Bagration Petr Ivanovich (1765 – 1812)

Prince from the Georgian royal house of Bagrationi. Participated in the conquest of the Caucasus in 1783 - 1790, in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787 - 1791, the Polish War of 1794; in the Italian and Swiss campaigns, where he was the right hand of A.V. Suvorov; during the capture of Brescia, Bergamo, Lecco, Tortona, Turin and Milan, in the battles of Trebbia and Novi where he was in the most difficult and decisive places; in the wars against France in 1805 - 1807, in the Russian-Turkish war of 1806 - 1812 and the Russian-Swedish war of 1808 - 1809. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812; with the rank of infantry general, he commanded the 2nd Army, located at the beginning of the war south of Bialystok; Having brilliantly carried out a series of rearguard battles, he safely led the army to Smolensk, where he united with the 1st Army of Barclay de Tolly, not giving Napoleon the opportunity to defeat the scattered Russian troops one by one. In the Battle of Borodino he led the troops of the left flank, where the enemy directed the main attack; For more than six hours, Bagration's troops held one of the main points of the Russian position - the Semenovsky (Bagrationov) flashes, where he himself was mortally wounded.

He died on September 24 (12 according to the old style) in the village of Sima, Vladimir province.

In 1839, on the initiative of D.V. Davydov, his ashes were transported to the Borodino field and buried with honors at the Raevsky battery.

Russian commander Kutuzov (Golenishchev-Kutuzov) Mikhail Illarionovich (1745 - 1813)

In 1759 he graduated from the United Artillery and Engineering Noble School.

Kutuzov's military activities began in 1765. From 1770 he took part in campaigns against the Turks in the army of Field Marshal Rumyantsev. In 1774, during the storming of the village of Shumy near Alushta, he was wounded in the head, as a result of which he became blind in his right eye. In 1776 he served in the Crimea under the command of Suvorov; participated in the siege of Ochakov, in the battles of Akkerman and Kaushany. Participant in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791; fought near Bendery and took part in the assault on Izmail, after which Suvorov wrote about Kutuzov: “... he walked on my left flank, but was my right hand.” In 1793 - Russian Ambassador to Constantinople.

In 1794 - 1797 he was director of the Land Noble Corps. Without leaving this post at first, in 1795 he became commander of the Russian troops in Finland and remained there until 1799.

In 1801 - 1802, Kutuzov was Governor General of St. Petersburg.

In the war with Napoleonic France in 1805, Kutuzov was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army. He successfully led the army out from under attack from superior French troops after the defeat of Russia's ally, Austria, and inflicted defeat on the French at Krems. After the unsuccessful Battle of Austerlitz (given against his will), he fell out of favor with Alexander I and was removed from the active army for some time. In 1809 - 1811 he held the secondary post of military governor of Vilna.

In 1811 - 1812, Kutuzov led Russian troops in a successful war with Turkey (1806 - 1812), inflicting defeat on the Turkish army of the Grand Vizier Ahmed Pasha at Ruschuk, and then luring it to the left, Russian bank of the Danube, encircling it at Slobodzeya and forcing it to surrender . As a result, the Bucharest Peace Treaty, beneficial for Russia, was concluded.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and Moscow militias. On August 8, 1812, yielding to the demands of Russian society, Emperor Alexander I, who did not like Kutuzov, appointed him commander-in-chief of all active armies instead of General Barclay de Toly and awarded him the rank of field marshal general. Kutuzov commanded the Russian army in the Battle of Borodino. At his insistence, at the military council in Fili, it was decided to leave Moscow, which made it possible to preserve strength, receive reinforcements, and later oust Napoleonic troops from Russia, practically destroying them. For his victory over Napoleon, Kutuzov was awarded the title of His Serene Highness Prince of Smolensk.

Kutuzov died in the Prussian city of Bunzlau on April 16, 1813, during the foreign campaign of the Russian army against Apoleon. He was buried in the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

“It is better to be too careful than to be mistaken and deceived,” this is how Kutuzov himself expressed his philosophy of life. “The Old Fox of the North,” Napoleon called him. When Kutuzov went into the army in August 1812, his nephew asked: “Really, uncle, are you thinking of defeating Napoleon?” - “To break? No... But to deceive - yes, I’m counting on it.”

Unlike most of his contemporaries, Kutuzov did not believe that the fate of the war was decided by a general battle. He was very often reproached for indecisiveness, although his tactics invariably led to success. When in 1805, Alexander I, supported by his young entourage and the Austrian Emperor Franz, was in a hurry to give Napoleon a general battle, Kutuzov proposed something else: “Let me take the troops to the Russian border,” he said, “and there, in the fields of Galicia, I will bury the bones.” French." This resembles a draft of his actions in 1812. The rejection of his plan led to the Austerlitz disaster. At the famous military council in Fili, Kutuzov dropped the following words: “Moscow, like a sponge, will absorb the French into itself,” - it was clear to him what Napoleon could not foresee! Indeed, Napoleon’s Grand Army was destroyed not by some grandiose battle, but by the careful tactics of the wise old man Kutuzov.

He had every reason to write to his daughter Elizabeth: “Here is Bonaparte, this proud conqueror, this fashionable Achilles, the scourge of the human race, or rather the scourge of God, running in front of me more than three hundred miles, like a child pursued by a school teacher

Davydov Denis Vasilievich (1784 - 1839)

Poet and Hussar; son of the commander of the Poltava Cavalry Regiment; He began his service in 1801, at the age of 17, as a standard cadet in the cavalry regiment, and then in the army Belorussian Hussar Regiment. Then he began to write poetry. In 1806, with the rank of captain, he again transferred to the guard. In 1807 - 1812 - adjutant of P.I. Bagration. Participated in the campaign of 1806 - 1807 in Prussia, in the war with Sweden of 1808 - 1809; fought on the Danube against the Turks in 1810 - 1812.

On April 8, 1812, at his personal request and the petition of Bagration, he was appointed lieutenant colonel in the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment, where he commanded the 1st battalion; was in the battles of Mir, Romanov, Dashkovka; proposed to P.I. Bagration a project for a guerrilla war with the French, following the example of the Spanish guerrillas, which successfully acted against Napoleonic troops in the Pyrenees; the project was approved by M.I. Kutuzov, and on August 25, immediately after the battle for the Shevardinsky redoubt, in which he took part, and on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Denis Davydov headed behind enemy lines at the head of a detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks; his successful actions prompted the creation of other army partisan detachments, whose actions acquired special proportions during Napoleon’s retreat; near the village of Lyakhovo, the detachments of Davydov, Seslavin, Figner and Orlov-Denisov surrounded, attacked and captured a two-thousand-strong French column led by General Augereau.

After expelling the enemy from Russia, Davydov, with the rank of colonel, fought near Kalisz, Bautzen and Leipzig. At the beginning of 1814, he commanded the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment and, promoted to major general for the Battle of Larotiere, entered Paris at the head of a hussar column.

After the war, he was sent to serve in a remote province in minor positions. Served until 1831. He was close to the Decembrists, but refused to join the secret society.

At his insistence, the ashes of P. I. Bagration were transferred to the Borodino field, where he performed his last feat (the village of Borodino belonged to the family of D. V. Davydov).

D. V. Davydov is the author of many poems, mainly on military and love themes. He left notes about the wars of 1812. As a poet, he was highly valued by A. S. Pushkin, on whom Davydov’s poetry had some influence.



The war with Napoleon became a nationwide war for Russia - ordinary people helped stop the army of the “little general” of the army. The confrontation with the French gave birth to many heroes, whose names are still known today.

Petr Ivanovich Bagration

This Russian commander of Georgian origin was the author of one of the defense plans against Napoleonic troops. However, the emperor did not accept him, which almost became the reason for the defeat of the Russian army. She was saved from this by the same Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, who united the two fronts into one.

Rice. 1. Bagration.

Pyotr Ivanovich supported Kutuzov’s plan for a general battle on the Borodino field and was mortally wounded in this battle. The commander was taken to his estate, where he died.

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

This Russian commander was Scottish by origin. He also took the initiative to repel the French attack, even before open war began. On his initiative, many fortresses were built, but the emperor did not accept the most important one - on distributing instructions to the military commander in case of an attack.

When Napoleon invaded Russia, de Tolly commanded the Western army and, uniting with Bagration, did not allow the French to completely defeat the army. However, he was soon removed from the post of commander - he was replaced by Kutuzov.

After the Battle of Borodino, he received the Order of St. George, and after the death of Kutuzov, he completed his work of defeating the French army - it was under his command that the Russian army entered Paris. Emperor Alexander rewarded him with a princely title.

TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

In 1812, when the Patriotic War began, he was in tense relations with the emperor, who decided not to trust him with overall command. Instead, Kutuzov was appointed responsible for the people's militia in St. Petersburg, for which he became famous, because it was the actions of the partisans that significantly undermined not only the strength, but also the morale of the French.

It was he who made the decision to give the enemy a battle on the Borodino field and then another, much more difficult one - to leave Moscow. It caused a lot of criticism, but ultimately broke Napoleon and caused unrest in his army. He died in 1813, before the complete defeat of Napoleonic army, but even then it was clear that this would not have long to wait. Kutuzov was buried in St. Petersburg.

Rice. 2. Kutuzov.

There were other heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, known not only for their exploits, but also distinguished themselves in other ways.

Denis Davydov

It was he who proposed to Bagration the idea of ​​​​forming partisan detachments and took upon himself the implementation of this initiative. On September 1, 1812, their first raid took place, and on November 4 they captured several French generals. For his exploits he received the Order of St. George, and after retiring he began writing poetry.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

The only female soldier in the Russian army, by the time the war began she had already served for six years, since 1806. Durova met 1812 with the rank of second lieutenant of the Uhlan regiment and participated in many iconic battles of the Patriotic War, including Borodino, where she was wounded but survived. In September 1812, she became an orderly at Kutuzov's headquarters. In 1816, she retired and wrote memoirs about her service, especially the events of the War of 1812.

Heroes of the War of 1812

R. Bagration

In 1812, with the rank of colonel of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, he was in Tormasov's army. Promoted to major general for distinction in the battle of Gorodechnaya.

From the Georgian family of the Bagratid kings, brother of P.I. Bagration. Enlisted as a reiter in the Life Guards. Horse regiment April 16, 1790. He began active service on April 16, 1796 as a “cadet” in the retinue of Count V.A. Zubova. On May 10, 1796 he was promoted to ensign and enrolled in the Kuban Jaeger Corps. In 1796 he took part in the capture of Derbent and was transferred to the cornets. On April 25, 1802 he was transferred as lieutenant to the Life Guards. Hussar Regiment (Life Hussars).

In 1809 and 1810, as a volunteer in the Danube (until 1812 - Moldavian) army, he fought with the Turks. Promoted to colonel on November 26, 1810.

In 1812 he was seconded to the Alexandria Hussar Regiment, with which, as part of Tormasov’s 3rd Army, he participated in hostilities in the southern direction. Fought at Kobrin, Brest and Gorodechno. In 1813 he distinguished himself under Bautzen and on May 21 received the rank of major general.

In 1832 he was sent to Abkhazia, where he fell ill with a fever, from which he died. He was buried in Tiflis in the Church of St. David.

D. Davydov

The son of the commander of the Poltava Light Horse Regiment, Brigadier Davydov, who served under the command of Suvorov, Denis Davydov was born on July 17, 1784 in Moscow. His family, according to family tradition, goes back to Murza Minchak Kasaevich (baptized Simeon), who entered Moscow at the beginning of the 15th century.

The Patriotic War begins. Davydov enters the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment as a lieutenant colonel, commanding its 1st battalion to Borodin; [Then the hussar regiments consisted of two battalions; each battalion consisted of five squadrons in peacetime and four squadrons in wartime. Having first thought about the benefits of partisan action, he sets off with a party of hussars and Cossacks (130 horsemen) to the rear of the enemy, to the middle of his convoys, commands and reserves; He acts against them for ten days in a row and, reinforced by six hundred new Cossacks, fights several times in the vicinity and under the walls of Vyazma. He shares glory with Count Orlov-Denisov, Figner and Seslavin near Lyakhov, breaks up a three-thousand-strong cavalry depot near Belynichi and continues his cheerful and vagrant searches to the banks of the Neman. Near Grodno, he attacks Freilich’s four-thousand-strong detachment, composed of Hungarians. Here is what a contemporary writes about these events: “Davydov is a hussar at heart and a lover of their natural drink; behind the knock of sabers, glasses began to rattle and - the city is ours!

Here fortune turns its back on him. Davydov appears before General Wintzengerode and comes under his command. With him he creeps through Poland, Silesia and enters Saxony. No more patience! Davydov rushed forward and occupied half of the city of Dresden, defended by the corps of Marshal Davout. For such insolence, he was deprived of his command and exiled to the main apartment.

The justice of the patron king was the shield of the unprotected. Davydov again returns to the field that was stolen from him, in which he continues to act until the banks of the Rhine.

In France, he commands the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment in Blucher's army. After the Battle of Kraon, in which all the generals of the 2nd Hussar Division (which is now the 3rd) were killed or wounded, he controlled the entire division for two days, and then a brigade made up of hussar regiments, the same Akhtyrsky and Belorussky, with which he passes through Paris. For his distinction in the battle of Brienne (Larotier) he was promoted to major general.”

In 1839, when, in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov suggested the idea of ​​​​transferring Bagration’s ashes there. Davydov’s proposal was accepted, and he was to accompany the coffin of Bagration, whose memory he revered, but on April 23, a few months before the Borodino celebrations, he died suddenly in the village of Verkhnyaya Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province.

I. Dorokhov

Dorokhov was the son of a second major, who retired “due to wounds” received in the first Turkish war. He was educated in the Artillery and Engineering Corps, and upon graduation in 1787 he was released into the Smolensk Infantry Regiment, which was part of Potemkin’s army operating against the Turks. In 1788, the Smolensk regiment was included in Suvorov's corps, and under the command of the great commander Dorokhov participated in the battle of Focsani. During the famous battle of Rymnik, he was under Suvorov, acting as an officer of the “quartermaster”, that is, the operational part of the corps. In the report on the Rymkin victory, Suvorov especially noted among the “useful” officers to him “Lieutenant of the Smolensk Regiment Ivan Dorokhov, who, according to his knowledge, was especially needed under the Chief Quartermaster.” In his presentation to Potemkin about rewarding the officers who distinguished themselves at Focsani and Rymnik, Suvorov wrote about Dorokhov, who was “acquired” under him, that he was “zealous for service, agile and undaunted.” For his distinction in these battles, Dorokhov was promoted to captain and was soon transferred to the Phanagorian Grenadier Regiment, beloved by the commander..

At the beginning of the Patriotic War, Dorokhov commanded the vanguard of the 4th Infantry Corps in the army of Barclay de Tolly. When the army retreated from the western border, Dorokhov’s detachment, which consisted of 3 cavalry, 2 chasseur regiments and a light artillery company, forgot to send an order to retreat. When it was finally received, the detachment, stationed halfway between Grodno and Vilna, found itself cut off from the 1st Army and Dorokhov went to join up with Bagration’s 2nd Army. Having sent patrols in all directions and destroying enemy patrols, he, skillfully maneuvering, avoided a collision with the main forces of the French army. This difficult march lasted almost 2 weeks. Some of the cavalrymen walked on foot, giving their horses to the backpacks of the infantrymen, exhausted from the forced transitions; the strongest rangers - soldiers and officers - carried the guns of their weakened comrades. Finally, on June 26, Dorokhov’s detachment “opened communication” with Bagration’s army and joined its rearguard, retaining all its artillery and convoy and losing no more than 60 people in skirmishes and stragglers.

In the battles near Smolensk, Dorokhov was wounded, but remained in service. Then, right up to Borodin, he commanded the rearguard cavalry, which was led by Konovitsyn, being his closest assistant. Dorokhov almost daily participated in battles with the French vanguard, which often developed into fierce battles.

In the Battle of Borodino, Dorokhov, at the head of a cavalry division at the height of the battle, was sent to help Bagration. With a bold counterattack, acting, according to Kutuzov, with “excellent courage,” he drove the French cavalry away from Bagration’s flushes. For his distinction at Borodin, Dorokhov was promoted to lieutenant general.

During the movement from Borodino to Moscow, Dorokhov was constantly in the vanguard, covering the retreat of the Russian army. Immediately after the resignation of Moscow, even before the army arrived in Tarutino, Kutuzov allocated a separate detachment to Dorokhov for partisan operations, consisting of a dragoon, hussar and 3 Cossack regiments with 2 horse guns. Having separated from the army, Dorokhov went with his detachment to the Smolensk road and from September 6 to 15 inflicted a series of sensitive blows on the French - he defeated 4 cavalry regiments, captured several convoys, and blew up an artillery park of 60 ammunition boxes. When, by order of Napoleon, strong detachments were sent from Moscow against Dorokhov, he avoided the unequal battle and returned to the army on September 15, bringing with him five hundred thousand, including 48 officers.

One of Dorokhov's most famous operations was the capture of the city of Vereya. Lying 110 km from Moscow, between the Kaluga and Smolensk roads, this district town was occupied by an enemy garrison. Vereya, an ancient fortress town near Moscow, is located on a high hill, which the French surrounded with an earthen rampart with a palisade. The enemy troops stationed in Vereya greatly hampered the actions of partisan detachments southwest of Moscow. Kutuzov instructed Dorokhov to take possession of the city, placing at his disposal 2 infantry battalions, 4 squadrons of hussars and several hundred Cossacks.

On September 26, Dorokhov set out from the Tarutino camp. Approaching Vereya, he placed cavalry detachments on the roads leading to Moscow and Mozhaisk, and on the night of September 29, he secretly, with the help of local residents, approached the city with infantry. Dorokhov ordered the storming of the city without a single shot or shouts of “hurray,” and before dawn the battalions, silently removing enemy pickets, burst into Vereya. The enemy tried to resist, rifle fire crackled in the streets, but after half an hour it was all over. Dorokhov's detachment captured about 400 privates, 15 officers, including garrison commandants, a banner, over 500 guns and stocks of flour requisitioned from nearby villages. The enemy's weapons were immediately distributed to the residents of Vereya and peasants, to whom Dorokhoval addressed an appeal, calling on them to “arm themselves to exterminate the villains.”

Dorokhov’s report to Kutuzov was brief: “By order of Your Lordship, the city of Vereya was taken by storm on this date.” Kutuzov announced this “excellent and brave feat” in an army order. Later, Dorokhov was awarded a golden sword, decorated with diamonds, with the inscription: “For the liberation of Vereya.”

Upon returning to the Tarutino camp, he received the task of operating in the area of ​​​​the New Kaluga road, protecting the left wing of the Russian army, and on October 9 he reported to Kutuzov about the appearance of enemy detachments on this road. Dokhturov's corps was put forward to cross them. In the battle that followed a few days later near Maloyaroslavets, when the battle was already dying down, Dorokhov was wounded by a bullet in the leg. The wound turned out to be so severe that he never returned to duty.

At the beginning of 1815, Dorokhov died in Tula and, according to his will, was buried in the Nativity Cathedral of Vereya, on the square of which a monument was erected to him.

V. Madatov

At the beginning of the last century, Madatov was glorified as one of the most brilliant cavalry commanders. According to a contemporary, he was in the Russian army what Marshal Murat was in the Napoleonic army.

He was born in Karabakh, the eastern outskirts of Armenia, in the family of a petty ruling prince. One of the Karabakh elders took the teenager Madatov with him to St. Petersburg, where he went to ask for protection of the Christian population of Karabakh from the attacks of their Muslim neighbors. In St. Petersburg, Madatov expressed a desire to join the Russian military service, but his request was not immediately granted. He had already set off with his patron on the long return journey when, by a lucky coincidence, Paul I remembered the young highlander who wanted to serve in the Russian troops, and ordered him to be returned to the capital.

Fifteen-year-old Madatov was enlisted as a sword belt ensign in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, but was soon transferred to the Pavlovsk Grenadier Regiment, and then to one of the army infantry regiments. Deprived of influential connections, Madatov had no chance to advance. He served in junior officer ranks for more than 10 years.

By the beginning of the Patriotic War, Madatov commanded a battalion of the Alexandria Hussar Regiment, which was transferred from the banks of the Danube to Volyn and became part of the 3rd Western Army. In the first battle near Kobrin, Madatov, at the head of a separate cavalry detachment, defeated the Saxon cavalry, who were forced to lay down their arms. In all subsequent battles in this theater of operations, he invariably led the vanguard during the offensive and covered our infantry rearguard during the retreat.

When the flight of Napoleon's army from Russia began, Madatov and his Alexandrians took an active part in the pursuit and extermination of the enemy. After the French crossed the Berezina, he received orders to get ahead of the enemy columns, destroy bridges on their escape route and slow down their movement in every possible way. Madatov brilliantly accomplished this task, capturing hundreds and thousands of prisoners every day and tirelessly pursuing the enemy all the way to Vilna. For these battles, he was promoted to colonel and awarded a golden saber decorated with diamonds with the inscription: “For bravery.”

Along with other advanced units of the Russian army, Madatov’s regiment crossed the Neman at the end of December and took part in the battle of Kalisz. The Saxon troops were defeated, and Madatov, who captured the column of General Nostitz, was awarded the St. George Cross, 3rd degree.

Madatov was promoted to major general after the battle of Leipzig, during which, wounded in the arm, he did not dismount until the end of the battle. The entire army knew about his courage and extraordinary speed of action. Denis Davydov, who understood such things, called Madatov, with whom he had the opportunity to fight side by side on the fields of Germany, “an incredibly fearless general.”

Having not yet completely recovered from his wound, Madatov returned to the army at the time of the ceremonial entry of Russian troops into Paris. Appointed commander of the hussar brigade, he was left in France in 1815 as part of the Russian occupation corps, but was soon recalled and appointed to the Caucasus as the commander of the troops located in the Karabakh Khanate, and then of the troops located in the neighboring Shirvan and Nukha Khanates.

In 1826 Madatov was promoted to lieutenant general. He ended his military activity where he began it - on the Danube, where he was transferred in the spring of 1828. Commanding separate detachments, he forced the surrender of the Turkish fortresses of Isakcha and Girsovo and undertook reconnaissance operations in the foothills of the Balkans. When Varna fell, its garrison received permission to leave unarmed for the Balkans. Exhausted by a long siege, hungry Turks dressed in rags flocked in droves along the autumn roads to the south and died in hundreds along the way. Madatov ordered fires to be lit on the roads at night and sent teams to pick up the sick and weakened; the soldiers of his detachment shared bread with them. Madatov’s last brilliant military feat was an attack on horseback and the capture of Turkish redoubts near Shumla.

In the summer of 1829, Russian troops began crossing the Balkans, but Madatov did not have to participate in them - the 3rd Corps, whose cavalry he commanded, was left under besieged Shumla to monitor its garrison.

After the occupation of Andrianople by Russian troops, Türkiye admitted itself defeated. On September 2, a peace treaty was signed, and on September 4, Madatov died - he died from a long-standing pulmonary disease, which sharply worsened due to overwork and the hardships of camp life. The garrison of Shumla, which remained in the hands of the Turks, opened the gates of the fortress to make it possible to bury Madatov in the city Christian cemetery. A few years later, Madatov’s ashes were transported to Russia.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

G. Astrakhan “Secondary school No. 27”

Research project

Kutlambetova Kamilla

Nasanbaeva Elvira

Abakumova Ksenia

Head: Olga Menalieva

Alexandrovna

Content

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Main part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Vasilisa Kozhina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven

Praskovya the Lacemaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova. . . . . . . . . .14

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Introduction

The history of Russia is rich in significant events. The Patriotic War of 1812 was a war between Russia and the army of Napoleon Bonaparte that invaded its territory. The war ended with the complete destruction of Napoleonic army. The main role in the victory over the invaders was played by the Russian people, who stood up in defense of the Fatherland.

In this regard, my teacher and I decided to find out whether our peers knew about it. To do this, we used one of the methods of collecting information - questionnaires. A total of 69 fourth and third graders took part in the survey.

The survey revealed the following results:

Do you know anything about the War of 1812?

Out of 69 students, only 27 answered this question positively.

Then we asked these guys to answer the following question:

From what sources do you know this information?

Fiction

mass media

Parents

Three guys learned about this from literature (11.1%). 10 people - from the media (37%), and the remaining 14 people - from their parents (51.8)

The next question was addressed to all students. He was like this:

Name the Russian commanders who took part in the War of 1812?

They know (17 people – 24.6%), don’t know (42 people – 75.4%)

Of the 17 people, only 12 wrote the correct last names.

The answers to the proposed questions turned out to be disastrous. But we, the younger generation, must know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.

The first thing we decided to do after the survey was to help our teachers conduct a classroom lesson...

From this class hour we learned that this victory was over a worthy opponent, over the strongest army in the world, led by the universally recognized military genius of all times and peoples, NapoleonBonaparte Emperor of the French. Napoleon was born in 1769. Since childhood, he was considered a strong-willed and strong-willed person, as well as a very developed and capable person. His military career began quite early: at the age of 27, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Italian army. Before Bonaparte became emperor, he carried out a coup in the country and became consul at the age of 30. While in this position, he also served the people a lot: he established merchant shipping, social relations between France and the allied countries, with which he successfully established economic relations. France became stronger, people began to look to the future with confidence.

The defeat of Napoleonic troops in the war of 1812 against Russia marked the beginning of the collapse of the empire of Napoleon I. Soon the entry of anti-French coalition troops into Paris in 1814 forced Napoleon I to abdicate the throne. However, later (in March 1815) he again took the French throne. After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time (June 22, 1815) and spent the last years of his life as a prisoner on the island of St. HelenaEnglish.

And from the speeches of our classmates, we learned about the great strategists - commanders of the War of 1812. Such as Mikhail Illarionovich - Kutuzov (Golenishchev), Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay - de - Tolly.

At the end of the class hour, the teacher suggested that we read books about the War of 1812.

While re-reading the literature about the War of 1812, I came across Irina Strelkova’s book “For the Glory of the Fatherland.” Leafing through the pages of this book, we were more and more surprised. Our surprise was due to the fact that war, in our minds, has always been considered a man’s affair, but here from the pages of the book the sweet, feminine, still childish face of Nadezhda Durova looked at us. We wondered why this very young girl picked up a weapon? Which other woman, like Nadezhda Durova, stood up to defend her Motherland?

In this regard, we chose the topic of our research work - “Women - Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812.”

Object of study : women who took an active part in the War of 1812.
Subject of study : RThe role of women in the War of 1812, their contribution to the victory of the Russian people over Napoleon’s army.

The study is based onhypothesis: Is it only through the unity of the entire people against the enemy that victory comes?

Goal of the work: nFind information about the legendary women participants in those distant events of 1812, and tell your friends and classmates about them.

To achieve this goal, the following are set:tasks:

1) analyze the studied literature on the topic;

2) find out the names of women who participated in the war;

3) provide information on this topic in the form of a presentation.

We believe that the topic of our research is relevant. Indeed, along with the heroes, commanders of the armies, whose names were now known to us, there were other legendary heroes - women,which played an important role in Russian history.

Main part

« Women make history, although history only remembers the names of men..."wroteHeinrich Heine.

The poet sincerely admired the courage and dedication of women who were able to act collectedly and independently in a critical situation. Indeed, Russian women are able to protect not only the well-being of their family unit, but also their homeland. There are many examples of this in Russian history.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

Nadezhda's childhood years were not carefree. The mother really wanted a son, but on September 17, 1783, a girl was born and she disliked her daughter. The father entrusted the upbringing of his daughter to the servants. So the retired hussar Astakhov became a nanny for little Nadya; he could not captivate the girl with anything, but only with the romance of military service. From early childhood, Nadenka fell in love with the beauty and freedom of military service, got used to horses, looked after them with pleasure, and felt weapons.

At the age of 12, Nadya’s father gave her a horse. Nadya fell in love with him so much that she was ready to spend every minute with him. Alcides, as the horse was named, obeyed the girl in everything. Her father began taking her on long horseback rides. « I will become, father, your real son. I will become a warrior and prove that a woman’s fate can be different...” - she once promised her father.

In 1806, on her birthday, Nadezhda finally decided to change her destiny. She cut her hair, took an old Cossack dress that had been prepared in advance, took her father’s saber from the wall and at night, with her Alcides, fled from her home. Once in the Cossack regiment, she called herself the son of a nobleman, Alexander Sokolov, who was not allowed to go to war. Under the name of Alexander Sokolov, in 1807 she joined the Konnopol Ulan Regiment and went with it on a campaign to Prussia.

Alexander Sokolov, despite his youth, showed excellent success on the battlefield, entered the battle first and emerged from all sorts of military alterations unharmed.

The father, concerned about the fate of his daughter, submits a petition to the highest name of the emperor with a request to find his daughter and return her home.

Emperor AlexanderIHe himself was surprised by this act and ordered a courier to be sent to Prussia to deliver this Alexander Sokolov, without revealing his name to anyone. Ulan was taken to St. Petersburg. In his service record, the emperor was surprised to read about the excellent fighting qualities of the young officer. Talking with this young lancer,

Alexander initially thought of returning Nadezhda to her home, but surprised by her such ardent desire, the emperor changed his mind.

Russian Emperor AlexanderIpersonally awarded Nadezhda Durova the Cross of St. George for saving the life of an officer on the battlefield. He ordered to be called after him Alexandrov.

Soon the thunder of the Patriotic War of 1812 struck, French troops under the command of Napoleon invaded Russia. Retreating in battle, the Russian army moved towards Moscow. The regiment in which Nadezhda served was one of the best cavalry regiments that covered the retreating army. Cornet Alexandrov takes part in the battles of Mir, Romanov, Dashkovka, and in the cavalry attack near Smolensk.

On August 26, 1812, the village of Borodino (110 km from Moscow). Here the decisive battle took place between the French army of Napoleon I and the Russian army under the command of M. I. Kutuzov. The battle was brutal and bloody.

During the Battle of Borodino, Alexandrov was on the front line, rushing into the thick of the battle. In one of the battles, a bullet grazed his shoulder, and shell fragments hit his leg. The pain was unbearable, but Durova remained in the saddle until the end of the battle.

Kutuzov noticed the efficient lieutenant; he had heard a lot about the exploits of the uhlan and knew that a brave woman was hiding under this name, but did not show that he knew this secret. And Nadezhda began a new service in the role of Kutuzov’s orderly. Several times a day she hurried to her commanders under enemy fire. Kutuzov couldn’t be happier with such an orderly.

The wounds of the Battle of Borodino constantly worried Nadezhda and prevented her from serving. Durova takes a leave of absence for treatment and spends it at her home. After the end of her vacation, Nadezhda and her regiment participate in foreign campaigns of the Russian army.

In 1816, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova retired with honors and awards.

Durova spent the rest of her life in a small house in the city of Elabuga, surrounded by her beloved animals. Nadezhda Durova died in 1866 at the age of 83. She was buried in a man's dress with military honors.

Vasilisa Kozhina

A common misfortune brings people together. The entire population of Russia rallied in the fight against the enemy. When the enemy appeared, the Russian people rose up voluntarily, and peasants everywhere waged guerrilla warfare and fought with amazing courage. The organizers of the partisan movement were both officers of the Russian army and ordinary people, and ordinary Russian women did not stand aside. One of those who was not indifferent to the troubles of the people was Vasilisa Kozhina.

After the death of the headman of the village of Sychevka, Porechensky district, Dmitry Kozhin, fellow villagers unanimously chose his wife Vasilisa.

Vasilisa was an inventive and cunning woman. When the French appeared in the village, she invited them into the house, fed them, and gave them something to drink. But as soon as the unexpected guests went to bed, she burned down the house along with them.

Vasilisa organized a detachment of partisans from teenagers and women. They armed themselves with pitchforks, scythes, and axes, destroyed and captured Napoleonic soldiers and officers during their retreat from Russia.

For her heroism, Vasilisa was awarded a cash prize and awarded the medal “In Memory of the Patriotic War.”There were rumors that His Serene Highness Prince Kutuzov himself met with her.

History has immortalized the name of a simple Russian woman, the great daughter of Russia.One of the Moscow streets, located in the western part of Moscow, is named in honor of Vasilisa Kozhina.

Praskovya the Lacemaker

Spontaneously created peasant detachments provided very significant assistance to the active army. These detachments consisted mainly of peasants who were not familiar with military affairs; they were accustomed to using scythes, pitchforks and axes.

We found information about another heroine of the Patriotic War - Praskovya the lacemaker, it’s a pity we were never able to find out the name of this woman.

In the small village of Sokolovo, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk province, there lived a twenty-year-old beauty Praskovya.

A French detachment came to this village and took away everything they liked from the residents. Two Frenchmen came into Praskovya’s house, the girl was not at a loss, grabbed an ax and hacked them both to death. Then she gathered the villagers and went with them into the forest. “It was a terrible army: 20 strong, young guys, armed with axes, scythes and pitchforks, and at their head the beautiful Praskovya.”

At first they guarded the French along the road and attacked them when they saw no more than ten to twelve people, but soon their scythes and axes were replaced by guns and sabers.

Praskovya herself showed an example of courage, and they, becoming bolder day by day, began to attack armed detachments, and once recaptured a convoy from the French.

The rumor about Praskovya and her assistants spread throughout the district, and guys from neighboring villages began to come to her. She accepted the choice, and soon she formed a detachment of 60 selected young men, with whom Praskovya reached almost all the way to Smolensk.

The French general, who was installed as governor of Smolensk, thought with amazement and fear about Praskovye. A large sum was placed on the head of Praskovya, who with her detachment had recaptured a fair share of French equipment and provisions.

But they could not catch Praskovya, although a large reward was placed on her head. For courage and bravery, Praskovya was awarded a medal"In memory of the Patriotic War." The further fate of this amazing woman is unknown. But in the memory of descendants, “Praskovya the lacemaker” forever remained as a symbol of the Russian woman.

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova

One of the best daughters of Russia, Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova, proved her devotion to her Fatherland. She was a faithful companion of the worthy defender of the Fatherland, General A. A. Tuchkov.

Margarita is the eldest daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Petrovich Naryshkin from his marriage to Princess Varvara Alekseevna Volkonskaya. She received her name in honor of her maternal grandmother, Margarita Rodionovna Volkonskaya. Besides her, the family had five more daughters and two sons.

From a very early age, Margarita was distinguished by a passionate, nervous and receptive character, loved reading and music and was gifted with a wonderful voice. She was tall and very slender, but her facial features were irregular, and her only beauty consisted in the striking whiteness of her skin and the lively expression of her green eyes.

At the age of 16, Margarita Naryshkina married Pavel Mikhailovich Lasunsky. The marriage was short-lived: two years later Margarita divorced her husband, a reveler and gambler. The reputation of young Lasunsky was already so well known that a divorce was obtained easily.

Margarita Mikhailovna met Alexander Tuchkov during her first unhappy marriage. The young people fell in love with each other. Having learned about the divorce, he did not hesitate to get married, but the Naryshkins were so frightened by the failure of their daughter’s first marriage that they refused. They did not give consent to her second marriage for a long time. The wedding took place only in 1806 and for 25-year-old Margarita Mikhailovna there came short years of complete happiness in marriage.

She was proud of the beauty of her husband, who was compared in society to Apollo, his courage and valor. Margarita Mikhailovna accompanied her husband on the Swedish campaign and shared with him all the difficulties of military life, accompanying him more than once on horseback in the uniform of an orderly, hiding her braid under her cap, since wives were forbidden to be with the army on a campaign. In her person, a sister of mercy appeared for the first time in the Russian army. She created feeding points for the starving population in battle-torn areas. In the Finnish campaign, she lived in a tent in the bitter cold, she had to make her way with the troops among snow drifts, cross rivers waist-deep in icy water.

In 1812, Margarita Mikhailovna could not follow her husband. At this time, their young son needed her more. It was decided that she would accompany her husband to Smolensk and go to her parents in Moscow. The Naryshkins left Moscow for their Kostroma estate; Margarita Mikhailovna wished to stay in the provincial town of Kineshma, where on September 1, 1812 she learned from her brother Kirill Mikhailovich about the death of her husband, killed in the Battle of Borodino.

Kirill Mikhailovich Naryshkin was Barclay de Tolly's adjutant; he was going to the army and stopped by his sister to report the death of her husband. For several years, Margarita Mikhailovna could not see her brother, so as not to remember their meeting in Kineshma; she felt sick every time he appeared.

Margarita went to the battlefield to look for her husband’s body: from a letter from General Konovnitsyn, she knew that Tuchkov died in the area of ​​the Semyonovsky redoubt. Searches among the tens of thousands of fallen did not yield anything: the body of Alexander Tuchkov was never found. She was forced to return home.

The horrors she suffered had such an impact on her health that for some time her family feared for her sanity. Having recovered a little, she decided to build a temple at the site of her husband’s death at her own expense. Margarita Mikhailovna sold her diamonds and, with the assistance of Empress Maria Feodorovna, bought three acres of land, where in 1818 she began to build the Temple of the Savior Not Made by Hands. While overseeing the construction of the church, Tuchkova lived with her son Nikolai and his French governess in a small lodge.

Initially, Tuchkova intended to build only a small chapel, but “Alexander I granted her 10 thousand rubles, with these funds a stone church-temple was built and consecrated in 1820.” , pilgrims from all over Russia flocked here. Margarita herself lived for a long time on the Borodino field, in a small, specially built house.

Tuchkova decided to devote her life to the memory of her husband and raising her only son, Coco, as she affectionately called him. Nikolai Tuchkov was enrolled in the Corps of Pages, but due to poor health he lived with his mother. He grew up not knowing noisy and frisky games, everyone loved him for his warm-hearted gentleness and kindness. Margarita Mikhailovna could not be happier with her son, but she was worried about his poor health; doctors assured him that he would get stronger over the years, that his growth was exhausting him. In 1826, Nikolai Tuchkov caught a cold, he was treated by the best doctors, the famous doctor Mudrov was invited to the consultation, who confirmed that there was no danger, he would definitely recover. The calmed Margarita Mikhailovna saw off the doctors, and a few hours later her 15-year-old boy unexpectedly died. He was buried in the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands.

The exile of brother Mikhail, a Decembrist, to Siberia, the death of his father in 1825 and his son finally defeated Tuchkova. Now nothing kept her in the world anymore. She moved forever to her lodge on the Borodino field. She wrote to a friend about her life at this time: “The day is like a day: matins, mass, then tea, a little reading, lunch, vespers, insignificant needlework, and after a short prayer - night, that’s all life. It's boring to live, scary to die. The Lord’s mercy, His love - that’s my hope, and that’s where I’ll end!”

In her broken life, Tuchkova sought solace in helping the unfortunate and poor: she helped the surrounding population, treated the sick and attracted those who wanted to share her work for the benefit of their neighbors. She devotes herself to the main task of her entire subsequent life - the establishment of a new nunnery.

In 1838 Tuchkova takes minor monastic vows under the name of nun Melania. The Spaso-Borodinsky community, by the Highest Order, became the Spaso-Borodinsky hostel monastery of the 2nd class in 1839. During the grand opening of the Borodino monument in 1839, Emperor Nicholas I visited the monastery and Tuchkova’s cell. She, who endured so much suffering, made a strong impression on the sovereign. He granted her the forgiveness of her brother Mikhail, and in 1840 he summoned her to St. Petersburg to be the successor of the heir's wife, Maria Alexandrovna, with whom she corresponded until her death.

The nun Melania was tonsured into the mantle and took the name Mary on June 28, 1840. The next day, Maria became the abbess of the Spaso-Borodinsky Monastery. The elevation to abbess was carried out according to the rite of ordination to deaconesses. The name Maria was chosen “in memory of an incident that happened to her on the day of her second wedding: a holy fool ran towards the newlywed, shouting: “Maria, Maria, take the staff!” Under her kamilavka and monastic mantle, Tuchkova remained a completely secular woman and, during her rare appearances in society and at court, she captivated everyone with her brilliant speech and grace of techniques.

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova died on April 29, 1852 and was buried in the Spassky Church of the monastery, next to her husband and son.Conclusion

In the process of researching this topic, we came to the conclusion that Russian women, representatives of the fair sex, have never remained aloof from those significant events that worried Russian society and the Russian state. Despite the difference in social classes, in the heart of every Russian woman lived hatred for the invaders, love for the Motherland and faith in victory over the enemy.

February 5, 1813 Emperor AlexanderIestablished the medal “In Memory of the Patriotic War of 1812” to reward participants in combat operations. They were received not only by men, but also by women who fought the enemy on an equal basis with men and by those women who worked in hospitals and looked after wounded soldiers.

We learned that on August 1, 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a series of commemorative coins dedicated to the anniversary of the victory in the Russian-French War. The coins depict famous and distinguished participants in the Patriotic War of 1812. There are 16 coins in the series, each worth 2 rubles: two of which feature girls (Nadezhda Durova, Vasilisa Kozhina).

The material we collected can be used in lessons and classroom hours. While researching this topic, we realized how interesting it is to know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.

Literature

1. Alekseev S.P. Battle of Borodino: Stories. – M.: Bustard, 1998

2. Antonov V.S. Reading book on the history of the USSRXIXcentury - M.: Education, 1989

3. Ishimova I. History of Russia for children. – M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2001

4. Nadezhdina N.A. No wonder all of Russia remembers. – M.: Malysh, 1986

5.Strelkova I.I. For the glory of the Fatherland. – M.: Malysh, 1990

6. Srebnitsky A. Dashing Age cavalryman - maidens. Sports life in Russia. 1997. No. 5.

7. Pokrovskaya N. Lacemaker Praskovya. Moscow truth. 10.10.2011

8. How did the fate of the cavalry girl Nadezhda Durova turn out? [Electronic resource] // URL: http://militera.lib.ru/bio/pushkin_kostin/04.html (date of access: 12/21/2012)

12.A. E. Zarin Praskovya the lacemaker. [Electronic resource] // URL: (date of access: 01/17/2013)

Publications in the Museums section

Generals of 1812 and their lovely wives

On the anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, we remember the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, look at their portraits from the Military Gallery of the Hermitage, and also study what beautiful ladies were their life partners. Sofya Bagdasarova reports.

Kutuzovs

Unknown artist. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov in his youth. 1777

George Dow. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.1829. State Hermitage Museum

Unknown artist. Ekaterina Ilyinichna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova. 1777. State Historical Museum

The great commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is depicted at full height in the portrait by Doe from the Military Gallery. There are few such large canvases in the hall - Emperor Alexander I, his brother Constantine, the Austrian Emperor and the Prussian King were awarded a similar honor, and only Barclay de Tolly and the British Lord Wellington were among the commanders.

Kutuzov's wife's name was Ekaterina Ilyinichna, nee Bibikova. In the paired portraits commissioned in 1777 in honor of the wedding, Kutuzov is difficult to recognize - he is young, he has both eyes. The bride is powdered and rouged in the fashion of the 18th century. In their family life, the couple adhered to the mores of the same frivolous century: Kutuzov carried women of dubious behavior in his wagon train, his wife had fun in the capital. This did not stop them from loving each other and their five daughters dearly.

Bagrationi

George Dow (workshop). Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage Museum

Jean Guerin. Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was wounded in the Battle of Borodino. 1816

Jean-Baptiste Isabey. Ekaterina Pavlovna Bagration. 1810s. Army Museum, Paris

The famous military leader Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was seriously wounded on the Borodino field: a cannonball crushed his leg. They carried him out of the battle in their arms, but the doctors did not help - he died 17 days later. When in 1819 the English painter George Dow began a huge commission - the creation of the Military Gallery, he had to recreate the appearance of the fallen heroes, including Bagration, based on the works of other masters. In this case, engravings and pencil portraits were useful to him.

Bagration was unhappy in his family life. Emperor Paul, wishing only good things for him, in 1800 married him to the beautiful, heiress of Potemkin millions, Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. The frivolous blonde left her husband and went to Europe, where she walked in translucent muslin, indecently fitting her figure, spent huge sums and shone in the world. Among her lovers was the Austrian Chancellor Metternich, to whom she gave birth to a daughter. The death of her husband did not affect her lifestyle.

Raevsky

George Dow. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage Museum

Nikolai Samokish-Sudkovsky. The feat of Raevsky's soldiers near Saltanovka. 1912

Vladimir Borovikovsky. Sofya Alekseevna Raevskaya. 1813. State Museum of A.S. Pushkin

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky, who raised a regiment on the offensive near the village of Saltanovka (according to legend, his two sons, 17 and 11 years old, went into battle next to him), survived the battle. Dow most likely painted it from life. In general, there are more than 300 portraits in the Military Gallery, and although the English artist “signed” them all, the main array depicting ordinary generals was created by his Russian assistants - Alexander Polyakov and Wilhelm Golike. However, Dow still portrayed the most important generals himself.

Raevsky had a large, loving family (Pushkin long recalled his trip to Crimea with them). He was married to Sofya Alekseevna Konstantinova, the granddaughter of Lomonosov, and together with his adored wife they experienced many misfortunes, including disgrace and an investigation into the Decembrist uprising. Then Raevsky himself and both of his sons came under suspicion, but later their name was cleared. His daughter Maria Volkonskaya followed her husband into exile. It’s surprising: all the Raevsky children inherited their great-grandfather’s huge Lomonosov forehead - however, the girls preferred to hide it behind their curls.

Tuchkovs

George Dow (workshop). Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage Museum

Nikolay Matveev. The widow of General Tuchkov on the Borodino field. State Tretyakov Gallery

Unknown artist. Margarita Tuchkova. 1st half of the 19th century. GMZ "Borodino Field"

Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov is one of those who inspired Tsvetaeva’s poems, which later turned into Nastenka’s beautiful romance in the film “Say a word for the poor hussar.” He died in the Battle of Borodino, and his body was never found. Dow, creating his posthumous portrait, copied a very successful image by Alexander Warnek.

The picture shows how handsome Tuchkov was. His wife Margarita Mikhailovna, nee Naryshkina, adored her husband. When she received the news of her husband's death, she went to the battlefield - the approximate place of death was known. Margarita searched for Tuchkov for a long time among the mountains of dead bodies, but the search was fruitless. For a long time after this terrible search, she was not herself, her family feared for her mind. Later, she erected a church on the indicated site, then a convent, of which she became the first abbess, having taken monastic vows after a new tragedy - the sudden death of her teenage son.