, let us bow low. Indicate the main words, indicate the type of subordinating connection.
6. What is the role of citation in the text? How do you understand the meaning of the aphorism? In what situation can you use it as a wish?
7. Explain spellings and punctograms.
8. Prepare to read expressively and write from memory.
Which phrase is wrong?
a) Prove the truth;
b) regret it;
c) comprehension of life;
d) knowledge about creativity.
Find the odd one out:
a) strives, proves, hurry up, meets;
b) poetry, comprehension, counter, poet, word.
Write a text on one of the topics:
"The path to beauty"
"The path to understanding the meaning of life"
"Noble work"
“Let us bow low...”
VII. *Read an excerpt from Bella Akhmadulina’s poem “Willing and Unwitting Sins,” which was written on January 18–19, 1999. Explain the meaning of an obsolete word backside and its role in a poetic text (consult dictionaries).
How many times have I sung the fourth hour?
after midnight, but why
the back of the head with a nimble evasion
from sleep - with a pen I blacken a white sheet?I am a stingy word loner.
You can’t tell the back of your head: look around, -
and he himself is sighted. Lob is a seeker of innovations,
in the back of the head - archaism is stored.I will not heed the temptations of the directory:
a charter from simple-minded antiquity,
everything that is related to good or good,
he removed the resignation: “outdated.”The soul hurries like a chilled runner
reject nonsense, break out of it,
in the foolish guess of the weak-minded:
What kind of foreign land does her tongue dare?..
1. What is a synonym for the word backside used in the text? How are these synonyms contrasted? What is the contextual antonym for the word backside does the author use? What is the meaning of the contrast between these words?
2. What stylistic note in dictionaries is discussed in the third stanza? Give examples of words with roots -good- And -good-. Which of these words are marked “obsolete” in the dictionary? Why does the poet’s soul not want to agree with the “retirement” of these words?
3. What other words with stylistic marks are found in the text?
Reference.
Bla "govest (obsolete). Bells ringing before the start of a church service.
Favor (obsolete). Goodwill, favor.
Well-mannered (obsolete). Knows how to behave well in society.
Well-meaning (obsolete). Adhering to the official way of thinking.
Thank you (obsolete). Majestic beauty.
Virtue (book). Positive moral quality, high morality.
Good (obsolete). 1. Virtue. 2. A willing participant in something.
Kind (obsolete). Voluntary, done at one's own request.
(From the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov,
1978)
VIII.Prepare for an expressive reading of V. Bokov’s poem “Holy Craft.” Explain the meaning of the name.
The sacred craft of the plow
I once exchanged it for poetry,
Polyphonic rotation on rhymes,
My parents, I apologize!Green grass is already growing,
Someone's head is already turning grey,
Look in the mirror, brother,
You are waiting for peace and longing to find it.My words, you are knights of goodness,
I didn’t breed you for the sake of silver,
Not for the sake of carnelian and amethyst,
You are my sheaves in the clean field.
My words, you are a temple of kindness,
It’s not for nothing that princesses of beauty flock to you,
And beauty is not with toads in the swamp,
You will understand this without me now!My words, all your dictionaries -
Dreamed flashes of dawn,
Wide plowed field
My family estate.
1. Explain the meaning of the words acquisition, flashes, carnelian, amethyst.
2. What words are used figuratively?
3. Observe the words that rhyme. Pay attention to those cases when words of different parts of speech rhyme. Write these words in pairs, indicate the parts of speech.
4. Indicate sentences with appeals. What is the role of rhetorical appeals in the text?
5. Parse the phrases: knights of goodness, a clean field, a temple of kindness, once exchanged, a plowed field, you long for something.
6. Write down the third stanza, highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences.
7. What spelling rules can be confirmed with examples from the text?
8. Explain punctuation.
9. Perform different types of analysis.
Indicate a word that has a stylistic connotation:
a) kindness;
b) craft;
c) acquisition;
Which phrase uses a constant epithet?
a) Holy craft;
b) plowed field;
c) polyphonic rotation;
d) on a clean field.
IX. Read an excerpt from the book by philologist V.V. Kolesov "History of the Russian language in stories." Prepare to retell the text.
Language reflects not only thoughts, but also feelings, and this is important at the moment of communication.
They say more and more often: Hello! Bye! Or they’ll add something completely incomprehensible: hello! good-bye! Ciao! What is the meaning of these alien words? In the mouth of a Russian person, these are signs of farewell, a formula of politeness - and nothing more. And Russian by the appearance of the words Hello And Bye- just translations of foreign words. The Russian word for meeting and farewell is not so light-hearted. It rose from the depths of the people's spirit for centuries, until by the 17th century it was molded into a respectful hello - goodbye. When we meet - a wish for health: may you be healthy! When parting, please forgive me if I have offended you in any way 2 . And how much is hidden behind this, how much remains between the words! Affection and respect are life. And it’s clear 1 what kind of person is talking to you...
That's why it's so difficult to replace a Russian word.
1. Determine the topic, the main ideas of the text. Please include keywords.
2. Prove that this is a journalistic text.
X. Read an excerpt from V. Astafiev’s essay dedicated to L.N. Tolstoy, title the text.
The great writer and thinker saw and understood man in all his volume, with all his complexities and contradictions...
This, in my opinion, is the tradition of Tolstoy, who was brought up, by the way, on the traditions of that mature Russian literature that already existed before him and the greatness of which he multiplied and raised to such a height to which 3 we all need to reach out and reach out to look into its boundless depths. 4
I don’t have a separate favorite Tolstoy hero, I love them all, from the boy Filippka to the frighteningly inaccessible, beautiful Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and his sister Maria.
During my life I have re-read “War and Peace” five times. The most vivid impression was when I read this book in the hospital. Those feelings, the pain that I experienced while reading “War and Peace” in a hospital bed were no longer repeated. 4 But each subsequent reading of the novel revealed to me new, previously unseen and unexplored “layers”, for this book itself, like Life, like the Earth 5, is large, mysterious and complex.
1. Determine the topic, the main ideas of the text.
2. Prove that this is a journalistic text.
3. Indicate the linguistic means (lexical and grammatical) with the help of which a semantic connection is made between sentences and between paragraphs.
4. What micro-themes do we see in the text? Explain the division of the text into paragraphs. Make a plan for the text.
5. Explain the meaning of words tradition, greatness.
6. What is the stylistic coloring of the union for ? Find synonyms for it.
7. Indicate the means of connecting subordinate clauses with main clauses.
9. Explain the punctuation in the second sentence.
10. What spelling rules can be confirmed with examples from the text?
11. Perform different types of analysis.
12. Prepare to read the text expressively.
Which word ends with -e ?
a) In memory_;
b) in life_;
c) to the hospital_;
d) traditionally.
Parse the phrases: boundless depths, previously unseen, understood a person, increased greatness, a vivid impression.
XI.Read an excerpt from V. Astafiev’s article “The Name of Tolstoy is Holy” (1978). Prepare for free dictation.
About ten years ago I - finally! – I decided to go to the 5th holy place – Yasnaya Polyana...
It was September - the golden time of Russia. Rarely and still reluctantly did a leaf fall. It was clean and bright, but most importantly - deserted 2. I walked around the estate all day, and all day I had the feeling that one glance was sharply striking me in the back, piercing me through and highlighting everything in me that was and is, and I involuntarily recalled 6 what bad things I had done in life and good. All day I felt like I was on trial...
It was not an easy day in my life, because it is difficult to judge oneself with the gaze and conscience of a Great Artist. 4
At dusk I already came to Tolstoy’s grave, stood over it, then touched the cold, callous-autumn grass with my palm and went out onto the road.
I walked to Tula, and again and again I experienced the sensations of that strict peace with which the forests, copses and groves of the estate were filled, that thoughtful silence that was here in the autumn under Lev Nikolaevich and now continued in time, touched my soul. And I also felt calm. Vanity seemed to flow away from me and, 7 it seemed, would no longer spin, would not spin anymore. And I thought that I was capable and would do good, only good...
1. Prove that this is a journalistic text.
2. What part of the text is description?
3. Make a plan for the text.
4. What words are used figuratively?
5. Indicate the antonyms that are used in the second paragraph.
6. Write down the verbs from the text in two columns: owls V. And nesov. V.
7. Find one-part sentences, determine their type and role in the text.
8. Make an outline of one of the complex sentences.
9. What spelling rules can be confirmed with examples from the text?
10. Explain punctuation. In what cases is author's punctuation used?
Prepare for expressive reading.
Which series of words contain gerunds?
a) Decided, passed, passed away;
b) go, judge, touch;
c) stood, piercing, highlighting;
d) worried, thought, filled.
Parse the phrases: holy place, do good, walked, golden time, thoughtful silence.
Which word has more sounds than letters?
a) Estate;
b) sacred;
c) highlighting;
d) palm.
XII. Prepare for expressive reading. Do you agree with the main idea of the poetic text? Write about it. (How would you answer the question “There will be no books in the future?”)
Germany is famous for Luther.
The twenties - Tatlin.
The states are strong in computers.
Russia is a reader.He awakens reason and conscience.
The cassettes have been adjusted.
There won't be 3 books in the future?
But there will be readers.(A. Voznesensky)
1. Prepare a cultural commentary (refer to reference books, dictionaries). Write down the sentences:
Luther is...
Tatlin is...
2. What is the role of incomplete sentences in the text?
3. Compare rhyming words: wakes up - will be.
4. Which word has more letters than sounds?
a) Germany;
c) computer;
d) reader.
5. Compare: future time is light future. What is the method of forming a noun future?
XIII. Read the text carefully. Prepare for a presentation (detailed or condensed). Write about how you understand D.S.’s words. Likhachev “Philology is a deeply personal and deeply national science.”
This word, which is Greek in origin, can be translated as “love of the word.” But in reality, philology is broader. At different times, philology was understood as different areas of culture - namely culture 5, and not just science. Therefore, the answer to the question of what philology is can only be given through a detailed, painstaking historical study of this concept...
The role of philology is precisely a connecting one, 2 and therefore especially important. It connects historical source studies with linguistics and literary studies. It gives a broad aspect to the study of the history of the text. It combines literary studies and linguistics in the field of studying the style of a work - the most complex area of literary criticism. Philology teaches us to understand correctly meaning text, be it a historical source or an artistic monument. It requires deep knowledge not only of the history of languages, but also knowledge of the realities of a particular era, aesthetic ideas of its time, the history of ideas, etc.<...>
Philology brings together humanity - our contemporary and the past 1 . It brings humanity and different human cultures closer together not by erasing differences in cultures, but by recognizing these differences, based on respect and tolerance for the “individuality of cultures.” She resurrects 3 the old for the new. Philology is a deeply personal and deeply national science, necessary for the individual and necessary for the development of national cultures. It lives up to its name (“philology » – love of words), since it is fundamentally based on love for the verbal6 culture of all languages, on complete tolerance and interest in all cultures. 4
1. Determine the topic, the main ideas of the text.
2. Specify keywords. Title the text.
3. What features of scientific style can be illustrated with examples from this text? Indicate the words-terms and explain their meaning.
4. Prove that this is text. How do the beginning and end of the text correlate and “echo”?
5. Explain the meaning of words aspect, realities.
6. Find synonyms and antonyms in the third paragraph. What is their role in the text?
7. Observe the use of pronouns in the text. What is their text-forming role?
8. Outline the last sentence.
11. Prepare for expressive reading of the text (one paragraph).
Parse the phrases: national culture, love of words, deeply personal.
Find the odd one out: brings together, resurrects, supports, justifies.
XIV.Read the text carefully. Prepare for a retelling (exposition). Write an essay using the following beginning: “The poet’s riddle is eternal, and our desire to guess it is eternal.”
We got used to saying: first there was the word. However, the word comes from sounds; therefore, first there was sound, and that sound is dissolved in nature, and no one can hear it, adopt it from nature and transmit it to people, except the poet and musician. Or maybe there was a feeling before the sound? Perhaps everything that is around us and in us, and above all by thought, is driven by feeling... This is the primacy of sound and the word itself and, therefore, the eternal 3 holy 5 and bright source of poetry flowing from them, which, gaining power and full sound, has been rushing for many centuries, without exhausting itself, exciting the human heart, filling it with delight and sadness, raising storms of passions and delighting with quiet music.
The poet’s riddle is eternal, and eternal is our desire to guess it, to break through some invisible barrier or veil and comprehend what is behind the line, that is, the soul of the poet... 4
(V. Astafiev)
1. Read the beginning of V. Astafiev’s article “The Sense of Sound and Words.” Explain the meaning of the name. What is the interaction between the title and the text (in this case, the beginning - the beginning of the text)?
2. Determine the topic, the main ideas of the text.
3. With the help of what linguistic means is the connection between sentences and between paragraphs made?
5. Indicate the words used in a figurative meaning.
6. Write out the gerunds from the text. Explain how they are formed.
7. Explain the meaning of introductory words maybe, therefore. What is their role in the text? Explain the punctuation marks in sentences with these words.
8. What spelling rules can be confirmed with examples from the text?
9. Outline the last sentence.
10. Prepare for expressive reading.
Parse the phrases:
a) bright source;
b) the soul of the poet;
c) an invisible barrier;
d) eternally holy.
What combination of words is the grammatical basis of the sentence?
b) the eternal desire to guess;
c) eternally holy;
d) forever admire.
XV.Read carefully the excerpts (beginning and end of the text) from the memoirs of A. Vampilov. Prepare for the presentation and additional creative task: answer the question “Do you agree with the statements “Every artist has his own secret”, “Vampilov’s secret remained unsolved”?”
(1) A certain Smith, a character from Ray Bradbury’s story “The Metamorphosis,” acquired the ability to fly, “rushing into space.”
(2) Outwardly he was an ordinary person.
(3) Even blood tests did not show any abnormalities.
(4) Doctor Rockwell was disappointed: he believed that something special was about to happen to Smith, and was waiting for it.
(5) Rockwell had no idea that the patient could fly.
(6) Many who knew Alexander Vampilov closely also wanted to see the outwardly striking features of behavior, habits and preferences of not just a person, but a playwright who had received worldwide recognition.
(7) It was not possible to discover such signs: he smoked the same cigarettes that many smoke, dressed discreetly, rather modestly, dined in canteens and restaurants where no one was allowed to go.
(8) But he did not demonstrate the main thing - flights of creative imagination - in public.
(9) They were performed in silence and solitude - at a desk...
(10) Like any artist, Vampilov had his own secret, which he could not reveal to anyone even if he wanted to, because he first of all needed to unravel it himself.
(11) The mystery remained unsolved...
(12) I was his friend and I loved him...
(13) Naturally, my assessment of his work and his personality cannot be impartial.
(14) Yes, I don’t want to be impartial.
(15) I look at the photographs again, in which I recognize his smile, the squinting of his eyes, the turn of his head...
(16) Yes, he didn’t need to pose - he lived openly like a child, without showing off, without pretending to be a fictional hero.
(17) The only thing he hid even from those closest to him was his suffering, his mental pain.
(18) But no matter how many photographs there are and no matter how recognizable he is in them, only the book that he left as a legacy to all people can give a true idea of his personality.
(D. Sergeev)
1. Which statement contradicts the content of the text?
1) No one noticed the external signs of A. Vampilov’s talent.
2) Vampilov, like any artist, had his own secret.
3) He confided only close friends to this secret.
4) Only his book can give a true idea of the writer’s personality.
2. Define the text style:
1) scientific;
2) business;
3) artistic;
4) journalistic.
3. Specify keywords:
1) secret;
2) Vampilov;
3) R. Bradbury;
4) creativity;
5) photography;
6) book.
4. In which words are all consonant sounds voiced?
3) the main thing;
5. Indicate the method of formation of the noun dining room. (Transition of an adjective into a noun.)
6. Choose synonyms for the introductory word naturally. (Of course.)
7. Write out the participles from sentence 6. (Those who knew who received it.)
8. Indicate the means of connection of sentence 6 with the previous paragraph. (Union Same.)
9. What part of the sentence is the verb? fly in sentence 1? (Definition.) In sentence 5? (Part of a compound verb predicate.)
10. In which row is a letter missing in all words? And ?
1) Circulation, recognition, passion, impartial;
2) he can see, believe, no matter how much, in the photograph.
11. Indicate a phrase with a connection method: adjacency:
1) creative imagination;
2) childishly open;
3) an unsolved mystery;
4) a character from a story.
XVI.Read the beginning of V. Rasputin’s essay “About Vampilov.” What early text features are used in the passage?
(1) In poetry Nikolai Rubtsov, in prose Vasily Shukshin, in drama Alexander Vampilov...
(2) It seems that Russian literature lost its very soul and very hope almost simultaneously with these names...
(3) And it seems that conscience itself remained with them forever in literature...
(4) Our people are surprisingly sensitive to talent; It is unlikely that anywhere else, among other people, one can find such sensitivity.
(5) For our reader (if we talk about literature), it is connected almost with personal hope; he treats talent not as a phenomenon that has appeared and exists independently of him - no, he hoped and waited, it was as if he had given part of his share for its birth, and he waited.
(6) The talent has not yet been recognized, it is only gaining strength, nothing audibly distinguishes it from a non-talent, but the reader, by some unknown currents and undercurrents, already knows about him and greedily catches his every word, searching for his pliable and unusually developed heart for her the truth about oneself and about one’s time, that holy and unevil truth, without which, as without labor, a person cannot exist in health and morality.
(7) And the loss of talent, its death is perceived by our reader and viewer as a personal tragedy.
(8) We forget, unfortunately, that he, a talent, having absorbed the artistic gift of many, many people, endowed with a seemingly huge heart of kindness and understanding, for his own life has this heart in one copy and of ordinary sizes - and even then, from the very beginning, sick with the pain of the same many, many people.
(9) Alexander Vampilov’s heart gave out just a few meters from the shore to which he was sailing, after the boat capsized when it encountered a snag hidden under the Baikal water...
(V. Rasputin)
1. Which statement does not correspond to the content of the text?
a) Conscience is what N. Rubtsov, V. Shukshin, A. Vampilov brought to Russian literature and left in it forever.
b) The reader greedily catches every word of a talented writer.
c) It is impossible to know the truth about yourself and your time.
d) Talent reveals to the reader that holy truth without which a person cannot exist.
2. Define the text style.
a) Scientific;
b) artistic;
c) business;
d) journalistic.
3. What words are key in the text?
a) Talent;
c) Baikal;
d) literature;
d) truth.
Which word begins with a soft voiced consonant?
c) barely;
d) health.
4. Indicate the means of artistic expression.
a) Evaluative vocabulary;
b) epithets;
c) metaphors;
d) anaphora;
e) parcellation;
e) hyperbole.
5. What is a synonym for the verb? hoped used in sentence 5? (Chayal.)
6. Indicate the means of connecting the last sentence (No. 9) with the previous part of the text. (Lexical repetition: heart, A. Vampilov.)
7. Which sentences have introductory words? (In sentences 2, 3, 8.)
8. Indicate sentences that contain participial phrases. (Sentences 6, 8, 9.)
9. Which characteristic of sentence 6 is true?
a) Non-union complex sentence;
b) complex sentence;
c) complex sentence;
d) a complex sentence with different types of allied and non-allied connections.
10. How many simple sentences are included in complex sentence 6?
a) 2; b) 3; at 4; d) 5.
11. Indicate phrases with a subordinating connection: adjacency:
a) Russian literature;
b) remained forever;
c) searching for the truth;
d) personal tragedy.
12. Write a summary (detailed or condensed) with an additional creative task. Choose one of the options:
1) continue the text by including what you know about N. Rubtsov, V. Shukshin, A. Vampilov;
2) express your attitude (agreement, doubt, disagreement) to the main thoughts of V. Rasputin.
XVII.Prepare for an expressive reading of the poem, which is dedicated to the front-line poet S. Orlov.
Four years
Fourth year in a row
war is your home, soldier.
But that's enough, the bad weather has passed.
There is another house -
they wait there and don’t sleep there
four years, four years.It's like days here,
and there are lights in the window
burning, not forgotten in the campaigns...
When would you know
how I need them -
four years, four years!When it's dark all around,
brighten your window...
It's time, it's time, tired infantry!
There are many words
but I keep one
four years, four years.(B. Okudzhava)
1. Write down sentences with appeals. What is their role in the text?
2. Observe the use of adverbs and pronouns in the text here there. What is the role of contrasting these words?
3. In what meanings are the words used in the text: house, lights, window?
4. Write down the last stanza, highlight the grammatical basics of the sentences. What word (one word) do you think the poet-soldier keeps in his soul for four years of war?
5. Carry out a morphological, lexical, morphemic analysis of words: light, dark. Come up with suggestions with them.
6. Parse the phrases: fourth year, four years, I keep one, it’s dark all around, not forgotten in the campaigns.
XVIII.Read the beginning of the chapter “On the Right to Pain” from the story by Yu. Polyakov, dedicated to the front-line poet Georgy Suvorov. What is special about the beginning of the text?
When we say “film about war”, “poems about war”, there is no need to explain what we are talking about. Everyone understands this: there was a Civil War, there was a Finnish... and there was a war - the Great Patriotic War, which entered the genetic memory of the people who, in the fire of this test, gained such moral and historical experience that more than one generation of people will comprehend its depths.
This is where, in my opinion, 7 one should look for the vital 2 source of a seemingly strange phenomenon - military lyrics from generations that did not fight. Open the collection of any poet born in the 40s, 50s, even 60s, and you are sure to find poems about the war. They may be worse or better, but without them the lyrical world of a person who knows about the front only from oral stories, books, films, is as incomplete as if it lacked the memory of first love, mother, and thoughts about the meaning of life.
Poets themselves try to understand this blood passion:
Born in the fifties
We did not know war, and yet
To some extent, so are we all.
Those who returned from that war -
Nikolai Dmitriev offers 6 his explanation. In fact, each of us survived together with our father or grandfather, or more broadly, together with the entire people...
There is pain accomplice, and there is pain compatriot. A person whose Fatherland has suffered what befell our country has no need to borrow someone else’s pain, because it belongs to everyone and is passed on from generation to generation, as well as pride in the Victory. 4
Moreover, without passing this pain through your own soul, without realizing the high and tragic experience that the people endured from the war, you cannot be a truly modern person.
(1980–1982)
1. Determine the topic, the main ideas of the text.
2. Specify keywords. Title the passage.
3. With the help of what linguistic means is the connection between sentences and between paragraphs made?
4. Prove that this is a journalistic text.
6. How do you understand what it is? genetic memory?
7. Explain the meaning of words passion, lyrics.
8. Choose synonyms for verbs to comprehend, to gain. How are the words included in the synonymous series different?
9. Write down phrases with participles and gerunds. Parse one of the phrases.
10. Replace the participial and adverbial phrases in the last sentence with subordinate clauses. Compare synonymous constructions. Make an outline of a complex sentence.
11. Explain spellings and punctograms.
12. Prepare for expressive reading.
Learn by heart the lines of the poet N. Dmitriev, prepare to write from memory.
Find the odd one out:
a) absent, feel, verbal, participate;
b) in my opinion, truly, northeastern, a long time ago;
c) modern, accomplice, compatriot, empathy.
XIX.Read an excerpt from Yu. Polyakov’s story dedicated to the poet Georgy Suvorov who died at the front. Prepare for an expressive reading of the poem “Every Year.”
From the very beginning it was clear to me 3 that sooner or later I would write poems about Georgy Suvorov, because some facet of his personality and fate did not fit into the framework of ordinary articles, there remained a feeling of understatement that did not disappear6, however, 7 even after the appearance of these poems , with which3 I would like to end my lyrical digression.
Every year
They say that she comes here every year 1,
To the soldier's grave in this city
not close.And he puts flowers and stands, remembering the years,
That they lie awake, as if dead under
obelisk 5.They say that a young lieutenant lies buried here -
Frontline love that blinded the heart
once upon a time.He was cheerful and brave, he had irrepressible talent...
On a summer night, nightingales sing victoriously around the area,
On a winter night the blizzard breathes with pain like ours
era,
They say there is nothing more valuable in the world than love,
And they gave it all away - until their last breath!
1. What is the role in the text of the part that begins the passage and precedes the poem? Make an outline of a complex sentence.
2. Indicate the means of artistic expression that are used in the poetic text.
3. From the first part of the stanza, write down the rhyming words in pairs, indicate the parts of speech.
4. Indicate antonyms in the text.
5. Choose synonyms for the conjunction for. How do the words included in the synonymous series differ?
6. Explain the meaning of phraseology didn't fit into the frame.
7. Parse the phrases: irrepressible talent, a sense of understatement, remembering the years, a lyrical digression, comes here.
8. Indicate one-part sentences and determine their type.
9. Explain spellings and punctograms.
10. Perform different types of analysis.
Which words have more sounds than letters?
a) Everyone, here;
b) remembering, singing;
c) at night, all the time;
d) nightingales, love.
In which row are only participles given?
a) Breathe, sing;
b) remembering, rests;
c) disappeared, blinded;
d) he’s coming, I’ll write.
Find the odd one out:
a) late;
b) heart;
c) feeling.
XX.Read the poem. Explain the meaning of the title.
Reply to a front-line soldier
Not burned by the forties,
Hearts rooted in silence,
Certainly,
we look with our eyes
others
For your big war.
We know by the confusing
difficult stories
About the bitter victorious path,
Therefore, at least our mind should
Go through the road of suffering.
And we'll sort it out
owe it to ourselves
In that pain
what the world has suffered...
Certainly,
we look with different eyes.
Same,
full of tears.(Yu. Polyakov, 1981)
1. Prepare for expressive reading.
2. Explain the meaning of phraseology look with different eyes.
3. What changes in the use of words look with different eyes at the end of the poem?
4. Write a sentence that uses synonyms way, road. How are these synonyms different?
5. What is the role of the introductory word in the text? Certainly? Find synonyms for this word.
6. Explain spellings and punctograms.
7. Select material from the text for different types of analysis. Parse it.
Parse the phrases: know from the stories, the path of victory, the road of suffering.
Come up with sentences (or phrases) with homonym words world.
For self-test
At the end of the poem in a sentence Of course we look with different eyes one meaning seems to be superimposed on another, and this is particularly expressive. Let's look with different eyes, that is differently, in your own way. Having read the lines “The same, full of tears,” we perceive the end of the poem differently: the words others And same getting closer. Answering the front-line soldier on behalf of the generation that was born after the war, the author says: we look “at your great war” through the eyes of other people, but with the same eyes, “full of tears.”
Find the odd one out: we look, we know, it has been transferred.
T.M. PAKHNOVA,
Moscow
In the era of the latest achievements of civilization that we are experiencing, a truly deep knowledge of the native language and mastery of its literary norms remains a mandatory requirement for every educated person. This requirement is connected with a very important aspect - the ecology of language. Just as in nature there are maximum levels of air pollution, water pollution, and radiation accumulation, at which irreversible processes of destruction begin, so in language there are limits to its distortion, coarsening, and violation of semantic, stylistic and grammatical norms.
Slide 15 from the presentation “Problems of ecology of the Russian language”. The size of the archive with the presentation is 363 KB.Russian language 11th grade
summary of other presentations“Unified State Examination in Russian Language 2009” - Read the text. Testing and measuring materials. Letter. Unified state exam in Russian language. One-time certification procedure. Expert training. Success in literature. Creation of CMM. Distribution of tasks by difficulty level. Main characteristics. Letter. Teacher. Technological certification options. Use of words. State final certification. On the use of the results of the Unified State Exam.
“B2 in Russian” - Characteristics of a word as a part of speech. A preposition connects words in a phrase. Basic particles. Write down the offer numbers. Write down the numbers of sentences with derived prepositions. Interjections. Indicate errors in identifying the highlighted parts of speech. Distribute grammatical features. System of parts of speech. Frequency examples of functional parts of speech. Complete the tasks. Basic unions. Read the sentences, indicate the parts of speech.
“Tasks in the Russian language for the Unified State Exam” - A simple sentence. Read the text. Productivity. Preparing students for the Unified State Exam. Comment on the problem. Evaluation paper. Workbook on the Russian language to prepare for the Unified State Exam. Workbook structure. Correct grammatical errors. Practical work. Efficiency. Grammar basis.
“Phonetics” - Letters e, e, yu, i. Phonetics. Features of Russian accent. Consonant sounds. Options. Emphasis. Problematic question. Compose the text. Language has its own colors. Changing the place of stress in a word. Central television announcer competition. Before voiced consonants, deaf people are voiced. Phonetic tasks. Summarize and systematize students' knowledge about phonetics. Stunning a consonant sound. Phonetic warm-up.
“Verb Signs” - Variably conjugated verbs. Conjugation of verbs. Infinitive. Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs. The verb is in the imperative mood. At the end of verbs after consonants it is written ь. Verb tenses. Past tense. Verb. All verbs start with –it. Reflexive verbs. Person and number of the verb. Types of verb. Impersonal verbs. General grammatical meaning. Verb mood. Present and future tense.
“Essay-reasoning on the Unified State Exam” - The problem of moral values. Problems of choosing a book to read. A comment. Types of speech. Methods of preparation for writing an argumentative essay. Evaluation criteria. Problems posed by the author. Vocabulary work. Author's position. Semantic integrity. Argumentation. Essay plan.
| Knowledge of the Russian language in all its richness is necessary for people of all specialties This is our great, mighty language Russian language is the national language of the great Russian people With the help of the Russian language you can express the subtlest shades of thought and reveal the deepest feelings. Linguistic taste, like the entire cultural appearance of a person, is the result of experience and life. The single language of the Russian nation, the language of international communication in the modern world. The increasing influence of the Russian language on other languages. A wonderful language of the world in terms of the variety of grammatical forms and the richness of the vocabulary, the richest fiction. The native language is a living connection of times. With the help of language, a person understands the role of his people in the past and present, and becomes familiar with the cultural heritage. The Russian language is the national language of the great Russian people. The importance of the Russian language in our time is enormous. Modern literary Russian is the language of our newspapers and magazines, fiction and science, government agencies and educational institutions, radio, cinema and television. Language is called one of the most amazing weapons in the hands of humanity. However, you need to use it skillfully, having studied all its features and secrets. Can any of you say with confidence that you have mastered your native language perfectly? It seems that there will not be such people among the readers of this book. And here’s why: the more we realize the richness and greatness of the Russian language, the more demanding we become of our speech, the more acutely we feel the need to improve our style, fight for the purity of the language, and resist its corruption. N. M. Karamzin, who did a lot for the development and enrichment of the Russian language, wrote: “Voltaire said that at the age of six you can learn all the main languages, but all your life you need to learn your natural language. We Russians have even more work than others.” Speaking and writing correctly and speaking and writing well are not the same thing. Even if you are fluent in literary language, it is always useful to think about how to make your speech richer and more expressive. This is taught by stylistics - the science of skillful choice of linguistic means. The more literate a person is, the more demanding he is of his speech, the more acutely he understands how important it is to learn good style from wonderful Russian writers. They worked tirelessly to improve and enrich artistic speech and bequeathed to us to treat our native language with care. The Russian language has always been the pride of our classic writers; it instilled in them faith in the powerful forces and great destiny of the Russian people. “In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language!” wrote I. S. Turgenev. With the help of the Russian language you can express the subtlest shades of thought and reveal the deepest feelings. There is no such concept that cannot be called a Russian word. Reading the works of great writers, we immerse ourselves in the world created by their imagination, follow the thoughts and behavior of their heroes and sometimes forget that literature is the art of words. But everything that we learn about from books is embodied in the word; it does not exist outside the word! The magical colors of Russian nature, the description of the rich spiritual life of people, the entire vast world of human feelings - everything is recreated by the writer with the help of the very words that serve us in everyday life. It is no coincidence that language is called one of the most amazing weapons in the hands of humanity. You just need to know how to use it. This is why it is necessary to study stylistics. |
Grade: 0 Rating: 0
We all know that our great Russian language lives and develops, that is, outdated words are replaced by newer words. And this is necessary, since science is gaining heights and learning new things that no one has ever known about, and in order to tell the whole world about this, scientists come up with names for them, thus we learn the discoveries of scientists and new ones appear in our Russian language. Yes, but technology also does not stand still and therefore new technologies appear, such as a player, DVD, CD, MMS, cell phone, etc. And again, new words appear, and their number increases every year. And with such a large flow of new words, it seems to take out outdated words from our Russian language, like azey, altyn, bude, berdysh, veno, vyya, govet, etc. I think that almost no one knows these words anymore and I feel sorry for them. But I understand that this is necessary, because if they disappear, then our great and mighty Russian language does not become smaller, but rather is replenished due to new discoveries. And understanding this, I can definitely say that the great Russian language never stands still. He lives and develops!
| Among the more than five thousand languages that exist in the world today, the Russian language occupies a prominent place in its meaning and the functions it performs. Any language is, first of all, a means of communication for native speakers of that language. This is one of its main functions. Russia is the largest state in the world in terms of territory it occupies. Therefore, the Russian language is a means of communication over a fairly large territory. But our country is inhabited by many peoples. Thus, the Russian language, being the state language, also serves as a means of interethnic communication. In addition, in the territory of the post-Soviet space, that is, in the CIS countries, or rather, in some of them, the Russian language has the status of a second state language. But even in those countries where Russian is not recognized as the state language, it still remains a means of communication for many people. At the same time, Russian is a compulsory language to study as a foreign language in many schools around the world. The international significance of the Russian language is also great. It is one of the eight working languages of the United Nations. That is, documents regulating relations between states are also written in Russian. This speaks of its importance in the modern world. Russian is used at various international scientific conferences and symposiums. I would also like to note that in beauty, in melody, in possibilities for expressing thoughts, feelings, states, the Russian language has no equal in the world. The language of Pushkin and Tolstoy, Yesenin and Bulgakov is the most expressive. This was noted by M.V. Lomonosov. And P. Merimee said that “the Russian language is the richest of all European dialects.” It was created “to express the subtlest shades.” |
| January 24, 2012 Extraordinary richness, subtle shades and nuances, deep and special meaning - the Russian language is truly great and omnipotent, any possibilities are available to it, and there are no natural beauties or human emotions that cannot be accurately, colorfully and reliably described. Knowledge of the Russian language, in its true and historical meaning, develops a person’s personality and gives unprecedented power over the word. After all, a word that is true and true is a real treasure with which you can achieve any success and heights. With the help of words, you can become not only a poet or writer, philologist or linguist, but also an exceptionally successful businessman who knows how to conduct any complex negotiations for the benefit of social creation and his own prosperity. You can become an outstanding diplomat by working for the benefit of your native state. Journalists also have great power of speech; with their help, public opinion is formed, which undoubtedly influences the entire political and social life of the country. Having a beautiful and correct Russian language, you can become happy in your personal life, find your love, express your sincere feelings, confess your passion, without fear of being misunderstood or misunderstood. Comparing the Russian language with other common languages of the world, such as laconic English or abrupt German, we involuntarily note the wealth of epithets, intricate phrases, subtle shades and other signs of true greatness and unprecedented diversity. Enjoying the classic literary works of famous Russian authors, savoring their magnificent style and our own, unique style, each time we find answers to many questions and topics that touch to the depths of our souls, since their mastery is truly amazing and makes us realize the true versatility and amazing harmony of Russian language. |
| March 18, 2012 Among the great variety of subjects that a schoolchild has to comprehend, the Russian language stands out in particular, because this subject, like no other, is capable of instilling in a person a sense of beauty, filling him to the highest degree with knowledge and pride in the beauty and authenticity of his native speech. By studying Russian, we become richer in many ways. We begin to understand extremely subtle shades and nuances, we get the opportunity to get acquainted with the works of the greatest masters of words. The subject of the Russian language gives such a precious gift as literacy, and true literacy elevates a person to a completely different level, since real education and, as a consequence, the success of future work and career growth are based on it. Literacy is extremely important for a deep understanding of any text, be it a work of art that gives a person a harmonious break from everyday affairs, a legislative or financial document, on the correct understanding of which success and prosperity in any profession often depend. Studying the Russian language aims not only to instill knowledge of spelling and syntax, but also vocabulary and linguistic stylistics, which will make it possible to subsequently enjoy good literature with full knowledge of the matter. The subject of the Russian language is just the beginning, the first step on the path to further, independent study of the great language, which a person will have to do throughout his life. Having felt the taste of the Russian language, its amazing precision and diversity that delights the whole world, it is no longer possible to stay within the framework of the school curriculum. These lessons give the desire for future success, comprehension of new secrets of the Russian language, which, as we know, are enough to ensure that this activity never gets boring. |
| November 29, 2012 The greatness and richness of the Russian language is difficult to dispute. This is a real colossus of literature, unquestioned authority and a symbol of innumerable virtues. Any classic work by Russian authors is an unsurpassed mastery of the true Word, once again confirming the fact that the Russian language is subject to any colors, emotions and delights. Alas, the present time cannot be called the heyday of the Russian language. Today, when communication is unforgivably simplified, and foreign, borrowed terms appear in speech every now and then, the Russian language is not going through its best days. It is enough to look through any of the popular bestsellers to understand how poor and inexpressive literature is becoming. The reasons for this phenomenon are clear. And the point is not at all that modern authors are far from true art and do not speak the Russian language properly. However, due to commercial considerations, their works must be as close as possible to the current generation, which is capable of perceiving only the simplest and most unpretentious linguistic forms. It is quite difficult for modern youth to read Tolstoy and Dostoevsky; they are unable to perceive the lacy, fairy-tale poetry of Tyutchev and Blok. Alas, the world-famous great works of classics today are becoming just a boring school assignment, and few people see in them the pleasure of a true connoisseur. Such observations frighten those who are able to analyze the situation and think about the future of the Russian language in our country. However, we should not completely exclude the presence of a truly reading public, which is quite capable of enjoying amazing linguistic turns and the accuracy of epithets. And it is no coincidence that there are reading clubs, various communities and circles in which people meet who cannot imagine their lives without high-quality Russian literature. Thanks to this category of people striving for beauty, there remains hope for the further development and prosperity of the Russian language, as the greatest treasure of the entire people. A person should value and respect language from the very first years of his life. And if all parents, instead of the usual cartoon, begin to read fairy tales and entertaining stories to their children, then the importance of the Russian language may again be revived and strengthened. The foundations of a love of reading must begin in every individual family. After all, reading is the key to the greatest knowledge, a competent assessment of the life around us, an understanding of characters and beautiful, correct speech. Only through reading can language exert its beneficial influence not only on minds, but also on souls. A country will become beautiful if every citizen wants to know their native language perfectly and worship its extraordinary beauty. |
| May 18, 2013 The Russian language is the wealth and pride of the entire people. It is rightfully considered one of the most melodious and multifaceted languages on the globe. Thanks to the Russian language, great literary masterpieces were created that are known throughout the world. The dictionary of the modern Russian language contains at least half a million words, and this speaks of its incredible wealth. Many epithets and beautiful figures of speech make Russian literary works colorful. The reader enjoys immersing himself in the magic of perfectly connected sentences that make up an interesting and captivating text. Talented poets and writers use the full range of Russian vocabulary to create beautiful works that will be alive and relevant for many years to come. It is impossible to compare the rich Russian language with either the laconic English or the prim German. Unlike other European languages, Russian has a great variety of synonyms and speech shades. Knowledge of the nuances of the Russian language will allow you to express the most subtle feelings, the most exciting emotions. Therefore, it is very important to love and appreciate your native language and not try to fill it with borrowed phrases and phrases. The Russian language has enough beautiful and precise words to express any thought. By mastering the rules of writing competent and complete sentences and enriching your vocabulary, you can become an interesting conversationalist and achieve great success in life. |
| September 12, 2013 Russia is a great power with a rich history and, as I.S. wrote. Turgenev "with the great, mighty Russian language." The basis for the preservation of a nation is mainly its language. The Russian language is a mirror of Russian identity, a reflection of the very life of the people, therefore every self-respecting Russian is obliged to preserve his language. “Saving a language” is not at all as difficult as it might seem at first glance. Nothing fantastic is required from a person. You just need to follow the rules and adhere to the norms of the Russian language, study it in detail and carefully. Oral speech is of great importance for the Russian language; its depth and inexhaustibility amaze the imagination of not only foreigners, but also the Russians themselves. Follow the norms of oral speech - thereby you will make your contribution to the preservation of the language, and therefore the nation. In addition, it is always pleasant to listen to coherent and competent speeches. Every day the language develops, and this is wonderful. New things arise that need to be named, and words are often borrowed from foreign languages. The problem is that many neologisms clog up the language; they are simply useless, because the Russian language itself can cope with the “task”. Of course, in schools, children learn the rules of the Russian language, but not everyone treats them with respect, not only young people, but also adults themselves. But this is necessary! I believe that in Russia the overwhelming majority of citizens should be educated in their native language. Otherwise, our mighty and strong language may perish, and at the same time the Russian people themselves will perish. And we must under no circumstances allow this to happen! Speak and write competently and beautifully, study, love and respect your language, because the Russian language is one of the most complex and richest languages in the world. Isn't this a reason to be proud of him? |
| September 12, 2013 Time flies, days and years fly by, world progress does not stand still. All sectors of our life are developing: science, art, industry, education, agriculture. Our language is also developing. Its development occurs as a result of the obsolescence of words, the transition from one part of speech to another, the appearance of new words, the acquisition of new meanings from a word, etc. It is difficult to unequivocally assess the rapid development of the language. On the one hand, of course, it’s good - language must develop, because life itself does not stand still, and if its development stops, then the language dies. With development, he enriches himself and expands his vocabulary. But there is another side to the coin, one might even say a problem, this is modern borrowing. Foreign words do not just enter our language, they literally “climb” out of advertisements, speeches of would-be journalists, talkers from television and other representatives of the media. Mostly Anglicisms creep into the language. And although few people take this situation seriously, in my opinion, this is a really important problem. The reasons for such illiterate use of foreign words are various: poor vocabulary, reluctance to make the text understandable to everyone, the desire to speak “originally” and many other reasons. It is necessary to combat a negligent attitude towards language and a limited vocabulary. How? Everyone should understand this for themselves, especially if you are a public figure, television worker or journalist. Your duty is to convey information to people that is understandable to everyone. What then will happen to the language if we litter it with such words? The Russian language will lose its uniqueness, originality, and eventually stop developing and become a dead language. Fortunately, until this happens, our language is still imaginative, rich and developing at a rapid pace. But its development should be carefully monitored so that it does not harm the Russian language. |
| September 12, 2013 The answer to this question is obvious - we are Russian, we live in Russia, Russian is the official language in our country. Of course we must know him! This is our native language, the language that was spoken in Russia many centuries ago. The Russian language itself is not deprived of a long and interesting history; it has undergone many changes and reforms before reaching us in its modern form, this is the spelling reform of 1917-1918, and the reforms of the outstanding scientist M.V. Lomonosov, the reform of 1956, which affected only spelling and the latest language reform of 2009. There was even a time when two languages dominated in Russia: Russian and French, and the second was much more relevant. Russian language is one of the most difficult languages in the world. Any Russian person will probably be surprised to hear this, nevertheless, it is so. Six cases, three moods, phraseological units and catchphrases, participial and participial phrases - for a foreigner this is a great difficulty in learning our language. So why doesn’t all this seem like the height of complexity to us? Because we are native speakers of Russian, we speak and understand it from birth. By the way, we ourselves don’t really know our language. We make mistakes when writing, speaking, form words incorrectly and mistakenly agree words in a sentence. We should be ashamed of not knowing our native language, and I think this is an important problem not only for young people, but also for adults. Unfortunately, it cannot be simply taken and corrected; everyone suddenly cannot become literate. We need to start with the younger generation and draw the attention of Russian language teachers to this problem. But of course, everything depends on the desire of the person himself and on his self-respect. A self-respecting Russian person must skillfully speak his native language. |
| September 14, 2013 Russian is the national language, the language of science and culture. Famous poets and writers: Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Chekhov and others created the Russian language, were engaged in its development and enhancement of its merits, thanks to them we got the language we speak now, they made it understandable and clear for everyone. Famous scientists - philologists: Vinogradov, Shche6rba, brought the Russian language to its subtleties, studied grammar and syntax. They researched it and created dictionaries. Alexei Tolstoy once said that the time will come when the Russian language will be studied in different countries, it will become global, widespread, and will be used by different peoples on other continents. So it is, now Russian is one of the most popular languages. Russian is one of the five most widely spoken international languages, spoken by over 300 million people around the world. This language is rich in synonyms; with its help you can express absolutely any thought; our language is one of the most beautiful and complex. Today, the Russian language is used at forums of international organizations, studied in foreign schools, used on the Internet and television, and held international conferences on various topics. Works of Russian literature are studied in many large countries and in world-famous universities. Many Russian words have been borrowed from other languages. The reason for the popularity of the Russian language in the world: firstly, the richness of the language and vocabulary, secondly, its poetry and lightness, thirdly, works of fiction and this is one of the related Slavic languages, people can communicate in it and feel free. |
| September 14, 2013 With the help of language, the present and past of humanity are connected, thanks to it we have preserved scientific and cultural achievements. And most importantly, the experience of our ancestors is transmitted through language. The language is replenished by all the inhabitants of the Earth who have ever lived on it, the people put into it joy, and grief, and love and hatred. The entire spirituality of humanity is preserved in every word. Such a rich language, in which many shades and halftones cannot stand still, it is constantly evolving, replenished with new words. New norms of language are very often born in national speech, also in certain localities of our huge country; such words are called dialectisms. For example, felt boots in one area are called pima or potatoes - bulba. But many famous writers are sure that such words do not increase the richness of our language; we do not need them. This is not true in all cases, because there are dialectisms with which you can express a thought more accurately than if you use literary language. But still, over time, some expressions and words are forgotten by people and become history. Today, the language is replenished with the words of young people - slang, this is a type of jargon. These words are primitive and their meaning is not deep. Most linguists are confident that the age of these words is short. These words do not carry much meaning, they are not interesting to educated and intelligent people, they are used only by teenagers who want to distinguish themselves from adults and show their individuality and difference from others. These words cannot in any way displace literary words from the Russian language. Language will always develop: some words will go out of use, others will come in! |
Even if you think that you know the Russian language, write competently and speak culturally - this is not a reason to stop self-improvement and development, live forever, learn forever.
Rhetoric (rhetoric) (ancient Greek ῥητωρική - “oratory” from ῥήτωρ - “orator”) is a philological discipline that studies the art of speech, the rules of constructing artistic speech, oratory, eloquence. Originally the science of oratory, it was later sometimes understood more broadly as the theory of prose or the theory of argumentation. Of course, not every one of us will need oratory in life. Although, most young people want to work in a profession that involves communicating directly with another person. This is where it comes in handy, if not oratory, then eloquence and the ability to communicate with people - for sure. This is very important, the ability to present yourself, make a first impression, convince a person, win someone over. In some professions, these qualities are the key to career growth.
One of the most important parts of working on a language is spelling. The fact that the Russian language is one of the most difficult languages in the world cannot serve as an excuse for ignorance of the rules. Of course, it’s easy for me to speak - since childhood I have had a sense of language and a good memory. But if I didn’t have this, I would still learn the rules and try to write correctly. Because competent writing is a sign of an educated and self-respecting person.
Even if you think that you know the Russian language, write competently and speak culturally - this is not a reason to stop self-improvement and development, live forever, learn forever.
