Sections: Russian language

Project activity of students is one of the methods of developmental (personally-oriented) training aimed at developing independent research skills (posing a problem, collecting and processing information, conducting experiments, analyzing the results obtained), promotes the development of creative abilities and logical thinking, and integrates the knowledge acquired during the educational process, and introduces them to specific vital problems.

The method gives scope for the creative initiative of students and teachers and implies their friendly cooperation, which creates a positive motivation for the child to study.

The project is valuable because during its implementation, schoolchildren learn to independently acquire knowledge and gain experience in cognitive and educational activities. If a student acquires at school the research skills of navigating the flow of information, learns to analyze it, generalize, see trends, compare facts, draw conclusions, then, due to a higher educational level, he will be able to adapt more easily in later life, will choose the right future profession, will live a creative life.

The project method is always focused on students’ independent activities (individual, pair, group), which they perform in the time allotted for this work (from a few minutes of a lesson to several weeks, and sometimes months). Most often, the topic of projects is determined by the practical significance of the issue, as well as the possibility of solving it by attracting the knowledge of students from different fields of science studied at school.

Educational activities should be emotionally charged. Using the project method in Russian language and literature lessons, I strive to increase the practical orientation of the content and diversify the forms of organizing students' educational activities. In this case, priority is given to active, interactive, gaming, laboratory methods, research activities, and methods of creative self-expression.

Russian language and literature as academic subjects are fertile ground for project activities. We, teachers, often encounter problems such as lack of reading interest among students, narrow horizons, lack of analysis and generalization skills. Interesting work in groups gives the children the opportunity to get a feel for the subject, gain new knowledge, and the teacher to solve the above problems.

For example:

• make a selection of proverbs on a specific topic, compile a catalog of these proverbs in certain sections,
• make a selection of phraseological units on a specific topic; compile a dictionary of phraseological units,
• make a selection of examples on a specific topic from fiction or educational literature,
• production of teaching aids (diagrams, supports, tables), compilation of crossword puzzles on the topic, etc.

It is important in educational activities to give each student the opportunity to feel involved in the world, to come into contact with his own creativity, to find a reader, a viewer within himself, and such forms as mini-essays, dramatizations, making crossword puzzles, drawing illustrations, etc. help in solving this problem. .

As homework, students are offered mini-projects: write an essay, compose a fairy tale on a topic, etc.

To teach how to process and summarize information obtained from educational and popular science literature. Develop the ability to formulate problems (choose a topic for individual student research), and solve problems based on put forward hypotheses.

development of linguistic interests and inclinations, cognitive abilities and creative abilities of students; the formation of competence in the field of independent activity, skills in working with large volumes of information, the ability to see a problem and outline ways to solve it.

1. Planning work on the project (stage of sharing existing knowledge on the topic, interests): The teacher announces the topic of the lesson and asks a problematic question.

What do you think we will talk about today? (Students express their guesses)

The teacher generalizes: when using PREPOSITIONS, a number of questions arise related to their meaning and stylistic coloring. And today we will try to resolve them. To do this, we will together collect information about prepositions, process it from the point of view of linguistic norms and conduct research. And the result will be a mini-project “Speech in defense of the pretext FROM ”

2. Analytical stage (stage of students’ research work and independent acquisition of new knowledge):

I. Write down the phrases by filling in the missing letters. (Write on the board.)

Meet upon return(s) from a business trip; make a decision to clarify the circumstances; according to common sense; obtain rights upon reaching adulthood; receive the parcel upon presentation of your passport; We will congratulate you personally upon your arrival.

Observe in what sense the preposition “software” is used in them?

(In the meaning AFTER. The use of the preposition AFTER is neutral in nature; ON is bookish in nature.)

II. We continue to collect information about prepositions, select prepositions (speech warm-up).

• Is it possible to come home from the street?
• Can I come home from school?
• Can I bring meat from the store?
• Can I bring a bucket from the yard?

(Prepositions B, ON - synonyms, they correspond to antonymous pairs IZ, S; we say: on street means -With streets.

The meaning of prepositions B, ON - inside something, spatial.)

Is "in this regard" correct?

What parts of speech do speakers confuse in this way?

(It must be “in connection with...”, that is, with what was just said...)

Is it possible to say this:

“Due to snow drifts, the movement was interrupted”, “The train crashed due to the negligence of the switchman”?

(Pretext THANKS TO has not yet lost its primary meaning in connection with the verb THANK .)

What better way to say it?

(Traffic was interrupted due to / AS A RESULT, BY REASON/ drifts).

In city transport you can hear: “pay for travel”, “pay for travel”.

Compare which option is preferable from the point of view of the language norm?

(In literary language, the non-prepositional construction “pay for what? the fare” and the prepositional construction “pay for the fare” are accepted).

III. This was a speech warm-up before more complex work, research work. Take a closer look at the text, what did you notice?

1. I was walking home from school and saw a line near a bookstore, which was large and interested me. 2. I came closer, asked who was at the end, and found out what they were giving. 3. It turned out that you need to get a lottery ticket and, if you win, buy a book or work. 4. But I was in a very wonderful mood, I was sure that I would get Baklanov’s story “The Alpine Ballad”. 5. Having received the ticket, I was given the book I wanted.

(The text requires editing, since each sentence is fraught with several errors. Let's try to correct the text together. You can work in groups or individually).

There are three errors in the first sentence:

1 - leaving school;
2 - the attributive clause can be attributed to both the queue and the shop, which means it needs to be redone so that there is no misunderstanding;
3 - the conjunction “and” connects the verb and the participle.

There are three errors in the second sentence:

1 - either “closer” or “closer”, i.e. or simple or compound comparative form;
2 - asked who last;
3 - found out that sell.

There are four errors in the third sentence:

1 - necessary purchase ticket;
2 - instead of “with him” write “by him”,
3 - replace the word “purchase”, because we already have it;
4 - remove the word "work".

There is a factual error in the fourth sentence: “The Alpine Ballad” was written by Vasil Bykov. Remove the conjunction “but”, remove the word “very”, replace the demonstrative pronoun “that” with “that” (I’m sure of that).

There are two errors in the fifth sentence:

1 - the additional action and the main one must relate to the same subject, therefore, here the participial phrase must be replaced by a subordinate clause;
2 - replace the active participle with the passive.

How competently should the text sound? (student reads).

I was walking from school and near the bookstore I saw a large queue that interested me. I came closer, found out what they were selling, and asked who was the last one. It turned out that you need to buy a literary ticket and, if you win, you can use it to buy a book. I was in a wonderful mood, I was sure that I would get Vasil Bykov’s story “The Alpine Ballad”. When I received my ticket, I was given the book I wanted.

There are not many prepositions in this text. And yet can you recognize them? (Research Analysis).

IV. Let's continue observing. Indicate cases of erroneous use of case forms of a noun with a preposition (Board).

In defiance of parents, elders, fate.

in accordance with - order, instruction, data...

thanks - care, attention, diligence.

What do you say about prepositions? IN AGREEMENT, CONTRARY, THANKS in terms of origin?

(These are derived prepositions: IN AGREEMENT, CONTRARY formed from adverbs, and THANKS TO - from the gerund).

V. I offer selective work: one student writes down combinations with derived prepositions; the other - with homonymous parts of speech. The class works in notebooks in two columns.

during of the year; reach an agreement about hike; problem similar to triangles; stay despite persuasion; funds are transferred to the account; along the river; rushed without looking at his feet; task like previous; subsequently return back; be at home due to rain.

3. Generalization stage (stage of structuring the information received and integrating the acquired knowledge, skills, abilities):

At the beginning of the lesson there were examples of the erroneous use of the preposition WITH

"come from school, from the store, return from Moscow." During the study, we came to the conclusion: a literate person will say: “from school, from the store, from Moscow.”

Try writing a mini-project Speech in defense of the pretext FROM. Or a miniature essay about a preposition in any genre: fairy tales, interviews. Those who are in a non-creative mood right now, remember the derivative prepositions that are written separately, together, and make sentences with them.

4. Presentation of the results obtained (stage of analysis of schoolchildren’s research activities):

Students' works.

Speech in defense of the pretext “ FROM"
7th grade students
TSIKUROVA Ksenia

I believe that the pretext" FROM" helps us to use phrases correctly in our speech. Sometimes we don’t even notice the gross speech errors we hear, both in the speech of children and adults. For example, they say “from the store,” although we should say “from the store,” because we came from the building, rather than descending from it. You should always try to avoid such mistakes and speak correctly.

Speech in Defense of the Pretext" FROM " And " WITH "
7th grade student
TROFIMOVA Vadim

In the Russian language there are prepositions “IZ” and “S”, which are constantly confused with each other. Some students say: “I came home from school.” This is wrong, because it turns out that the student left school. And they say correctly: “I came from school.” These prepositions have synonyms and antonyms. The preposition “FROM” is a synonym for “C”, and the antonym is “B” and “ON”. In order not to confuse prepositions, you need to use a simple rule: “If the exact place is indicated in the sentence, then write the preposition “IZ,” and if not, then “S.” For example: “He came from the north. But he came from Moscow."

Speech in Defense of the Pretext" FROM "
7th grade students
SOLODCHUK Alexandra

What is the preposition "IZ" for?

Firstly, the preposition “of” is needed in order to speak correctly, so as not to confuse it with the preposition “with”. For example: I came from school, left the house. And not “came from school, left home.”

Secondly, the preposition “from” is needed so that the variety of prepositions in the world does not decrease. So, for example, the preposition “from” will disappear and behind it the prepositions closely associated with it will disappear: “with”, “on”, “in”.

Speak correctly, think about it, and then you will understand why the preposition “from” is needed.

D.Z. - Finish creative work at home.

Literature:

1. Rosenthal D., Golub I., Kokhtev N. Russian language for schoolchildren in fifth to ninth grades. Journey to the land of words. – M: Publishing House “Drofa”, 1995. – p.168.
2. Khazanova A.S., Zweig L.V. Russian language. A practical guide in two parts. – M: Vlados, 1995. - Part 2. – p. 23.
3. Composition. Practical guide. – M: “Moscow Lyceum”, 1996. – p.16.

§ 145. Some features of the use of Russian prepositions in comparison with Ukrainian ones
Primitive prepositions, the most ancient in origin, are common to all East Slavic languages. However, there are differences in the use of prepositions in the Russian and Ukrainian languages.
In russian language V And at- different prepositions: preposition V used with the accusative or prepositional case and expresses spatial, temporal relationships, measure and weight, transformation into a new quality, image and method of action, etc. Preposition at used only with the genitive case, expresses the affiliation or place near which the action takes place. In the Ukrainian language there are prepositions V And at they do not differ in function, it is essentially one preposition in two phonetic varieties, which is used with three cases - genitive, accusative and prepositional and performs the same functions as Russian prepositions V And u. Wed: Russian Lived in Kyiv, now lives in Odessa; Ask your father; Take it from Andrey and Ukrainian Lived near Kiev, now lives in Odessa; Sleep with your dad; Take it to Andria.
Prepositions in Russian With And from- different in meaning and use.
Pretext With used with the genitive, accusative and instrumental cases. In combination with the genitive case, it expresses spatial relations (movement from the surface), time or source of action; with the accusative case - an approximate measure of time, space or comparison; with the instrumental - compatibility and image or method of action. Pretext from is used only with the genitive case and expresses movement from within, a source of information, reason, material, or separation from a collection of homogeneous objects. Pretext With opposite in meaning to the preposition to: from shore - to shore; came from the North - went to the North; translation from Ukrainian - translation into Ukrainian; pretext from opposite of preposition in: from school to school; from Moscow - to Moscow.
In the Ukrainian language there are prepositions With And from merged into one pretext h(its options iz, zi, zo, izo), which is used with the genitive, accusative and instrumental cases: from the shore, from Moscow, from the river, from the mountains (zavbilshki), from my brother, from me; Wed from the shore - to the shore, from the school - to the school.
Pretext To in Russian it is used with the dative case and denotes direction towards some spatial or temporal limit, accession, addition of something to something. Russian constructions with preposition To in Ukrainian the corresponding preposition is before with genitive case: to you - to you. Pretext before exists in the Russian language, but in Ukrainian it has more meaning, and Ukrainian constructions with the preposition before in many cases translated by constructions with prepositions VC, Sometimes on And by: having arrived to Kiev - arrived in Kyiv; love to practice - love of work; son like father - son like father; braid to the waist - braid to the waist (and waist-deep).
Russian constructions with preposition By in the Ukrainian language they often correspond to constructions with prepositions h: exam in physics - exam (exam) in physics; for: grieving for your son - grieving for your son, going with the flow - swimming with the flow (for the water); to: similar in taste - similar (similar) to relish; call by name - call by name; by appearance - by sight; u (v): came on business - came from the right; on weekends - on weekends; after: upon return - after turning around.
In Russian the preposition through in combination with the accusative case expresses spatial and temporal relationships. In Ukrainian, in addition to these meanings, the preposition through also denotes causal relationships expressed by the Russian preposition because of: did not show up due to illness - not showing up due to illness; because of what - through what; because of you - through you.
Russian pretext o (about, about) in combination with the prepositional case, object relations are expressed that correspond to the Ukrainian constructions of the accusative case with a preposition about or for: we talked about sister - we talked about sister (for sister).
(“Russian language”, V.I. Kononenko, M.A. Britsyn, D.I. Ganich, I don’t remember the year, but this manual was published in Soviet times)

There are many spelling rules in the Russian language. Most of them cause writing difficulties not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One of these rules is the spelling of prepositions. Mainly the problem is finding them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most people do not have difficulty finding them. But in the Russian language there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts of speech. These are derived prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or gerunds. They are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty encountering them in the text.

Characteristics of derived prepositions

All prepositions in the Russian language are auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological characteristics. They serve as a connecting link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in the Russian language appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological characteristics and meaning. Because of this, their spelling often differs from the original words, causing spelling difficulties. They are used quite often in speech, so every literate person should be able to find them and write them correctly.

Features of this part of speech

1. Derivative prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, “near”, “around”, “thanks to”, “towards” and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had as a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: “with the help”, “for lack of”, “not counting”, “at the expense”, “to the extent” and others.

2. The spelling of such prepositions needs to be memorized, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check a spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is in writing the prepositions “during”, “in continuation”, “as a result”, “subsequently”.

3. To determine that a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, is used in a sentence, you need to replace it with another preposition or conjunction. For example, “as a result” - “because of”, “about” - “about”, “towards” - “to”, “like” - “how”.

4. There is a small group of derived prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in writing them. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These words are: “about”, “as a result of”, “thanks to”, “despite” and others.

Types of derivative prepositions

All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.

1. Adverbial prepositions, that is, derived prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically they indicate the time and location of an object in space. For example, “near the house”, “after school”, “inside the box” and others.

2. Denominal prepositions are so called because they are formed from a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal or object relations. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and they are the ones that most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: “in connection”, “to the extent”, “about”, “like”, “on arrival” and others.

3. Verbal prepositions originate from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: “thanks to (what?)”, “in spite of (what?)”, “despite (what?)”.

What meanings do they have?

Each derived preposition, when combined with nouns, gives it a specific meaning. Most often they are used with one case, but you can also ask adverbial questions about them. The most common meanings of derived prepositions:

They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;

Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;

They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.

How to learn to write prepositions correctly

The spelling of independent words is regulated by spelling rules. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty spelling. And derived prepositions do not follow any rules. You need to remember how to write them. But in difficult cases, you can check with a spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by people’s inability to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, there will be fewer mistakes. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.

Ways to search for prepositions in text

1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derived preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, “in view of - because of”, “about - about”, “towards - to”, “following - for” and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: “for an account - for a book”, “for a meeting - for a date”.

2. Ask a question about the word. If there is a preposition in a sentence, then most likely it will be part of the question, and the answer will be a noun: “I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)” or “(where?) - opposite the school.” And the word, as an independent part of speech, itself answers the question: “this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite.”

3. A derivative preposition cannot be removed from a sentence without losing the meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: “to walk in front of the column - to walk (?) the column.” If you remove the significant part of the speech, then although the meaning will be impoverished, the sentence will not lose its integrity: “he walked ahead - he walked.”

4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.

What derivative prepositions are written together

Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions have so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has any difficulty spelling them. For example, “near”, “like”, “in view of”, “instead of”, “like”, “inside” and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here you need to be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, “due to the rain” is a preposition; you can replace it with the word “due to,” and “as a consequence of the case” is a noun: “(in what?) - as a result.” More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: “towards each other” - “to meet friends”, “about repairs” - “to a bank account”. You also need to remember that “not” in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: “despite his advanced age (despite what?)” is a preposition, but compare: “he walked without (not looking) around” .

Compound derivative prepositions

Spelling of prepositions that consist of two words also causes difficulties. But they are not associated with the separate spelling of these words, but most often with the letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be remembered, since basically it is completely different from the nouns from which these words come:

The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;

You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter “e” at the end: “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, “in contrast”, “in conclusion”, “in commemoration”, “on arrival”, “on arrival” ";

There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.

In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to more accurately express your thoughts and use grammatically correct constructions.

Ulyana Anatolyevna Matyushenko, 3rd year student of the Faculty of Philology, Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute, branch of the Siberian Federal University, Lesosibirsk [email protected]

Seliverstova Maria Albertovna, 3rd year student of the Faculty of Philology, Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute, branch of the Siberian Federal University, Lesosibirsk [email protected]

Smirnova Galina Vasilievna, 3rd year student of the Faculty of Philology, Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute, branch of the Siberian Federal University, Lesosibirsk [email protected]

Some features of the functioning of prepositions in modern Russian language

Abstract. This article is devoted to the study of the functional features of the preposition “in view” in the Russian language. The preposition is considered as an auxiliary part of speech, the peculiarities of its use in the Russian language are revealed, and a description of the classification of prepositions in the Russian language is also given. Key words: Russian language, prepositions, functional parts of speech, preposition in view.

Language is the most important means of human communication. Without it, the existence of modern society is impossible, its activities are impossible. The role of language as a means of communication is continuously increasing, which explains the need for in-depth study of the native language at school. It is impossible to do without prepositions in any language. It is impossible to compose sentences without prepositions; they affect the meaning of the word with which it is used, since the meaning of the word changes. In schools, as part of the Russian language program, prepositions are studied as a functional part of speech. Part of speech is a category of words in a language that is determined by morphological, syntactic and grammatical features. All parts of speech are divided into significant and auxiliary.

The function of auxiliary parts of speech is auxiliary; these parts of speech serve significant words. Function words have various special features: they do not have nominative semantics; immutable; are not a component of the utterance. Servicing parts of speech differ from independent parts of speech in that they do not have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning, auxiliary parts of speech do not change, as individual members of sentences do not distinguish them, their function is auxiliary, they serve independent parts of speech in sentences and phrases. Prepositions serve to expressing the relationship of the following independent parts of speech to other parts of speech: noun, numeral and some pronouns. Prepositions are assistants and a means of connecting words in phrases; with the help of prepositions, the meaning of a statement is clarified and they add adverbial meanings. Consider the sentence: “I’ll arrive in St. Petersburg when the train is late at six o’clock in the morning.” There is not a single preposition in this sentence. If we consider the sentence as a whole, then its meaning is clear, but the construction of the sentence due to the lack of prepositions is not correct. The preposition from expresses spatial relations: from St. Petersburg; The preposition indicates a time period: at six in the morning; as a result, due to indicate circumstantial, causal relationships: due to being late. All these prepositions help to quickly and more accurately comprehend what was said.

The use of prepositions in communication verbally and in writing, while observing all grammatical norms, is an important and mandatory condition for correct speech. Let's look at a couple of examples of the use of some prepositions. Thus, the preposition in is combined only with the preposition from, and the preposition with is combined with the preposition on. You can use: went to the theater - came from the theater (but a violation and incorrect use would be from the theater), arrived from the Caucasus - to the Caucasus (but not from the Caucasus); It is also impossible to say “due to being late” - the correct use in this case would be “due to being late.” We should not forget that prepositions such as: according to, despite, thanks to

are used with nouns only in the dative case: according to the law, contrary to chance, thanks to the help of a medical professional. Prepositions always come before the words with which they are used in speech. Consider the concept of the term “preposition”. A preposition is a service part of speech that serves words and phrases in sentences, which expresses the relationship to each other of those objects and actions, states, signs that these words call: “Tell about interesting stories, run to the house, pass by the cinema, collect bits and pieces , carry on a conversation for half an hour, think about good things, go ashore, near the house, approach the house, yearn for relatives.” According to linguist V.V. Vinogradov, prepositions express the same general relations that are expressed by indirect cases of nouns (except for the subject relation) : this is always one of the types of relation that is determinative (in place, time, reason, condition, purpose, etc.) or objective, or it is a relation of necessary informative completion. But if we compare them with indirect cases, then prepositions can express these relationships much more definitely and differentiatedly. By connecting words with each other, a preposition as a grammatical unit is in parallel related to related words; such a connection is primarily observed with strong and regularly predictable weak syntactic connections, for example: Consist of particles: consist of and of particles; talk about business: talk about business; look after animals: look after animals; enter the city: drive into and into the city. Combining with a control word (talk about, look after, etc.), never used independently, the preposition is often a certain indicator of the lexical meaning of the word; Let us compare the different meanings of the verb “consist” in the cases of “consist of” (someone or something: work consists of stages, a group consists of students) and “consist in a group”; Let's consider the verb “talk”: talk essentially, talk about your son, talk about work (talk essentially), talk with the director (talk, have a conversation). The verb “to watch” in the following cases: to watch my son, to watch my son, to watch the game. The preposition is separated from the main word, thereby being independent, and it can be independently used in sentences as names, and sometimes as elements of the whole text:

Keep an eye on pets – Pets require special care; Talk about life - I talk with a friend about life; About time and about myself (title); Sunbathing in the sun—it’s hot in the sun; Turn to a friend - “To a friend” (title of the poem); To a friend - not a line; go fishing - “Go fishing” (title, caption under the picture, photograph); Go fishing with the whole family.

In all the above examples, the preposition is not a connecting link between words; it only denotes an attitude to a particular subject. Most domestic and foreign linguists and linguists were interested in prepositions and their meanings. We can distinguish different classifications of prepositions, which are based on the following approaches: 1) Prepositional control. 2) Functionality of prepositions. 3) Lexical meaning of prepositions.

I would like to dwell on the classification of prepositions given by the famous domestic linguist and linguist V.V. Vinogradov.

According to their form, prepositions can be divided into primitive and non-primitive, as well as simple and compound. Primitive prepositions are a group of words that are not associated with significant words. All these prepositions have several lexical meanings. Some prepositions can be used with one case form. Non-primitive prepositions are those prepositions that have living word-formation relationships and lexical-semantic connections with significant words - nouns, adverbs and verbs (gerunds). In the Russian language, non-primitive prepositions are much more common compared to primitive prepositions. All these prepositions do not have a large number of meanings and they are mainly used in texts and speech only with a certain case form.

All non-primitive prepositions can be divided into prepositions: 1. Denominated (in view of, in quality, in the name of, along the line, under the guise).2. Adverbs (near, above, after, beside, according to).3. Verbal (including, excluding, not counting).

Simple prepositions can be primitive and non-primitive; such prepositions consist of only one word. Compound prepositions mainly include words that consist of two or more words; they always include only non-primitive prepositions. These prepositions have forms of the name of a gerund or adverb in combination with one or two primitive prepositions: henceforth to, away from, in contrast to, in accordance with, in relation to, looking at. As mentioned above, all prepositions, according to their structure and word-formation connections, are divided into primitive (or non-derivative) and non-primitive (or derivative).

Primary or non-derivative prepositions include simple prepositions: Without (bezo) with nouns in the genitive case, for example: without reason, without warning; preposition in with a noun in the accusative case and prepositional case: in the forest (P.p.), in the forest (V .P.). For, do, is used with nouns in the genitive case: for work, it is difficult to reach him by phone, with all his might. For is used in combination of words in the accusative and instrumental cases: to pick up a friend (T.p.), for bad behavior (V.p.). K (ko) is combined with words in the dative case: come to visit a friend (D.p.). Between, between, from, from, for, for, with (so), in combination with words in the genitive case: from parents (P .p.), for the sake of a friend (R.p.), ask parents (R.p.).

On, about, about, with, through

are used in the accusative case: through parents, parents, about parents. The group of primitives includes prepositions that have a pair - these are prepositions: because of the forest (R.p), from under the pines (R.p). In fiction, the prepositions pose and ponad are often found, such prepositions are more outdated: they drive through the forest, pose through the garden, walk along the bank, over the river, over the floodplain old villages were white. Thus, we can conclude that the primitive preposition is combined with words only in three case forms prepositions по and с with two case forms forms, in, behind, between, between, on, about, under, or

with one case (without, for, before, from, because, from under, to, over, from, before, with, about, for the sake of, at, through, regional pose, over). Let's consider non-primitive or derivative prepositions. These are prepositions that acquire the properties of prepositions in the form of individual words and combinations that have motivational relationships with adverbs, nouns and gerunds. Prepositions of adverbial type are classified as simple or compound. In their form, simple prepositions coincide with adverbs, while compound prepositions are a combination of an adverb with a primitive preposition. These are the following words (the case form attached by a preposition is shown hereinafter with the corresponding form of the pronoun, and the animate or inanimate nature of the name is noted. For example: someone - with the genitive case. Animated and inanimate nouns: someone - only with animate; something - only with inanimate) .1) Simple adverbial prepositions include such prepositions as: near the road, near someone, near the road, near a person, deep in the forest, along the road, in exchange for an old suit, instead of a father, instead of a lesson, outside the law, inside the house, near the store, near the brother, around the house, around the cat, in spite of fate, in front of the car, in front of the athlete, like him, like that suit, after the brother, tangent, regarding his behavior (this option is found in the official and obsolete), past the father, past the house, at the top of the house , towards the wind, towards a friend, on the eve of a birthday, in defiance of the father, in defiance of fate, opposite the father, opposite the house, near the house, near the brother, around the bridge (obsolete usage), regarding the student, regarding his behavior, over the head, near the brother, near the house, like autumn, like a man, behind the house, behind the brother, besides his toys, across the throat, after school, after the teacher, in the middle of the room, in the middle of the room, before the parents, against the sister, against the house, on the side of the window, above the norm, above the norm, behind the father, behind the house , through the gap, according to the article, in accordance with interests, in accordance with the image, in proportion to growth, among the people of flowers. Adverbial prepositions for the most part agree with words in the genitive case, but a number of prepositions, such as in spite of, after, towards, in defiance of, like, according to, accordingly, accordingly and commensurately, are combined in the dative case and one through in the accusative case. 2) Compound adverbial prepositions include: near home, near relatives, far from home, far from relatives, far from home, far from relatives, together with friends, together with a book, right up to the president, right up to the river, before the start of the lesson, level with brother, level with the rank, following the dream, following the brother, along with the students, along with the students, not far from the school, not far from the mother, regardless of the situation, regardless of the brother, in relation to the student, near the house, next to the father, following the brother, following a dream, together with friends, in accordance with opinion, in accordance with the situation, in accordance with the law, in comparison with a friend.

Most of these prepositions are combined with words in the instrumental case, some prepositions, among which we can name such as near from, far from, up to, henceforth to, not far from, regardless of, are combined with nouns in the genitive case, and one preposition to - is combined with nouns in the dative case . The connection with one of the case forms is predetermined by the primitive preposition, which contains the structure of the compound preposition (compare: to something - in relation to business; from someone or something - regardless of the situation, from colleagues).

Adverbial prepositions in most cases are unambiguous in their composition, expressing attributive (adverbial) relations. They have the same lexical meaning as the adverb with which they agree in sentences or phrases. Ambiguous prepositions include the following prepositions: near (near the school), around (around the house), towards (dream), near (at home), besides (work), in the middle of (the school year), in the middle of (the room), against (the will), above (plan), next to (house) and others.

The next category of prepositions is denominative prepositions. In their form, these prepositions represent either a prepositional case form of a name, i.e. they have the form of indirect cases of an abstract noun with a primitive preposition or a preposition outside (1), or such a prepositional case form accompanied by another (second) primitive preposition (2), or a non-prepositional form form of the genitive or instrumental cases (3). Prepositions of the first and second groups are compound, prepositions of the third group are simple. 1) Compound nominal prepositions with one primitive: without the help of a friend, without the accompaniment of adults, addressed to the interlocutor (occurs in a business style), in the form of a toy, due to an agreement, within the boundaries homeland, in a crime case, as a sign of gratitude, in the interests of the family, in the interests of the country, in the guise of someone (used in a humorous and ironic form), as a guest, as a bonus, in contrast to someone, in the direction of the home, in the field of economics, in relation to a friend , in favor of the accused, in favor of the team, in turn, within the norm, throughout the evening, in counter-circumstances, in contrast to the opponent, in the region of seventy people (newspaper and business style), within the limits of the law, as a result of an accident, in the role of a father, in the light of events, due to circumstances, in the event of loss, in a reasonable sense, accompanied by an adult, towards home, towards a friend, in the service sector, towards a partner, within an hour, in labor market conditions, in honor of a friend, in honor anniversary, during events, for the purpose of economy, outside the boundaries of the law, outside the limits of what is permissible, outside the framework of the law, outside the scope of services, during a lesson, in the name of friendship, as a result of an experiment, with the exception of events, at the expense of a friend, at the expense of a vacation, based on the above , like a figure, on the subject of work (official and business style), throughout life, on the path of difficulties, at the address of a friend (business), front line (newspaper, official, business), as it increases, according to the example of what has been said, regarding assessments, due to being late, on the occasion of an anniversary celebration, in part of work, under the guise of a friend, under the pretext of illness, with the help of a friend, with the help of funds, through an acquaintance, subject to fulfillment, with the help of a friend, with the help of work, for the purpose of work, from neighbors, through a friend, with negation, unlike you. There are a number of cases when, when writing primitive prepositions, merging with the case form of a name occurs, in such cases the preposition becomes a prefix: in view of what, due to a showdown, like a neighbor. All of the listed compound denominative prepositions are combined with words in the genitive case, among them there are only a few that agree in the dative case: in contrast, in contrast, in contrast, not as an example.

Most of these prepositions are unambiguous, since they express relations corresponding to the lexical meanings of the nouns with which they relate. Prepositions are ambiguous: in the direction, in favor, about, in part, from the side, on the way2) Compound nominal prepositions with two primitive prepositions: depending on the circumstances, in the direction of a friend, to home, in response to sympathy, in contrast to friend, in connection with events, in accordance with the law, in commonwealth with society, in community with company, in accordance with the point, in comparison with a friend, away from home, away from home, in unison with a friend (book), to the level of the arch, on the way to happiness, towards the house, in relation to the neighbor, compared to last year. Like compound, adverbial prepositions are used with a concluding primitive. In the case of the above-mentioned prepositions, the case of the attached noun is predetermined by this concluding preposition: with the concluding preposition from, this is the genitive case (depending on, in contrast to, aside from, aside from), with the concluding to, the dative case (on the way to, towards, in relation to), when concluding with - accusative case (in response to), when concluding with - instrumental case (in connection with, in agreement with, in commonwealth with, in community with, in accordance with, in comparison with, in unison with, in level with, led by, in comparison with). Almost all prepositions of the second group are unambiguous. 3) Simple nominal prepositions: about one hundred and ten words, temperature about two thousand degrees, through study, through decision ,Ivanov type, centrifuge type device. Such prepositions are unambiguous: the relationships they express correspond to the lexical semantics of the motivating nouns. Verbal prepositions in form are gerunds, in their modern state not related to the paradigm of the verb and carrying the meaning of the relationship. Such prepositions can be simple (1) and compound (2); in the latter case, the form of the gerund is connected to the concluding primitive preposition.1) Simple verbal prepositions include: thanks to the news, a friend, including me, recent events, ending with a circumstance, starting with a joyful event, not reaching a friend, to the house, not counting Ivanov, recent events, after an hour, after a minute, after a week, after a year, after a month, after a certain amount of time, having passed each other, after a time (combinable with the same nouns as pogoya), considering joy. The case form of the name attached by such a preposition is predetermined by the nature of the strong connection of the corresponding verb. The exception is the prepositions thanks and without reaching, which have their own combinability: to thank a friend, but thanks to events, thanks to a friend; not to reach a friend, work, but without reaching the occasion. All such prepositions are unambiguous. The relationships expressed by them are based on the lexical meanings of the corresponding verbs; the exception is the preposition thanks, which in modern language has its own abstract meaning of reason, occasion. 2) Compound verbal prepositions include: looking by appearance, looking by circumstances, judging by behavior, regardless of circumstances, despite relationships, not getting to work, not reaching the friend, based on the above, starting with coffee, starting with a friend. Case forms with these prepositions reproduce the connections of the corresponding verbs: look, look (meaning reason, decide) on an issue, judge by actions, look at circumstances, etc. All such prepositions are unambiguous. The relationships they express are based on the lexical meanings of the corresponding verbs. Non-primitive denominative prepositions are at different stages of departure from the significant words that motivate them. Many of these prepositions have completely lost their common lexical meaning, paradigmatic connections and features of syntactic commonality with the corresponding names; such, for example, are the following prepositions: in view of (events), in the form of (friend), through (reading), by (deception) due to (circumstances), during (year), as a result of (experiment), as a (bonus), about (work, friend), according to (circumstances). However, in very many cases, compound denominative prepositions have living and close paradigmatic and semantic connections with the corresponding noun, as well as some of its syntactic features. Expressing relationships, such prepositions simultaneously carry an element of objective meaning. This includes such compound prepositions as: without the help of (friend, computer), without accompaniment (adult), within the borders of (city), as a sign of (gratitude), in the field of (science), for the benefit of (team), in connection with (illness) , as opposed to (partner), in the role of (father), in the conditions of (market), on the basis of (stated), at the address of (addressee), under the pretext of (illness), through the mediation of (director), in agreement with (partner). Such prepositions can be called prepositional combinations (sometimes they are also called “prepositional” combinations). Signs that these combinations do not completely belong to the class of prepositions are given below. 1) Many of these prepositional combinations, unlike prepositions themselves, relate selectively to those nouns with the case form of which they are connected: these can be nouns, either only animate or only inanimate : within the boundaries of the city (but not anyone), in the field of economics (but not anyone), outside the bounds of what is permissible (but not anyone), in line (but not someone), in the role of a father (but not something), in community with a friend ( but not with anything). Such selectivity is determined and explained by the lexical meaning of the noun that is part of the prepositional combination. It is significant at the same time that the meaning of the relation contained in such a prepositional combination may turn out to be stronger than this lexical factor, and then there is no selective attitude towards animate and inanimate names; for example: in the name of love, in the name of friendship, in the name of friends, in honor of the anniversary, in honor of a friend, at the expense of a friend, with the help of a friend, with the help of money, with the help of a friend, with the help of money, through a friend, not as an example to a martyr, in accordance with the law, in agreement with the spouse (compare: the name of a friend, the help of a friend). 2) In many cases, a name included in a prepositional combination retains the ability to take a compatible adjective: to behave within the boundaries of what is permitted - within the established boundaries of what is permitted , acts as a pacifier – in a dubious role as a pacifier, flew in the conditions of the polar night – in unfavorable conditions of the polar night, did not receive a visitor under the pretext of being busy – under the unconvincing pretext of being busy, came for the purpose of helping – with the noble purpose of helping, acts depending on the circumstances -depending directly on the circumstances, work in collaboration with engineers -in close collaboration with engineers, is on the path to success -on the right path to success. With the introduction of such a consistent word, the prepositional combination loses its service function, and the name that receives the definition restores all its objective properties. However, in very many cases the agreed word can no longer be included in the prepositional combination,

for example: as a sign of gratitude, in relation to the accused, throughout the evening, as a result of an accident, on the subject of friendship, as it grows. ; at the expense of the collective farm - at its expense; on the part of the buyers - on their part, on their part; in favor of the victim - in his favor - in favor of him), a prepositional combination that does not fully belong to the class of prepositions allows the replacement of such a name with demonstrative words" this”, “such” and instrumental case: acts on the basis of instructions - on this, on such a basis; refused under the pretext of being busy - under this, under such an excuse; acts as a pacifier - in this, in such a role, an expert in practical jokes - in this part. Like phenomena, a name that receives an agreed upon definition loses its function as a connecting unit, i.e. the prepositional combination breaks up. The lexical meaning of a preposition as an individual word is the meaning of one or another relationship. This relationship can be either maximally abstract, broad, or more concrete and definite, narrow. However, in any case, the preposition has a lexical meaning; only the degree of its abstraction is different. The preposition “due to” means cause, effect. For example: in view of the upcoming frosts, we need to stock up on firewood. The derivative preposition “in view of” is a specialized means of communication. It basically retains the lexical meaning of the word from which it is derived, and is capable of independently expressing causal semantics. The overwhelming majority of prepositional forms with the meaning of cause are characterized as bookish, and therefore are used in written forms of Russian speech. Written forms of bookish speech include texts of scientific, official business, journalistic (newspaper and magazine) and artistic styles. It is worth noting that errors in the use of such prepositions are related precisely because the native speaker becomes familiar with them much later than with non-derivative prepositions. Thus, schoolchildren practically do not use the prepositions “in view” (as well as the prepositions “due to”, “along with”, etc.). The use of a derivative preposition is typical for texts of the scientific and official business style of speech. The preposition in view is not easy to differentiate by meaning, since it has the same - book - coloring along with the prepositions due to, as a result, in force. The use of this derivative preposition is related to its internal form: the preposition “in view” indicates an upcoming event that is taken into account. In linguistic and linguodidactic literature, the nature of lexemes combined with a given preposition is also indicated. For example, the preposition - in view of is combined with the name of a reason expected in the future. The preposition in view is used: 1) If you want to make a statement emphatically official (often in business documents): “We are currently not supplying this product due to the lack of necessary packaging” (from a business letter); cf.: “Currently we are not supplying this product due to lack of necessary packaging" (less formal). 2) If the reason is an event expected in the future: "In view of the upcoming competition, the athletes are training a lot." A preposition is used to motivate a person's actions.

Constructions with a derived preposition in view, as a rule, denote an external reason and express relationships that are detailed on the basis of the lexical semantics of the word from which the preposition is derived. The typical meaning of such constructions is mostly created with nouns that denote:

Events and phenomena, namely social events and phenomena: elections, declaration, departure, negotiations, signing, events.

Physical phenomena: explosion, emissions, drainage, inspection.

Natural phenomena: storm, wind, rain, heat, frost, drought, frost, frost, flood.

Actions and processes: impact, influence, pressure, action.

Properties and characteristics: opportunity, complexity, employment.

Unstudied (problems), necessity, studied (problems). Construction, in view of + R. p. actively takes into its composition the words of the semantic groups listed above: “In view of the importance of this project, the commission decided to consider it first.” In the reference book D.E. Rosenthal's preposition in view refers to prepositions expressing causal relations (thanks to, as a result of, in view of, in connection with, due to, because of, for the reason, etc.). When using them, their inherent semantic nuances are usually taken into account:

In view of the upcoming departure.

Due to the upcoming departure. As we can see, the use of the preposition in view is preferable, because the departure is still pending and has no “consequences” yet. On the other hand, the idea is more accurately expressed in the combination “to provide leave due to illness” than in the combination “to provide leave due to illness” (it would turn out that the illness, which has already become a fact, must still occur); cf.: I am writing to you from the village, where I went due to sad circumstances (Pushkin). The sentence “Due to natural disasters, the country is forced to import food” is ambiguous (either a fact that has already occurred is being stated, or it is talking about recurring natural disasters). In conclusion of this work, we can say that this work made it possible to identify the meaning of the preposition in view, also in this work there were classifications of prepositions by V.V. Vinogradov are proposed, which are based on several approaches: 1. Functionality of prepositions.2. Lexical meaning of prepositions.3. Prepositional control. The classification of all prepositions is relevant, since most prepositions have their own lexical meaning. In addition, they denote a specific type of relationship between objects and phenomena of real reality. Primary prepositions are combined into a small and non-replenishing group of simple words that are not connected by living word-formation relations with any significant words. Almost all such prepositions are ambiguous. Many of them are capable of combining with more than one case form of a name. Non-primitive prepositions are prepositions that have living word-formation relationships and lexical-semantic connections with significant words - nouns, adverbs and verbs (gerunds).

Derivative preposition meaning is a specialized means of communication. It basically retains the lexical meaning of the word from which it is derived, and is capable of independently expressing causal semantics.

Links to sources 1. Vinogradov, V.V. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. Moscow, 19722. Vsevolodova, M.V., Yashchenko, T.Ya. Cause-and-effect relationships in modern Russian language. Moscow, 1988. 3. Zolotova, G.A. Syntactic dictionary. Repertoire of elementary units of Russian syntax. Moscow, 1988.4. Zolotova, G.A., Onipenko, N.K., Sidorova, M.Yu. Communicative grammar of the Russian language. Moscow, 1998.5. Krasilnikova, L.V. Expression of cause-and-effect relationships // Communicative syntax of the Russian language. A textbook for foreign master's students in linguistics. Moscow, 2013.6. Krasilnikova, L.V. Ways of expressing cause-and-effect relationships in texts on literary criticism // Slovo. Grammar. Speech. Moscow, 1999.7. Mamaeva S.V., Shmulskaya L.S. Grammatical features of the discursive activity of teenage schoolchildren // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. ON THE. Nekrasova. 2011. T. 17. No. 2. P. 182186.8.Markova, V.A. Expressing adverbial relations in Russian: Cause, effect, purpose, condition, concession, time: A manual for foreign students. Moscow, 2016.9. Odintsova, I.V. Expression of cause-and-effect relationships // Book of grammar. Moscow, 2004.10. Odintsova, I.V. Structural communicative models with causal semantics in a simple sentence // Vestn. Moscow University. Ser. 9. Philology. 2002.No. 1.11. Rosenthal, D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. Moscow, 1974.12.Russian grammar 1980, volume 1,582.13.Teremova, R.M. Experience of functional description of causal constructs. L., 1985.14. Timoshina, T.V. Constructions with causal prepositional forms in artistic, newspaper-journalistic and scientific styles of speech: Author's abstract. dis. Ph.D. Philol. Sci. Voronezh, 1987.15. Shuvalova, S.A. Semantic relations in a complex sentence and ways of expressing them. Moscow, 1990.

USSR STATE COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION

ORDER OF FRIENDSHIP OF PEOPLES UNIVERSITY OF FRIENDSHIP OF PEOPLES NAMED AFTER PATRICE LUMUMBA

As a manuscript

UDC 801.55:801.56 = 82 NGUYEN NGOK TIEN

FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF PREPOSITIONS IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

(10.02.01 - Russian as a foreign language)

The work was carried out at the Russian language department for foreign students of short-term forms of study at Kuban State University.

Scientific adviser -

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor V. B. Ostroumov.

Official opponents:

Doctor of Philological Sciences E. N. Shiryaev, Candidate of Philological Sciences D. M. Gzgzyan.

The leading organization is the Institute of Russian ■ Language named after A. S. Pushkin.

The defense of the dissertation will take place "L ¿4^/1* - 1991 at ¡-/"" hours at a meeting of the specialized council K 053.22.11 for the defense of candidate dissertations at the Order of Peoples' Friendship University of Peoples' Friendship named after Patrice Lumumba.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the Patrice Lumumba People's Friendship University at the address: 117198, Moscow, st. Miklouho-Maclay, 6.

Scientific secretary of the specialized council

G. F. ZHIDKOVA

The relevance of the topic of this inheritance is determined by four circumstances.

Firstly, in the modern Russian language there is both a continuous replenishment of the composition of the prepositions themselves, and a change in the norms of use of those and other prepositions.

Secondly, in the linguistic literature there is no unity in the understanding of the functional features of prepositions.

Thirdly, until now, there is no description of the semantic-syntactic features of prepositions that does not contradict the theory of syntactic units and subordinating connections developed in recent decades.

Fourthly, a comprehensive description of the features of prepositions in semantic and syllable terms would contribute to teaching Russian to foreign students and increasing linguistic competence.

The objects of the study are the study of prepositions in prepositional ■ noun constructions, phrases and in simple sentences. Since in a simple sentence prepositions function mainly in the prepositional-nominal construction and in the olovooochvtanvi, then they are the subject of our study.

The noted creeps determined the following work: we will study the functioning of prepositions of the modern Russian language in various syntactic units - in the prepositional-nominal construction and about the prepositional word combination.

The set goal is specified by knowledgeable people:

Understand the main features of the verbal nature of prepositions;

Reveal the main lexical-semantic special prepositions)

Explore the functions of prepositions in prepositional-nominal constructions; I will characterize the prepositional-nominal connection;

Consider the functional features of prepositions with control"lenai and nominal adjacency.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the functional features of prepositions are considered in connection with the type of syntactic units and the nature of the connection between their components. As a result of this, the position is put forward that. that a preposition is not always a means of expressing a subordinating relationship.

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the systematically differentiated description of the functions of prepositions, which allows * to identify the different nature of prepositions in different syntactic units from the point of view of not only their semantics, but also their syntactic role.

The solution of the set tasks determines the practical significance of the work, which consists in the fact that its results can be used when teaching the course “Modern Russian Language”, in special courses and special seminars on the problems of prepositions and subordinating communication at faculties of the humanities and especially in classes on practical Russian language with foreign students.

The following were used as the main sources of factual material: the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language; "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.I. Molotkov; "Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language" by M.R. Lvov; works of Russian and Soviet writers; publications in the newspapers Izvestia, Pravda, Argumenty i Fakty, Nedelya. 8,000 cards were collected.

The following methods are used in the work: descriptive, comparative (which involves comparing the genius of different facts of the same language) to the transformation method. At different stages of the work, the following techniques were used: linguistic observation (when selecting syntactic structures for research), descriptive characterization; gervotvhi (in identifying patterns in the use and functioning of prepositions)) deduction, induction (in the analysis of generally studied facts).

To protect the latter, the following provisions apply:

I. Preposition - the second word of a special part of speech. They also associate with morphenes.” 2.

2. Prepositions have their own lexical meaning, but of varying degrees: extremely abstract and/or concrete.

3. Prepositions are divided into autosemantic and synsemantic. The meaning of autosemantic prepositions is specific and depends little on the semantic environment. The meaning of sansemantic prepositions depends on the semantic environment and can be concrete or extremely abstract,

4F Preposition is an equal component of a free pre-prepositional construction. It is not a means of subordinating communication, nor a means of clarifying the meaning of the case form of names.

5. The dreadlobular connection is a connection at the level of an analytical syntactic form, intermediate between a word form and a tin combination.

6. With upraalehyaz, the preposition is a means of subordinating connection: op acts as a “postposition” of the verb, a prefix “amenv” (according to the terminology of V.Z. Vinogradov) and iyaa as a component of the controlled prepositional-nominal form.

7. The preposition of the nominal adjacency is not a means of subordinating connection, but an equal component of the prepositional-nominal connection; construction adjacent to the stem word of the phrase,

8. When controlling a nominal adjacency, a preposition can be a means of clarifying the meaning of the paid form of names, but it may not be such.

Ayubapzya’s work: The dissertation was discussed at the department of the Russian language for foreign students of short-term forms of education at the Kuban State University and at a meeting of the department of general Russian linguistics at the Patrice Lumumbn Peoples' Friendship University,

Structure of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and a factual summary (lateral.

MAIN DESIGN OF WORK

In the introduction, the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the object and subject are defined, the objectives and tasks of the dissertation research are formulated, the methods in the primes of the study are outlined, the scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the results obtained are noted, and the provisions are also formulated. for tomorrow.

In the first chapter, “Prepositions as a special part of speech,” general and particular signs of the formal character of prepositions, their natures are considered

and its place in the Russian language system.

In the works* of Russian dingaashovs from the “Russian Grammar” of M.V. Yao-yonosov to the works of the authors of the last decade, prepositions are included (sometimes with the remark that they are similar to morphemes) in the category of words, called words. Indeed, prepositions have a number of features of a verbal character. One of them is characteristic of all prepositions, the other is typical for some of them.

Common features include:

1. Designed® b. Like all complete sentences, prepositions have a minimum of formalization. They exist in the language as vocabulary units and are used as ready-made, reproducible elements. Prepositions are unchangeable words that do not have a grammatical form, but they are not devoid of grammatical form, like full-meaning words - adverbs (for example, very, very).

2. Lexical meaning. Prepositions do not have the ability to name objects or their properties, but they are not devoid of lexical meaning - the meaning of relationships. Due to the presence of their own lexical meaning, prepositions differ from each other and from words of other parts of speech.

3. Grammatical meaning. If the grammatical meaning of full-valued words has a segmental means of expression (for example, case forms of a word), then the grammatical meaning of prepositions lies in them themselves and is realized through the case forms of the word dependent on them.

4. Compatibility. Prepositions are combined not with morphemes, but with words. As a result of this compatibility, a prepositional-nominal construction is formed (in ctopohy station, under water, miss a mother, house £ roads).

5. Detangling. Between a preposition and a name, like between two synonymous words, you can put some third tin or even a combination of fetters, for example; yes, stadium - sch, [central J stadium - aa, [flooded ooíHaeuJ otadaone.

Specific features include:

1, 3 a k e o a e u o o i), I can do some prepositions; be replaced by others that violate the meaning of these constructions (cf. according to TASS reports and according to TASS reports).

2, The movability of some prepositions within the given prepositional-case construction: glad fair“ - fairness jbüJLSIí interweaving reason - gessudku contrary. In Russian

The language is characterized by the prepositive use of the preposition about names.

3. The ability of presuppositional constructions to form phrases, as a result of which they arise; stable combinations, for example: from time immemorial (from time immemorial), for the sake of yoga (please, I beg you).

So, although in some cases the preposition behaves like a morpheme, it is still not a morpheme, but a word. However, pre-aog still cannot be considered in one linear plane with full-valued words. A preposition is a special part of speech.

In the second chapter "Lexico-semantic features of prepositions". two possible degrees of their lexical meaning are noted; extremely abstract and/or concrete.

Prepositions play a very important role in the formation of the semantics of prepositional-nominal constructions and phrases. So, for example, in the constructions ^ cupboard, l table and on the cabinet, n§ table, the nouns a are semantically different, and in the meaning of the listed combinations the meanings of the interior and surface, contained in the prepositions in a yes, clearly emerge.” Only the lexical meaning of prepositions can explain the differences in the meaning of such phrases as: to come for things - to come with things; lie on the table - lie on the table.

The same preposition in some cases has a specific lexical meaning, in others - an extremely abstract one (cf.: yes to the bed, to study, to test strength - to hope and success, to scream like a child, to be like a mother). Prepositions whose lexical meaning is extremely abstract (and these are, as a rule, prepositions with an objective meaning) form a presuppositional construction with a non-independent lexical meaning. The lack of independence of their meanings is due to the fact that a preposition with an objective meaning usually ends up in the sphere of semantic attraction of full-fledged words with incomplete semantics (to complain about something, to mock someone). The objective meaning of the prepositional case form subotan-tava is not independent. controlled by verbs of thought, speech and feeling (think about someone, talk about something, miss something). However, the formality of the preposition is relative (cf. tell the mother - the meaning of the second person; tell about the mother - the meaning of the third person). Consequently, there are no semantically “empty” prepositions.

Autosemantic prepositions are characterized by the fact that their meaning is stable, concrete and depends little on the full initial layer, about

with which they are combined. They can act as a "Mironcyator"

expressed relationships: to arrive without money, to arrive with azz of money, before and after midnight, near noon, before noon.

The group of autosemantic prepositions includes primarily derivative prepositions, which usually retain semantic connections with motivating full-meaning words. Derived prepositions are characterized by semantic unambiguity and polysemy, in which semantic connections between individual meanings are preserved (cf.: near the house, about an hour, about three tons). The autosemantic nature of some derived prepositions is relative. Their meanings to a certain extent depend on the combined names (cf.: vokpuu at home - meaning “in a circle”; around a complex question - meaning “about”). The group of autosemantic prepositions also includes some primary prepositions: without, for, with, to. These prepositions, being polysemantic, retain the predominance of one meaning over the other (cf.: without money, bases road, headless horseman; in front of witnesses, under Peter the Great, Datva at Borodino).

Synsemantic prepositions are characterized by the fact that the implementation of ax meanings largely depends on the environment in which they are located: from the prepositional name (work until graduation, work until the program, work on metal, work in the evenings), o * verb (to return to the road, to get tired £ to the road). Synsemantic lred-logs in some cases have a pronounced lekoical meaning, in others - extremely abstract, for example: in the room - to believe in victory; on the table - to hope for a successful outcome of the meeting.

Synsemantic and some autosemantic prepositions are characterized by polysemy. The polysemy of prepositions is not united by a semantic center, as is the case with full-meaning words. So, for example, the preposition “in” has: spatial meaning (at the table, at the institute), temporary (last year, on Saturday), quantitative (a comedy in three acts), target (to do something and ridicule).

Some prepositions enter into sanonymous relations. Savonshmiya of prepositions occurs in those cases when prepositions have a common relative enachenle and oaya are used in a completely identical environment (fulfill d deadline I fulfill £ deadline; the size of d fist in vvlnchyanoy £ fist) ala and relatively different environments (due to illness I'm feeling voluptuous). Two prepositions yogu "to appear syanoayamvad in one meaning I not to be in my other etshchvnayah (š> oayabke, 93-33 error: by "in-"-ea; but dz prvbystaya,

due to error: due to).

Prepositions about a specific lexical meaning may be characterized by autonomy, which has a meaning within the same relative meaning, for example: z& house - in front of the house, yes congress - after the congress, including question - different question.

The third chapter “Prepositions in the prepositional-case construction” describes the functional features of prepositions in the prepositional-imputative construction, the interaction of prepositions and names, gives a description of the prepositional-imputative connection, studies prepositional-nominal constructions - phraseological units, and also notes the use of prepositions without a prepositional -: neck Forsh names.

The prepositional analytical structure “preposition + name in the indirect case” acts as a single whole; the functional-secantic properties of such structures are largely determined by the interaction of two elements - preposition and names, which in this regard are equal. As a result of the redistribution of the cw.uayaov prepositions in the vmya, they create a single complex, which to varying degrees approaches the individual ol ala and contains its independent nominative meaning. Ayapa-gaic syntactic form can be functionally related (believe in victory, talk about the story. house near the road) and free*, that is, not related to any specific word, (Under water; This is an Az. official summary; Through lies month, upon returning home, he brought a bunch of gifts for Lina).

The preposition in a free prepositional-amenical construction is not in two-way syntactic connections. The free pre-aozsho-amenlal design acts: I) as a heading (Without wings, For a renewed federation); 2) as freely attached forms (Khor sometimes expressed himself in a tricky way, probably out of caution); 3) as structurally organizing members of the sentence (Hike for hornbeams). Like the case form of the name, the preposition y in these cases " " but is an indicator of the dependence of the name on another tin, since there is no such dependence. A preposition is necessary, just as a name is necessary. There is an interdependence between us.

On the one hand, thanks to the meaning of the name, the meaning of the preposition is realized: dsch. stations, D£i socialism, Dv*yah; Yes, hot on the heels, 22 country of the Soviets, and data from the State Statistics Committee, On the other hand, the meaning of the preposition predetermines the circle of names combined with reality.

1 See G.A. Bolotova. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language, - M., 1973.

For example, prepositions of spatial meaning are combined only with nouns with the meaning of specific objects and spatial concepts. Thanks to the meaning of the preposition, the explicit relative meaning of the name is revealed. The meaning of the prepositional-nominal construction arises as a result of the combination of the general relative meaning of the preposition with the objective meaning of the name. Therefore, the extraction of any component will certainly lead to the disappearance of this construction, both structurally and lexically-semantically.

Being an indicator of the dependence of one word on another, the case form is a means of expressing the relationship between words, but is not its carrier. These relationships come from another word - the core member of the phrase (tell father, come into the house), as well as from the preposition (before the war, ambassador of dinner). In cases where the preposition actually predetermines the case of names, then we can say that the case form serves as a means of expressing the relationship between the preposition and the name. Thus, in constructions without money, on the part of the forest, the genitive case forms of nouns are a means of expressing the meanings of absence and direction contained in prepositions. As for prepositions used with different cases, the emergence of one or another form of the prepositional-nominal construction should be considered as a consequence of the interrelated meanings of the preposition a. The choice of case can sometimes depend on the verb: put on the table, but lie on the table; go down underground, but be underground.

Sometimes researchers note that prepositions have the function of clarifying the meaning of the case form of a name. However, if the preposition really clarifies the case meaning of the name, then it could be omitted without violating the grammaticality of the meaningfulness of the statement. In fact, in the free extension of the construction okuttsapyas preposition novozglozhno, and in the phrase opuschionio preposition apbo no-aoemozao (approach £ table, house d road), or pravdvt to vskazhonva salola phrases (cf.: turn n par - turn par. say 2 mothers - say boats), yaibo will produce to the appearance of the nkyasgo prokaoy nadvkhshoy form of the new (damage to the Russian language - ugok Russian

vdta clear>? remtsg - go roshzy). Stodola only, in the free tsrodozhno-ionic coastruktsap funkhtsvv clarification of the padegago envchznvya savve the preposition na fulfills, and in phrases fulfills lva in some cases (non-combatant 2 ideas in astroepaya yavdey; petal £ £ vivsp and in post to yours).

There is a connection between the preposition and the names, which we will call the pre-aspiratory-imonic connection (PIC). We divide it into “derivative” and “non-derivative.” “Derivative” PIS is a ShS with a derivative preposition. It is not qualitatively different from management. Indeed, in the process of formation of derivative prepositions, one or another case form of names is assigned to us. This process is largely determined by the patterns that form the basis for the formation of certain patterns of compatibility of producing words. Thus, the highest frequency of use of the dependent form of the genitive case in denominal and voluntary prepositions is confirmed not only by the widespread use of substantive phrases about this case form, but also by the predominant use of the dina form as a dependent component in phrases formed by abstract nouns (cf.: in depth , in the course of something; depth, progress of something).

Derivative prepositions can retain the control inherent in the motivating word. However, they do not preserve the entire system of combinations of these possibilities of motivating words (cf.: look yes. in, through something, but in spite of something; finish something, finish something, but ending with something n.).

The control of some prepositions goes back to the control of ols, which are again related by semantics, but which themselves did not become the motivating basis of the preposition. These are the connections of prepositions in opposition. and counterbalance with the verbs resist, counteract. Management of prepositions in davv from. d depending on.following goes back to the control of words move away, depend, follow. Sometimes the transition of a full-valued word and a preposition entails a transition from one type of subordinating connection to another - from a nominal prism-kanaya to management, for example: path & success in on the path to success, a question about the origin of the language and on the question? about the origin of language. Thus, although the control of derivative prepositions is explained in different ways, it is connected with the iotavaruvdam full word. Consequently, "prsshzvodaa * 13IS represents a special case of the transition of a subordinating connection from one level of syntax - a phrase to another, more pazkvy - analytical syataksyachoekue forau.

The “non-wired” PIS is a PIS with a pervachnsh pradaogoa, Nreroda is not a derivative of the ShS from the south. In some cases, utotrobaeaav pradvoga certainly predetermines the use of the case form of imputation (this is the use, for example, of prepositions: without, giving, on, to, Pad,

at), in other cases the use of case is determined either by the correspondence of the meanings of the preposition and imputation, or by the meaning of the core member of the phrase. Under the influence of the control verb, the PIS can easily disintegrate. So, in the constructions enter the room, leave the house, prepositions form a complex with the verb that controls the name.

In the fourth chapter, “The functions of prepositions in phrases,” the functions of prepositions in control and nominal adjacency are considered.

With strong control, a preposition can serve as a postposition of a verb. This property lies in the fact that the prefix verb sometimes cannot directly control the name. The structural organization of the verb and its meaning do not allow this. Gyaagoyau needs a means with which he could manage his name. This means is a pretext. Therefore, it seems to us that the correct statement would be that it is not the verb or preposition that controls the case form of names, but it is controlled by the verb together with the preposition, for example: get off the station, refuse to leave the forest, flpgBHKfltft to work. The connection in these cases can be depicted as follows:

(verb + preposition) --> name

Fighting syntactic relationships between words in a phrase. “preposition-postposition” enhances precisely that semantic connotation that stands out in a number of derived verbs. It serves as a means of control. The presence of a preposition in these phrases is necessary. Since the omission of the preposition seems impossible, so it is not in this case a means of clarifying the case meaning of names. Although the preposition appears at the request of the primordial verb in instead of with the verb controls ameg^m, the preposition is not used in isolation, but with a name, since it is not only a means of strong control, but also a means of expression. arising when managing certain relationships, and this is only possible with ShS. Consequently, the preposition is characterized by a two-way connection. It does not have a veksical meaning, but because of the duplication, the meaning of the verb prefix is ​​weakened.

With certain usages of prepositions, they become grammatical signs of objective notation. In many cases, the prepositional expression of the indirect transitivity of the verb appears to be motivated 89, for example, to chew a room, to go out.

2a someone. Prepositions become more similar to the meaning of case prefixes. In the overwhelming majority of cases, such a transition of a preposition to the role of an “object morpheme” with a verb occurs in prepositions with an extremely abstract meaning.

This is the use, for example, of the following prepositions: the use of the preposition o with the pre-predicate case after verbs of feeling, speech and thought (think about the mother, talk about the son); the use of the preposition j¡o with the dative case after verbs of feelings (to miss friends, to miss children); the use of the preposition over in a group of homogeneous verbs: to publish, to laugh. In such constructions, the verb controls the dispositional prepositional construction. However, the use of this or that preposition also depends on the semantics of the verb, therefore it is associated with the verb. Consequently, the “preposition-prefix” has a two-way connection - about the verb and about the name. It is a means of subordinating communication, but cannot be a means of clarifying the meaning of the case form of a name, because the feeling of a preposition is either impossible or leads to a distortion of the meaning of the statement (think about a friend, but not “think about a friend”; talk about your mother - tell your mother). The connection in these cases can be depicted in the form:

Verb -* (preposition + name).

With weak control, the preposition performs two functions: the function of a means of expressing object relations between the verb a and the name and the function of forming about the name of a verb-dependent construction that has a certain meaning, for example: attributive (shoot a machine gun), spatial (learn from the masters), etc.

With weak control, the preposition ne is deprived of its lexical meaning. The presence of a preposition in a controlled pre-ain construction is necessary.

The characters of the prepositional-nominal constructions, the components of which - the preposition in vml - are of equal importance, are of decisive importance for the right-name pramykayala. Continuous pmen adjunction is the adjunction of an entire prepositional-asshyu construction” and not the adjunction of a padeaic form through a preposition. P(mdeai®<ншвнная конструкция появляется не по требованию подчанявдого члена словосочетания. А именно аэ значение, вознаксее в результате соединения предлога о еыэ-пей, допускает возможность ее сочетания о другямв своваьш. Как пра собственно лримыканва к стержневому члену словосочетания примыкает неизменяемая форма, следовательно, неизменяемость Форш» зазасяыого компонента является одадм аэ средств вырахеная подчя-иительной связи, IX

Thus, the preposition is not so much a means of adjacency, but a necessary component for the formation of a prepositional imputation construction, which in turn is a component of a phrase.

In a nominal adjunction, the preposition sometimes clarifies the meaning of the case form of the name (letter & to father and letter to father, home for the elderly, I home for the elderly). The connection of nominal adjacency can be represented as follows:

The conclusion contains the conclusions of the study.

1. Although a preposition sometimes plays the same role as a morpheme, it is still not a morpheme, but a word. And there are no sufficient reasons for equating prepositions with morphemes either in terms of compatibility properties or in function in morphology and syntax.

2. A preposition expresses the meaning of a specific relationship. This meaning is its main meaning, belonging to it as a separate word, different from another. In any case, propagation matters. It varies in degree: it can be extremely abstract or concrete.

3. The preposition is a necessary component of the free pre-nominal construction. In it, the preposition is not a means of subordinating communication, but not a means of clarifying the meaning of the case form of imputation.

4. When controlling “preposition-postposition”, “preposition-prefax”, the preposition-component of the controlled prepositional-nominal construction is a means of control. “Preposition-prefix” has an extremely abstract meaning about this.

5. In a right-nominal adjunction, the preposition is not without lexical meaning. It is not a means of subordinating communication, but a component of a prepositional-nominal construction, an adjunct to the core member of the phrase. At the same time, a preposition can sometimes clarify the meaning of the case form of names."

The difference in the functioning of prepositions of the modern Russian language in various syntactic units - the analytical phoria “me in the phrase is clearly represented by a competent table (sy.table on p. 15).

The research we conducted confirms V.B. Ostroumov’s idea that not in all cases a preposition is a means of expressing a subordinating clause. It testifies ■ in favor of his opinion about the need to introduce a number of syntactic units in the lowest form of a word, which can

Syntactic units Examples Character ovyaaya Prepositions Lexical 1 Means of sub-meaning of the modifier | ovyaya Means of specifying the case form yamen

Pravdaoshop-case construction wearing dinner and standing pr-*am pr D im Necessary component PIK 1 ..... « 1 - ■ 1 1 1

W in<а и р* 9 О О да " а к о <9 С* Я 85 в р>For a in about"" || I& . o^» 1 1 §2 poison o k. i § m f enter a house cross the road (n+pr)_^ im postposition of the verb (+) | (weakened)" -L

think about ia-torya gya-Kyar+vm) prefix yamenya (extremely; +) abstract) 1 »

shoot az machine gun g"-K pr+an) component of the controlled PIK I"-

o a det u "stoz vade for the last time) component 1praishshgoey gya^-|(pr)+(i1P PIK | I I +A! ----- bCH -A -

to be synthetic (expressed by the word form of one full-valued oyaova) in analytical (expressed by the word forms of several words, including the combination of a preposition with the case form of a name).

Our understanding of the functional features of prepositions in different syntactic units leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to clarify their traditionally accepted definition.

For example, the authors of the “Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language” define prepositions as “functional words expressing the syntactic dependence of a noun or noun pronoun on other words in a phrase”*.

It has been established that in different spheres of use the functions of prepositions are different. The properties inherent in prepositions in some cases turn out to be alien to them in others (see table on p. 15). The preposition always performs the function of a means of expressing a subordinating relationship. It is also characteristic of all prepositions. Therefore, the definition of prepositions based on this function cannot be considered correct.

These considerations lead us to the idea of ​​finding a suitable criterion for determining prepositions. This is a sign of expressing a relationship to objective reality. Therefore, we would define a preposition as follows: a preposition is an incomplete word that denotes different aspects of objective reality and expresses this meaning together with subtantives in various syntactic units - in an analytical syntactic form, a phrase with pro-judgment.

A comprehensive description of the semantic-syntactic features of prepositions, in our opinion, can contribute to teaching the Russian language to advanced students, especially when developing the ability to use prepositions in both written and spoken speech.

1. Lekovko-semantic features of prepositions of the modern Russian language (deposited in the Institute of Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 12.12.90).

2. Prevoyaio-voin construction as an analytical syntactic form of tin /co-authored/ (deposited in INISN AN USSR, 12.12.90).