So, we found out that grammar (as a branch of linguistics) includes morphology and syntax. The focus of grammar is on grammatical meanings and ways of expressing them. Grammatical meaning- this is the generalized meaning inherent in words or syntactic constructions, realized in these units in relation to other words in the sentence. Remember the famous experimental phrase of L. V. Shcherba: “The glok kuzdra shteko budlaned the bokr and curled the bokrenka” - This includes words with artificial roots and real affixes, which are the expressers of grammatical meanings. Despite the ambiguity of the lexical meaning of words, their belonging to certain parts of speech is easily revealed, and the grammatical meanings inherent in the words of this sentence indicate that one action has already taken place in the past (budlanula), and another actually continues in the present (kurdyachit). Each grammatical meaning has a formal expression, for example, it can be expressed using:

• 1) word endings (he sang - she sang or cat - cats);
• 2) suffixes ( invent - invented - invented - invented);
• 3) alternation of sounds in the roots of words ( avoid - avoid, dial - dial);
• 4) reduplication, or repetition ( far, far away(very far));
• 5) movement of the accent (for example, at home - at home);
• 6) combinations of some words with linking verbs, particles, prepositions (I will teach, I would learn, let him learn, will they come to you);
• 7) word order (I saw my brother. I saw my brother. I saw my brother.);
• 8) intonation (He came? He came!).

A sign of a language in which a grammatical meaning is given a regular expression is called a grammatical form. Grammatical forms are grouped into grammatical categories. Academician Vinogradov believed that “it would be more appropriate instead of using the term form use the term external exponent of a grammatical category." The grammatical categories of each language can be likened to a kind of “questionnaires” necessary to describe objects in a given language: a speaker cannot correctly talk about any subject without answering the questions of such a “grammatical questionnaire”. The number of grammatical categories varies across languages; There are languages ​​with a very developed system of such categories, while in other languages ​​the set of grammatical categories is limited.

THIS IS INTERESTING

One of the books of the Soviet science fiction writer G. Gora describes a not at all fantastic conversation between a Russian mathematics teacher and his student Not, a representative of the northern Nivkh people living on Sakhalin. " The problems were easy, very simple, but Noth could not solve them. It was necessary to add six more to seven trees and subtract five from thirty buttons.

• - What trees? - asked Noth, - long or short? And what kind of buttons: round?
• - In mathematics, I answered, the quality or form of the object does not matter. <...>

Not understood me. And I didn’t understand it right away either. He explained to me that the Nivkhs have some numerals to designate long objects, others for short ones, and others for round objects.”

Grammatical category- This system grammatical forms with uniform meaning. The main grammatical categories include the categories type, voice, tense, mood(at the verb) person, gender, number and case(at names). The consistent expression of these categories characterizes entire classes of words (parts of speech). In modern Russian there are independent (notional) and auxiliary parts of speech.

Independent parts of speech

But auxiliary parts of speech do not have grammatical categories.

Functional parts of speech

In the Russian language there is another class of unchangeable words that serve to express emotions. These words are called interjections. They are neither an independent nor an auxiliary part of speech. They differ from significant words by the absence of a nominative meaning: while expressing feelings and sensations, interjections do not name them, and what distinguishes interjections from auxiliary parts of speech is that they do not have a connecting function.

Many interjections originate from emotional exclamations, for example: “Oh, scary!”, “Brr, it’s cold!” Such interjections often have a specific phonetic appearance, that is, they contain rare and unusual sound combinations for the Russian language (“brr”, “um”, “tpr”). There is another group of interjections in the Russian language, the origin of which is associated with significant words - nouns: “father”, “god” or with verbs: “ish”, “wish”, “pli”. You can also observe the connection of interjections with pronouns, adverbs, particles and conjunctions: “that-and-such”, “eka”, “sh-sh”. This includes various kinds of adjuncts: “on you,” “well, yes,” etc. and stable phrases and phraseological units, such as “fathers of light,” “thank God,” etc. Interjections are an actively expanding class of words. There is no single point of view among linguists: some believe that interjections are part of the system of parts of speech, but stand in isolation in it. Others are sure that interjections are included in the category of “particles of speech” along with prepositions and conjunctions.

Discussing what we read

• 1. How are the branches of the science of language - morphemics and word formation - related to each other?
• 2. Why are the main ways of forming words in the Russian language divided into two groups? What are these groups?
• 3. What do you think is the difference between the terms “morpheme” and “word part”?
• 4. What is studied in morphology? Is it possible to study morphology without knowing about morphemes?
• 5. What is the “grammar of a language”? What grammatical rules do you know?
• 6. In what cases is the term “grammatical form” necessary and in what cases do we use the term “grammatical category”?
• 7. How do independent parts of speech differ from auxiliary parts? What, in your opinion, is the peculiarity of interjections?

Tasks

• 1. Define a morpheme. Explain the functions of morphemes.
• a) Find formative morphemes in the words:

at home, house, to the river, ran, lie down, strongest, strongest, stronger, lying down, seen.

b) Find word-forming morphemes in the words:

• 2. Talk about the grammatical categories of nouns.
• a) Choose an adjective or pronoun for the nouns:

tulle, alibi, piano, mouse, jabot, taxi, vermicelli, shampoo, hummingbird, chimpanzee, coffee, cocoa, coat, mango, penalty, credo, metro, slob, orphan, colleague.

b) Decline nouns:

sister, banner, tribe, spear, cloud, beans, kiwi, stockings, socks, cakes.

On... the sides of the road, on... the banks of the river, with... girlfriends, with... friends, on... walls, between... countries, between... states,... hands, . .. eyes, at... children, put to... cheeks, familiar with... brothers, with... sisters.

3. Read the phrases aloud, declining the numerals correctly.

In 2009, in 55% of cases, out of 1835 examples, to 769 students, paid 879 rubles, posted on 83 pages, 274 pages are missing, helped 249 people, about 97 cases were registered, satisfied with 12 students, the life of a tree is measured at 350 and even 600 years.

This is the most wonderful person I have ever met.

Literature

• 1. Arutyunova N. D. On significant units of language // Studies on the general theory of grammar. M., 1968.
• 2. Arutyunova N. D., Bulygina T. V. Basic unit of morphological analysis // General linguistics. Internal structure of language. M., 1972.
• 3. Bebchuk E. M. Modern Russian language: Morphemics and word formation: textbook, manual. Voronezh, 2007.
• 4. Bondarko A. V. Theory of morphological categories. L., 1976.
• 5. Bondarko A. V. Theory of meaning in the system of functional grammar. M., 2002.
• 6. Pekhlivanova K. I., Lebedeva M. N. Russian grammar in illustrations: textbook, manual. M., 2006.

CHAPTER 4

Vocabulary and phraseology; types of phraseological units, their use in speech; use of figurative and expressive means in speech; lexical norms; main types of dictionaries

• Gore G. The Magic Road: Novels, stories, stories. L., 1978.
• See: Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. M., 1972.

GRAMMAR CATEGORY, a system of opposing series of grammatical forms with homogeneous meanings. In this system, the defining feature is the categorizing feature (see Language category), for example, the generalized meaning of tense, person, voice, etc., which unites the system of meanings of individual tenses, persons, voices, etc. into the system of appropriate forms. A necessary feature of a grammatical category is the unity of its meaning and the expression of this meaning in the system of grammatical forms.

Grammatical categories are divided into morphological and syntactic. Among the morphological grammatical categories, there are, for example, the grammatical categories of aspect, voice, tense, mood, person, gender, number, case; The consistent expression of these categories characterizes entire grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). The number of opposed members within such categories can be different: for example, in the Russian language, the grammatical category of gender is represented by a system of three rows of forms expressing the grammatical meanings of masculine, feminine and neuter, and the grammatical category of number is represented by a system of two rows of forms - singular and plural . In languages ​​with developed inflection, grammatical categories are inflectional, that is, those whose members can be represented by forms of the same word within its paradigm (for example, in Russian - tense, mood, person of the verb, number, case, gender, degrees comparisons of adjectives) and non-inflectional (classifying, classification), that is, those whose members cannot be represented by forms of the same word (for example, in Russian - gender and animate-inanimate nouns). The belonging of some grammatical categories (for example, in Russian - aspect and voice) to an inflectional or non-inflectional type is the subject of debate.

There are also grammatical categories that are syntactically identified, that is, indicating, first of all, the compatibility of forms as part of a phrase or sentence (for example, in Russian - gender, case), and non-syntactically identified, that is, expressing, first of all, various semantic abstractions, abstract from the properties, connections and relations of extra-linguistic reality (for example, in Russian - type, time); grammatical categories such as number or person combine features of both of these types.

The languages ​​of the world differ:

1) by the number and composition of grammatical categories; compare, for example, the category of verb aspect specific to some languages ​​- Slavic and others; the category of the so-called grammatical class - person or thing - in a number of Caucasian languages; the category of definiteness-indeterminacy, inherent primarily in languages ​​with articles; the category of politeness, or respectfulness, characteristic of a number of Asian languages ​​(in particular, Japanese and Korean) and associated with the grammatical expression of the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor and the persons in question;

2) by the number of opposed members within the same category; compare the traditionally identified 6 cases in the Russian language and up to 40 in some Dagestan ones;

3) by which parts of speech contain one or another category (for example, in the Nenets language, nouns have the categories of person and tense). These characteristics may change during the historical development of one language; compare three forms of number in Old Russian, including dual, and two in modern Russian.

Lit.: Shcherba L.V. About parts of speech in the Russian language // Shcherba L.V. Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1957; Gukhman M. M. Grammatical category and structure of paradigms // Research on the general theory of grammar. M., 1968; Katsnelson S. D. Typology of language and speech thinking. L., 1972; Lomtev T. P. Sentence and its grammatical categories. M., 1972; Typology of grammatical categories. Meshchaninov readings. M., 1973; Bondarko A. V. Theory of morphological categories. L., 1976; Panfilov V. 3. Philosophical problems of linguistics. M., 1977; Lyons J. Introduction to theoretical linguistics. M., 1978; Kholodovich A. A. Problems of grammatical theory. L., 1979; Russian grammar. M., 1980. T. 1. P. 453-459; Typology of grammatical categories. L., 1991; Melchuk I. A. Course of general morphology. M., 1998. T. 2. Part 2; Gak V.G. Theoretical grammar of the French language. M., 2004.

In widely accepted definitions of geopolitical significance, its meaning is brought to the fore. However, a necessary feature of grammatical language is the unity of meaning and its expression in the system of grammatical forms as bilateral (bilateral) linguistic units.

GKs are divided into morphological and syntactic. Among the morphological categories, there are, for example, grammatical forms of aspect, voice, tense, mood, person, gender, number, case; The consistent expression of these categories characterizes entire grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). The number of opposing members within such categories can be different: for example, in the Russian language, the gender class of gender is represented by a system of three rows of forms expressing the grammatical meanings of masculine, feminine, and neuter gender, and the gender class of number is represented by a system of two rows of forms - singular and plural. In languages ​​with developed inflection, inflectional inflections are distinguished, that is, those whose members can be represented by forms of the same word within the framework of its paradigm (for example, in Russian - tense, mood, person of the verb, number, case , gender of adjectives, degrees of comparison), and non-inflectional (classifying, classification), i.e. those whose members cannot be represented by forms of the same word (for example, in Russian - gender and animateness/​inanimateness of nouns) . The belonging of some GKs (for example, in the Russian language - aspect and voice) to an inflectional or non-inflectional type is the subject of debate.

G. words also differ between syntactically identified (relational), i.e., indicating primarily the compatibility of forms as part of a phrase or sentence (for example, in Russian - gender, case), and non-syntactically identified (referential, nominative), i.e. e. expressing, first of all, various semantic abstractions, abstracted from the properties, connections and relations of extra-linguistic reality (for example, in Russian - type, time); G. words, such as number or person, combine the characteristics of both of these types.

The languages ​​of the world differ: 1) in the number and composition of grammatical words (cf., for example, the category of verb aspect, specific to some languages ​​- Slavic and others; the category of “grammatical class" - person or thing - in a number of Iberian-Caucasian languages ; the category of definiteness​/​indeterminacy, inherent mainly in languages ​​with articles; the category of politeness, or respectfulness, characteristic of a number of Asian languages, in particular Japanese and Korean, and associated with the grammatical expression of the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor and the persons in question); 2) by the number of opposed members within the same category (cf. six cases in the Russian language and up to forty in some Dagestan ones); 3) by which parts of speech contain one or another category (for example, in Nenets nouns have the categories of person and tense). These characteristics can change in the process of historical development of one language (cf., for example, three forms of number in Old Russian, including dual, and two in modern Russian).

Some features of the detection of categorical meanings are determined by the morphological type of language - this concerns both the composition of categories and the way of expressing categorical meanings (cf. the syncretism of the affixal expression of inflectional morphological meanings, for example, case and number, which predominates in inflectional languages, and the separate expression of these meanings in agglutinative ). In contrast to the strict and consistent obligatory nature of expression characteristic of inflectional-synthetic languages, in isolating and agglutinative languages ​​the use of forms with special indicators is not mandatory for all those cases where this is possible in meaning. Instead, basic forms that are neutral with respect to a given grammatical meaning are often used. For example, in the Chinese language, where the signs of gender are seen: numbers, nouns without the plural indicator “-men” 們 can denote one person or many persons; in Nivkh it is possible to use a name in the form of the absolute case in cases where, according to the meaning, the form of any of the indirect cases could be used. Accordingly, the division of geometrical complexes into morphological and syntactic ones is not traced in such languages ​​as clearly as in languages ​​of the inflectional-synthetic type; the boundaries between one and the other geometrical complexes are erased.

Sometimes the term "G. To." applies to broader or narrower groupings compared to GK in the specified interpretation - for example, on the one hand, to parts of speech (“noun category”, “verb category”), and on the other hand, to individual members of categories (“ masculine category”, “plural category”, etc.).

In morphology, it is customary to distinguish lexico-grammatical categories of words from grammatical words—subclasses within a certain part of speech that have a common semantic feature that affects the ability of words to express certain categorical morphological meanings. Such, for example, in the Russian language are collective, concrete, abstract, material nouns; adjectives qualitative and relative; verbs are personal and impersonal; so-called methods of verbal action, etc.

The concept of morphology was developed primarily on the basis of morphological categories. The question of syntactic categories is less developed; the boundaries of the application of the concept of geometrical language to syntax remain unclear. It is possible, for example, to distinguish: G. k. the communicative orientation of the utterance, constructed as a contrast between narrative, motivating, and interrogative sentences; G. k. activity​/​passivity of sentence construction; G. c. syntactic tense and syntactic mood, forming the paradigm of a sentence, etc. The question of whether the so-called word-forming categories belong to G. k. is also controversial: the latter are not characterized by opposition and homogeneity within the framework of generalized categorizing features.

• Shcherba L.V., On parts of speech in the Russian language, in his book: Selected works on the Russian language, M., 1957;
• Doculil M., On the question of the morphological category, “Questions of Linguistics”, 1967, No. 6;
• Gukhman M. M., Grammatical category and structure of paradigms, in the book: Studies on the general theory of grammar, M., 1968;
• Katsnelson S. D., Typology of language and speech thinking, Leningrad, 1972;
• Lomtev T.P., Sentence and its grammatical categories, M., 1972;
• Typology of grammatical categories. Meshchaninovskie readings, M., 1975;
• Bondarko A.V., Theory of morphological categories, Leningrad, 1976;
• Panfilov V.Z., Philosophical problems of linguistics, M., 1977;
• Lions J., Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, trans. from English, M., 1978;
• Kholodovich A. A., Problems of grammatical theory, Leningrad, 1979;
• Russian grammar, vol. 1, M., 1980, p. 453-59.

GRAMMAR CATEGORY, system of opposing rows grammatical forms with homogeneous values. In this system, the defining feature is the categorizing feature (see. Language category), for example, a generalized meaning of time, person, voice, combining a system of meanings of individual times, persons, voices and a system of corresponding forms. In widely accepted definitions of geopolitical significance, its meaning is brought to the fore. However, a necessary feature of a grammar is the unity of its meaning and the expression of this meaning in the system of grammatical forms as bilateral (bilateral) linguistic units.

GKs are divided into morphological and syntactic. Among morphological G. k. are distinguished, for example, G. k. type, voice, tense, mood, person, gender, number, case a; The consistent expression of these categories characterizes entire grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). The number of opposing members within such categories may vary; For example, in the Russian language the gender class is represented by a system of three rows of forms expressing grammatical meanings masculine, feminine and neuter, and G. k. numbers - a system of two series of forms - singular and plural. In languages ​​with developed inflection Inflectional phrases differ, i.e., those whose members are represented by forms of the same word within the framework of its paradigm (for example, in Russian - tense, mood, person of the verb, number, case, gender of adjectives, degrees of comparison adjectives) and non-inflectional (classifying, classification), i.e. those whose members cannot be represented by forms of the same word [for example, in Russian - gender and animate-inanimate nouns (see. Animacy-inanimateness category)]. The belonging of some GKs (for example, in the Russian language - aspect and voice) to an inflectional or non-inflectional type is a subject of debate.

Syntactically detectable(relational) G. words indicate, first of all, the compatibility of forms as part of a phrase or sentence (for example, in Russian - gender, case), non-syntactically detectable(referential, nominative) G. words express, first of all, various semantic abstractions abstracted from specific properties, connections and relations of extra-linguistic reality (for example, in the Russian language - type, tense); G. words, such as number or person, combine the characteristics of both of these types.

The concept of morphology was developed primarily on the basis of morphological categories. The question of syntactic category X; the boundaries of the application of the concept of geometrical language to syntax remain unclear.

The term "G. To." also applies to wider or narrower groupings of linguistic units compared to G. k. in the specified interpretation; for example, on the one hand, to parts of speech (“noun category”, “verb category”), and on the other hand, to individual members of categories (“feminine category”, “singular category”, etc.).

In morphology it is customary to distinguish from G. k. lexico-grammatical categories of words- such subclasses within a certain part of speech that have a common semantic feature that affects the ability of words to express certain categorical morphological meanings. Such, for example, in the Russian language are collective, concrete, abstract, material nouns; qualitative and relative adjectives; personal and impersonal verbs; so-called modes of verbal action (see Aspectology).

The languages ​​of the world differ: 1) in the number and composition of languages; cf., for example, specific to Slavic languages and some other languages ​​the category of verb aspect; category so-called nominal class - person or thing - in a number Caucasian languages ; certainty-uncertainty category, inherent primarily in languages ​​with articles; the category of politeness (respectfulness), characteristic of a number of Asian languages ​​(in particular, Japanese and Korean) and associated with the grammatical expression of the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor and the persons in question; 2) by the number of opposed members within the same category; Wed traditionally distinguished 6 cases in Russian and up to 40 in some Nakh-Dagestan languages; 3) by which parts of speech contain one or another category (for example, in the Nenets language, nouns have the categories of person and tense). These characteristics may change during the historical development of one language; Wed three forms of number in Old Russian language, including dual, and two in modern Russian. Chomsky N. Categories and relations in syntactic theory // Chomsky N. Aspects of the theory of syntax. M., 1972; Typology of grammatical categories. Meshchaninov readings. M., 1973; Panfilov V.Z. Philosophical problems of linguistics. M., 1977; Lyons J. Introduction to theoretical linguistics. M., 1978; Kholodovich A. A. Problems of grammatical theory. L., 1979; Typology of grammatical categories. L., 1991; Melchuk I. A. Course of general morphology. M., 1998. T. 2. Part 2; Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. (Grammatical doctrine of words). 4th ed. M., 2001; Zaliznyak A. A. Russian nominal inflection. M., 2002; Gak V. G. Theoretical grammar of the French language. M., 2004; Bondarko A. V. Theory of morphological categories and aspectological studies. 2nd ed., M., 2005; Russian grammar. 2nd ed. M., 2005. T. 1; Plungyan V. A. General morphology: Introduction to problems. 3rd ed. M., 2009.

a system of series opposed to each other with homogeneous values. In this system, the defining feature is the categorizing feature (see linguistic), for example, the generalized meaning, etc., which unites the system of meanings of individual tenses, persons, voices, etc. and the system of corresponding ones. In widely accepted definitions of geopolitical significance, its meaning is brought to the fore. However, a necessary feature of grammatical language is the unity of meaning and its expression in the system of grammatical forms as two-sided (bilateral).

G.K. are divided into and. Among the morphological categories, there are, for example, G. k.,; The consistent expression of these categories characterizes entire grammatical classes of words (). The number of contrasting members within such categories can be different: for example, in G. the gender class is represented by a system of three rows of forms expressing the masculine, feminine and neuter gender, and in the G. class number - a system of two rows of forms - singular and plural. In developed languages, inflectional phrases are distinguished, that is, those whose members can be represented by forms of the same word within its framework (for example, in Russian - tense, mood, person, number, case, gender, ), and non-inflectional (classifying, classification), i.e. those whose members cannot be represented by forms of the same word (for example, in Russian - gender and ). The belonging of some GKs (for example, in the Russian language - aspect and voice) to an inflectional or non-inflectional type is the subject of debate.

G. words also differ between syntactically identified (relational), i.e., indicating primarily forms in the composition or (for example, in Russian - gender, case), and non-syntactically identified (referential, nominative), i.e., expressing first of all, various semantic abstractions abstracted from the properties, connections and relations of extra-linguistic reality (for example, in the Russian language - type, time); G. words, such as number or person, combine the characteristics of both of these types.

They differ: 1) in the number and composition of G. k. (cf., for example, the category of verb form, specific to some languages ​​- and others; the category " " - a person or thing - in a row; the category inherent primarily in languages ​​with; the category politeness, or respectfulness, characteristic of a number of Asian languages, in particular and, and associated with the grammatical expression of the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor and the persons in question); 2) by the number of opposed members within the same category (cf. six cases in the Russian language and up to forty in some); 3) by which parts of speech contain one or another category (for example, nouns have the categories of person and tense). These characteristics can change in the process of historical development of one language (cf., for example, three forms of number in, including the dual, and two in modern Russian).

Some features of the detection of categorical meanings are determined by the morphological type of language - this applies to both the composition of categories and the way of expressing categorical meanings (cf. expressions of inflectional morphological meanings, for example, case and number, which predominate in languages, and the separate expression of these meanings in). In contrast to the strict and consistent obligatory nature of expression characteristic of inflectional-synthetic languages, in isolating and agglutinative languages ​​the use of forms with special indicators is not mandatory for all those cases where this is possible in meaning. Instead, basic forms that are neutral in relation to the given are often used. For example, in , where the signs of G. k. numbers are seen, nouns without the plurality indicator “-men” 們 can denote both one person and many persons; in it is possible to use a name in the form of the absolute case in cases where, according to the meaning, the form of any of the indirect cases could be used. Accordingly, the division of geometrical complexes into morphological and syntactic ones is not traced in such languages ​​as clearly as in languages ​​of the inflectional-synthetic type; the boundaries between one and the other geometrical complexes are erased.

Sometimes the term "G. To." applies to broader or narrower groupings compared to GK in the specified interpretation - for example, on the one hand, to parts of speech (“noun category”, “verb category”), and on the other hand, to individual members of categories (“ masculine category”, “plural category”, etc.).

In morphology, it is customary to distinguish lexico-grammatical categories of words from grammatical words—subclasses within a certain part of speech that have a common semantic feature that affects the ability of words to express certain categorical morphological meanings. Such, for example, in the Russian language are collective, concrete, abstract, material nouns; adjectives qualitative and relative; verbs are personal and impersonal; so-called methods of verbal action, etc.

The concept of morphology was developed primarily on the basis of morphological categories. The question of syntactic categories is less developed; the boundaries of the application of the concept of geometrical language to syntax remain unclear. It is possible, for example, to distinguish: G. k. the communicative orientation of the utterance, constructed as a contrast between narrative, motivating, and interrogative sentences; G. k. activity​/​passivity of sentence construction; GK of syntactic tense and syntactic mood that form sentences, etc. The question of whether the so-called categories belong to GK is also controversial: the latter are not characterized by opposition and homogeneity within the framework of generalized categorizing features.

• Shcherba L.V., On parts of speech in the Russian language, in his book: Selected works on the Russian language, M., 1957;
• Doculil M., On the question of the morphological category, “Questions of Linguistics”, 1967, No. 6;
• Gukhman M. M., Grammatical category and structure of paradigms, in the book: Studies on the general theory of grammar, M., 1968;
• Katsnelson S. D., Typology of language and speech thinking, Leningrad, 1972;
• Lomtev T.P., Sentence and its grammatical categories, M., 1972;
• Typology of grammatical categories. Meshchaninovskie readings, M., 1975;
• Bondarko A.V., Theory of morphological categories, Leningrad, 1976;
• Panfilov V.Z., Philosophical problems of linguistics, M., 1977;
• Lions J., Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, trans. from English, M., 1978;
• Kholodovich A. A., Problems of grammatical theory, Leningrad, 1979;
• Russian grammar, vol. 1, M., 1980, p. 453-59.

V.V. Lopatin.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .

See what “Grammar category” is in other dictionaries:

GRAMMAR CATEGORY- a system of opposing series of grammatical forms with homogeneous meanings. For example, the grammatical category of number in the Russian language is represented by a system of two series of forms expressing the grammatical meanings of singular and... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Grammatical category- A grammatical category is a closed system of mutually exclusive and opposed grammatical meanings (grammemes), which specifies the division of a vast set of word forms (or a small set of high-frequency word forms with ... ... Wikipedia

grammatical category- a system of opposing series of grammatical forms with homogeneous meanings. For example, the grammatical category of number in the Russian language is represented by a system of two series of forms expressing the grammatical meanings of singular and... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

grammatical category- 1) Contrasting homogeneous categorical grammatical forms: units. number (country, table, window) pl. number (countries, tables, windows), etc. 2) A system of grammatical forms united by a common grammatical meaning, but contrasted by... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

grammatical category- (Greek kategoria judgment, definition). 1) A set of homogeneous grammatical meanings. Thus, the meanings of individual cases are combined into the category of case, the meanings of individual tense forms are combined into the category of time, etc. The category of gender... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Grammatical category- the system is opposed. each other grammatical forms united by a homogeneous meaning. Mandatory the signs of G.K. are: a) the presence of at least two elements, b) the unity of the system of meanings and the forms associated with them, for example, in specific. there are so many languages... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Grammatical category- 1) a class of mutually exclusive grammatical meanings, opposed to each other based on a common feature, for example, the meanings “singular” and “plural” form the grammatical complex “numbers”. Each G. K. corresponds to a Paradigm (or series... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Time (grammatical category)- Time is a grammatical category of a verb, expressing the relationship of the time of the situation described in speech to the moment of utterance of the utterance (i.e., to the moment of speech or a period of time, which in the language is denoted by the word “now”), which is taken as ... ... Wikipedia

TIME (grammatical category of verb)- TIME, a grammatical category of a verb, the forms of which establish a temporal relationship between the called action and either the moment of speech (absolute time) or another named action (relative time) ... encyclopedic Dictionary